This book consists of papers prepared for and presented at a NATO sponsored Advanced Study Institute which was held in Montechoro, Portugal during the period 16-27 April, 1990. This Institute was attended by approximately ninety delegates from fifteen countries and followed from a related Institute held in Vimeiro, Portugal in 1987 (see the book entitled "Instrumentation for Combustion and Flow in Engines", edited by D. F. G. Dur~o, J. H. Whitelaw and P. O. Witzel. The purposes of the first Institute related closely to instrumentation for use in gas-turbine combustors and the cylinders of internal-combustion engines. These topics were also addressed in the second Institute, though in a manner which was wider ranging and chosen to demonstrate and explain the development and application of measurement methods to combusting flows in general. The papers contained in this boo~ were selected to provide the reader with a comprehensive and up-to-date view of the variety of experimental techniques available to measure in combusting flows. Included are discussions of their range and applicability, potential accuracy and ease of use. Thus, the first paper provides a brief overview and the second an indication of those aspects of combustion which should influence the choice of flow property to be measured and the technique to be used.

Advanced composite materials have been a major research focus for the past forty years. As a reinforcement for conventional materials including glass, ceramics and polymers, carbon has proved to be the most successful. Carbon gives these materials flexibility so that they may be produced in bulk form with a wide variety of properties. Whereas carbon/carbon composites are the most effective materials in extreme temperature conditions. Application ranges from brakes to missile nose cones. Carbon Reinforcements and Carbon/Carbon Composites gives the present state on this subject in comprehensive form, as well as projections for other "High Tech" materials and their application.

In this new textbook on physical chemistry, fundamentals are introduced simply yet in more depth than is common. Topics are arranged in a progressive pattern, with simpler theory early and more complicated theory later. General principles are induced from key experimental results. Some mathematical background is supplied where it would be helpful. Each chapter includes worked-out examples and numerous references. Extensive problems, review, and discussion questions are included for each chapter. More detail than is common is devoted to the nature of work and heat and how they differ. Introductory Caratheodory theory and the standard integrating factor for dGrev are carefully developed. The fundamental role played by uncertainty and symmetry in quantum mechanics is emphasized. In chemical kinetics, various methods for determined rate laws are presented. The key mechanisms are detailed. Considerable statistical mechanics and reaction rate theory are then surveyed. Professor Duffey has given us a most readable, easily followed text in physical chemistry.

From its inception in 1983, ESPRIT (the European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technology) has aimed at improving the competitiveness of European industry and providing it with the technology needed for the 1990s. Esprit Project 623, on which most of the work presented in this book is based, was one of the key projects in the ESPRIT area, Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). From its beginnings in 1985, it brought together a team of researchers from industry, research institutes and universities to explore and develop a critical stream of advanced manufacturing technology that would be timely and mature for industrial exploitation in a five year time frame. The synergy of cross border collaboration between technology users and vendors has led to results ranging from new and improved products to training courses given at universities. The subject of Esprit Project 623 was the integration of robots into manufacturing environments. Robots are a vital element in flexible automation and can contribute substantially to manufacturing efficiency. The project had two main themes, off-line programming and robot system planning. Off-line programming enlarges the application area of robots and opens up new possibilities in domains such as laser cutting, and other hazardous operations. Reported benefits obtained from off-line program ming include: - significant cost reductions because re-programming eliminates robot down-time; - faster production cycles, in some cases time-savings of up to 85% are reported; - the optimal engineering of products with improved quality."

CONJUGATED POLYMERS: THE IMTERPLAY BETWEEN SYNTHESIS, 1 STRUCTURE, AND PROPERTIES C. B. GORMAN and R. H. GRUBBS 1. Introduction 2 2. Structural Features of Conjuqated. Polyaers 3 3. Polymer Synthesis: Basic Methods 4 3. 1 Step-Growth Polymerization 5 3. 2 Chain-Growth Polymerization 6 3. 3 Rinq-Openinq Polymerization 8 4. Direct Synthetic Methods 8 4. 1 Electrochemical Synthesis 9 4. 2 Synthesis by Step-Growth Polymerization 11 4. 2. 1 Polyaniline (PAN) 11 4. 2. 2 Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) 12 4. 2. 3 Poly thiophene and its Derivatives 13 4. 2. 4 Other 5-membered Heterocyclic 16 Derivatives 4. 2. 5 Polyparaphenylene (PPP) 17 4. 2. 6 Polysilanes 18 4. 2. 7 Polymers of Phthalocyanines 19 4. 2. 8 Other Conjugated Metal Coordination 20 Polymers 4. 2. 9 Ladder Polymers 21 4. 3 The Unusual Topochemical Polymerization to 23 form Polydiacetylenes 4. 4 Chain-Growth Polymerizations 24 4. 4. 1 Polyacetylene via Ziegler-Natta 24 Polymerization 4. 4. 2 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization 26 Routes to Polyacetylenes 5. Polymers fro. precursors 27 5. 1 Polyparaphenylene (PPP) 27 5. 2 Poly(Phenylene Vinylene) (PPV) and Other 28 Vinylene Polymers 5. 3 Precursors to Polyacetylene 29 6. Extentions of these Methods in the Synthesis of 31 *saall-Bandqap* Pplymers 7. Conjuqated. Polymer Matrices 33 8. Conclusions and Caveats 35 Acknowled. qements 36 References 36 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PROPERTIES OF HIGHLY CONDUCTIHG POLYACETYLEHE 49 Th. SCHIMMEL, D. GLASER, M. SCHWOERER AND H. NAARMANN 1. Introduction 50 2. SBIlpie Synthesis, lIorphology and Properties 52 2.

FRANCIS W. HOLM 7102 Meadow Lane, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) sponsored an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) in Prague, Czech Republic, on 1-2 July 1996, to collect and study information on mobile alternative and supplemental demilitarization technologies and to report these fmdings. The mobile, or transportable, technologies identified for assessment at the workshop are alternatives to incineration technology for destruction of munitions, chemical warfare agent, and associated materials and debris. Although the discussion focused on the treatment of metal parts and explosive or energetic material, requirements for decontamination of other materials were discussed. The mobile alternative technologies are grouped into three categories based on process bulk operating temperature: low (0-200 C), medium (200-600 C), and high (600- 3,500 C). Reaction types considered include hydrolysis, biodegradation, electrochemical oxidation, gas-phase high-temperature reduction, stearn reforming, gasification, sulfur reactions, solvated electron chemistry, sodium reactions, supercritical water oxidation, wet air oxidation, and plasma torch technology. These categories represent a broad spectrum of processes, some of which have been studied only in the laboratory and some of which are in commercial use for destruction of hazardous and toxic wastes. Some technologies have been developed and used for specific commercial applications; however, in all cases, research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT &E) is necessary to assure that each technology application is effective for destroying chemical warfare materiel.

This volume contains the papers presented at the Third European Symposium on electrochemical engineering "Electrochemical Engineering and Energy," held on March 23- 25, 1994 in Nancy, France. This meeting was organised by the Laboratoire des Sciences du Genie Chimique, CNRS, and the Centre de Perfectionnement des Industries Chimiques, in conjunction with the Groupe Fran ais de Genie des Procectes, the Society of Chemical Industry, Dechema, and the European Federation of Chemical Engineeling. The organisers would like to thank the members of the Scientific Committee for the careful selection and refereeing of the papers. We are grateful to all contributors for the thorough preparation of their manuscripts. Thanks are due to the International Society of Electrochemistry, District Urbain de Nancy, Region Lorraine, Electticite de France, Institut National Poly technique de Lorraine, and CNRS for their support. The meeting was devoted to the role of electrochemical engineeting and its relationship to the general issue of energy. The twenty-four papers contained here represent new research results and the potential technological developments in a variety of impOltant and relevant areas of the field. The remaining three papers are expert reviews in areas of current technological concern where electrochemical engineering can clearly be seen to have major relevance to energy policy and environmental protection.

Modern computer-based control systems are able to collect a large amount of information, display it to operators and store it in databases but the interpretation of the data and the subsequent decision making relies mainly on operators with little computer support. This book introduces developments in automatic analysis and interpretation of process-operational data both in real-time and over the operational history, and describes new concepts and methodologies for developing intelligent, state space-based systems for process monitoring, control and diagnosis. The book brings together new methods and algorithms from process monitoring and control, data mining and knowledge discovery, artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, and causal relationship discovery, as well as signal processing. It also provides a framework for integrating plant operators and supervisors into the design of process monitoring and control systems.

With the development in the 1960s of ultrahigh vacuum equipment and techniques and electron, X-ray, and ion beam techniques to determine the structure and composition of interfaces, activities in the field of surface science grew nearly exponentially. Today surface science impacts all major fields of study from physical to biological sciences, from physics to chemistry, and all engineering disciplines. The materials and phenomena characterized by surface science range from se- conductors, where the impact of surface science has been critical to progress, to metals and ceramics, where selected contributions have been important, to bio- terials, where contributions are just beginning to impact the field, to textiles, where the impact has been marginal. With such a range of fields and applications, questions about sample selection, preparation, treatment, and handling are difficult to cover completely in one review article or one chapter. Therefore, the editors of this book have assembled a range of experts with experience in the major fields impacted by surface characterization. It is the only book which treats the subject of sample handling, preparation, and treatment for surface characterization. It is full of tricks, cautions, and handy tips to make the laboratory scientist's life easier. With respect to organization of the book, the topics range from discussion of vacuum to discussion of biological, organic, elemental or compound samples, to samples prepared ex situ or in situ to the vacuum, to deposition ofthin films. Generic considerations of sample preparation are also given.

This volume comprises the proceedings of the First International Rehovot Conference on Modem Agriculture and the Environment, held at the Rehovot Campus of the Faculty of Agriculture, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, 2-6 October 1994. The conference, first in a series intended to be convened in Rehovot at 4-5 year intervals to address various aspects of the interaction of agriculture and the environment, was initiated, organised and carried out under the auspices of the Faculty of Agriculture, the leading academic institution in agricultural and environmental studies in Israel. It featured four keynote addresses, 39 invited lectures, 40 submitted papers, and 62 posters. Of these, 51 articles, written by 122 contributing authors from 14 countries, were selected by the editors to be presented in this book. All through the twentieth century, and especially ever since the advent of the Green Revolution, modem agriCUlture has been striving to feed and clothe the ever increasing multitudes of the human species through improved technology, relying heavily on tremendous inputs of fertilisers, pesticides, and various other agrochemicals. Undoubtedly, this has been a great blessing to mankind, and enormous strides have indeed been made in the never-ending struggle against starvation, but these have been achieved at a very steep price of increased environmental deterioration. In fact, modem agriculture has become one of the major factors contributing to the degradation of the world's fragile biosphere.

Over the past decades, although stochastic system control has been studied intensively within the field of control engineering, all the modelling and control strategies developed so far have concentrated on the performance of one or two output properties of the system. such as minimum variance control and mean value control. The general assumption used in the formulation of modelling and control strategies is that the distribution of the random signals involved is Gaussian. In this book, a set of new approaches for the control of the output probability density function of stochastic dynamic systems (those subjected to any bounded random inputs), has been developed. In this context, the purpose of control system design becomes the selection of a control signal that makes the shape of the system outputs p.d.f. as close as possible to a given distribution. The book contains material on the subjects of: - Control of single-input single-output and multiple-input multiple-output stochastic systems; - Stable adaptive control of stochastic distributions; - Model reference adaptive control; - Control of nonlinear dynamic stochastic systems; - Condition monitoring of bounded stochastic distributions; - Control algorithm design; - Singular stochastic systems. A new representation of dynamic stochastic systems is produced by using B-spline functions to descripe the output p.d.f. Advances in Industrial Control aims to report and encourage the transfer of technology in control engineering. The rapid development of control technology has an impact on all areas of the control discipline. The series offers an opportunity for researchers to present an extended exposition of new work in all aspects of industrial control.

This book presents a design-driven investigation into smart materials developed by chemists, physicists, materials and chemical engineers, and applied by designers to consumer products. Introducing a class of smart materials, that change colors, the book presents their characteristics, advantages, potentialities and difficulties of applications of this to help understanding what they are, how they work, how they are applied. The books also present a number of case studies: products, projects, concepts and experiments using smart materials, thus mapping out new design territories for these innovative materials. These case studies involve different fields of design, including product, interior, fashion and communication design. Within the context of rising sustainable and human-centered design agendas, the series will demonstrate the role and influence of these new materials and technologies on design, and discuss how they can implement and redefine our objects and spaces to encourage more resilient environments.

Electroactive polymers have been the object of increasing academic and industrial interest and in the past ten to fifteen years substantial progress has been achieved in the development and the characterization of this important new class of conducting materials. These materials are usually classified in two large groups, according to the mode of their electric transport. One group includes polymers having transport almost exclusively of the ionic type and they are often called 'polymer electrolytes' or, in a broader way, 'polymer ionics'. The other group includes polymeric materials where the transport mechanism is mainly electronic in nature and which are commonly termed 'conducting polymers'. Ionically conducting polymers or polymer ionics may be typically described as polar macromolecular solids in which one or more of a wide range of salts has been dissolved. The most classic example is the combina tion of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, and lithium salts, LiX. These PEO-LiX polymer ionics were first described and proposed for applications just over ten years ago. The practical relevance of these new materials was im mediately recognized and in the course of a few years the field expanded tremendously with the involvement of many academic and industrial lab oratories. Following this diversified research activity, the ionic transport mechanism in polymer ionics was soon established and this has led to the development of new host polymers of various types, new salts and advanced polymer architectures which have enabled room temperature conductivity to be raised by several orders of magnitude."

This unique book is the only recent summary presenting a comprehensive, up-to-date and detailed treatment of relay feedback theory, the use of relay feedback for process identification and the use of identified models for general control design in a single volume.

Environmental Systems Engineering explains how to use new computerized tools to tackle problems in systems engineering. This book covers: expert systems, fuzzy logic, networks, process dynamics, control and statistical approaches to systems analysis. Computer simulation, mathematical models, and newer methods that apply artificial intelligence and neural networks to environmental problems are emphasized. Each book topic is supported by an interactive web site featuring computer graphics, teaching games and navigational aids. Topics are developed through the use of computer exercises using practical problems as examples.

In an area as vast and important as rheology, it is essential that the experimentalist understands the underlying theories and shortcomings of the measurement technique used, that they are aware of the likely microstructure of the fluid under study and that from this they can appreciate how the fluid and the measuring system interact with each other. This major handbook, written by an international group of experts in the range of rheological techniques, presents the state of the art in rheological measurement, and concentrates on the techniques and underlying physical principles. The second edition, fully revised and updated to include new techniques is invaluable to polymer and materials scientists, engineers and technologists, and anyone else making rheological measurements on materials whether they be polymeric, biological, slurries, food or other complex fluids.

With the approach of the 21st century, and the current trends in manufacturing, the role of computer-controlled flexible manufacturing an integral part in the success of manufacturing enterprises. will take Manufacturing environments are changing to small batch (with batch sizes diminishing to a quantity of one), larger product variety, produc tion on demand with low lead times, with the ability to be 'agile.' This is in stark contrast to conventional manufacturing which has relied on economies of scale, and where change is viewed as a disruption and is therefore detrimental to production. Computer integrated manufac turing (CIM) and flexible manufacturing practices are a key component in the transition from conventional manufacturing to the 'new' manu facturing environment. While the use of computers in manufacturing, from controlling indi vidual machines (NC, Robots, AGVs etc.) to controlling flexible manu facturing systems (FMS) has advanced the flexibility of manufacturing environments, it is still far from reaching its full potential in the environment of the future. Great strides have been made in individual technologies and control of FMS has been the subject of considerable research, but computerized shop floor control is not nearly as flexible or integrated as hyped in industrial and academic literature. In fact, the integrated systems have lagged far behind what could be achieved with existing technology."

This edition of Thermodynamics is a thoroughly revised, streamlined, and cor rected version of the book of the same title, first published in 1975. It is intended for students, practicing engineers, and specialists in materials sciences, metallur gical engineering, chemical engineering, chemistry, electrochemistry, and related fields. The present edition contains many additional numerical examples and prob lems. Greater emphasis is put on the application of thermodynamics to chemical, materials, and metallurgical problems. The SI system has been used through out the textbook. In addition, a floppy disk for chemical equilibrium calculations is enclosed inside the back cover. It contains the data for the elements, oxides, halides, sulfides, and other inorganic compounds. The subject material presented in chapters III to XIV formed the basis of a thermodynamics course offered by one of the authors (R.G. Reddy) for the last 14 years at the University of Nevada, Reno. The subject matter in this book is based on a minimum number of laws, axioms, and postulates. This procedure avoids unnecessary repetitions, often encountered in books based on historical sequence of development in thermodynamics. For example, the Clapeyron equation, the van't Hoff equation, and the Nernst distribution law all refer to the Gibbs energy changes of relevant processes, and they need not be presented as radically different relationships.

Starting at the dawn of science, History of Industrial Gases traces the development of gas theory from its Aristotelian roots to its modern achievements as a global industry. Dr. Almqvist explores how environmental protection, geographical areas, and the drive for higher purity and efficiency affected development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and how they will influence the future of this rapidly expanding industry. The roles of major contributing companies are also discussed to provide an informative and thought-provoking treatise valuable to anyone who studies or works in this fascinating field.

Advanced Control and Supervision of Mineral Processing Plants describes the use of dynamic models of mineral processing equipment in the design of control, data reconciliation and soft-sensing schemes; through examples, it illustrates tools integrating simulation and control system design for comminuting circuits and flotation columns. Coverage is given to the design of soft sensors based on either single-point measurements or more complex measurements like images. Issues concerning data reconciliation and its employment in the creation of instrument architecture and fault diagnosis are surveyed. In consideration of the widespread use of distributed control and information management systems in mineral processing, the book describes the platforms and toolkits available for implementing such systems. Applications of the techniques described in real plants are used to highlight their benefits; information for all of the examples, together with supporting MATLAB (R) code can be found at www.springer.com/978-1-84996-105-9.

IMRET 5 featured more than 80 oral and poster communications, covering the entire interdisciplinary field from design, production, modeling and characterization of microreactor devices to application of microstructured systems for production, energy and transportation, including many analytical and biological applications. A particularly strong topic was the investigation of the potential of microstructuring of reactors and systems components for process intensification. Perspectives of combining local, in situ, data acquisition with appropriate microstructuring of actuators and components within chemical and biological devices were explored in order to enhance process performance and facilitate process control.

Rubber Toughened Engineering Plastics covers the main physical principles involved in optimum toughening in high temperature engineering plastics and speciality plastics and describes the synthetic strategies used to obtain satisfactorily toughened grades in these materials by control of microstructure. This book will act as a focus for current thought on the principles of rubber toughening and the methods employed for the rubber toughening of major engineering and speciality plastics.

The present book contains a comparison of existing theoretical models developed in order to describe membrane separation processes. In general, the permeation equations resulting from these models give inaccurate predictions of the mutual effects of the permeants involved, due to the simplifications adopted in their derivation. It is concluded that an optimum description of transport phenomena in tight (diffusion-type) membranes is achieved with the "solution-diffusion" model. According to this model each component of a fluid mixture to be separated dissolves in the membrane and passes through by diffusion in response to its gradient in the chemical potential. A modified Flory-Huggins equation has been derived to calculate the solubility of the permeants in the membrane material. Contrary to the original Flory-Huggins equation, the modified equation accounts for the large effect on solubility of crystallinity and elastic strain of the polymer chains by swelling. The equilibrium sorption of liquids computed with this equation was found to be in good agreement with experimental results. Also, the sorption of gases in both rubbery and glassy polymers could be described quan titatively with the modified Flory-Huggins equation without any need of the arbitrary Langmuir term, as required in the conventional "dual-mode" sorption model. Furthermore, fewer parameters are required than with the at least identical accuracy."

This book starts with an extended introductory treatise on the fundamentals before moving on to a detailed description of the new methods of purification of transition metals and rare earth metals.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Materials Processing at High Gravity, held at Clarkson University, May 29 to June 2, 2000. There were 73 attendees from 16 countries. Since the topics extended well beyond materials processing, it was felt appropriate to name this proceedings "Centrifugal Processing." Processing by Centrifugation includes the traditional bench-scale centrifuges, as well as all rotating systems utilizing the centrifugal and Coriolis forces to provide unique performance. Centrifugation led to the formation of sticky porous Teflon membranes, as well as improved polymeric solar cells. Centrifugation on large equipment improved the chemical vapor deposition of diamond films, influenced the growth and dissolution of semiconductor crystals, and elucidated the influence of gravity on coagulation of colloidal Teflon. A million g centrifuge was constructed and used to study sedimentation in solids and to prepare compositionally graded materials and new phases. Rotation of a pipe about its axis allowed the casting of large-diameter metal alloy pipes as well as coating the interior of pipes with a cermet utilizing self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Such coatings are highly corrosion and erosion resistant. Flow on a rotating disk was shown to be useful for process intensification, such as large-scale manufacturing of nano-particles, polymerization reactions, and heat & mass transfer. Several theoretical studies dealt with the influence of rotation on fluid convection on surfaces and in pipes, tubes, and porous media. These have applications to integrated-circuit chip manufacturing, alloy casting, oil production, crystal growth, and the operation of rotating machinery.