This book focuses on clean transport and mobility essential to the modern world. It discusses internal combustion engines (ICEs) and alternatives like battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which are growing fast. Alternatives to ICEs start from a very low base and face formidable environmental, material availability, and economic challenges to unlimited and rapid growth. Hence ICEs will continue to be the main power source for transport for decades to come and have to be continuously improved to improve transport sustainability. The book highlights the need to assess proposed changes in the existing transport system on a life cycle basis. The volume includes chapters discussing the challenges faced by ICEs as well as chapters on novel fuels and fuel/ engine interactions which help in this quest to improve the efficiency of ICE and reduce exhaust pollutants. This book will be of interest to those in academia and industry alike.

This book provides insights into the benefits of using remote sensing data from a geoscientist's perspective, by integrating the data with the understanding of Earth's surface and subsurface. In 3 sections, the book takes a detailed look at what data explorationists use when they explore for hydrocarbon resources, assess different terrain types for planning and hazards and extract present-day geologic analogs for subsurface geologic settings. The book presents the usage of remote sensing data in exploration in a structured way by detecting individual geologic features as building blocks for complex geologic systems. This concept enables readers to build their own workflows for the assessment of complex geologic systems using various combinations of remote sensing data. Section 1 introduces readers to the foundations of remote sensing for exploration, covers various methods of image processing and studies different digital elevation and bathymetry models. Section 2 presents the concept of geomorphology as a means to integrate surface and subsurface data. Different aspects of rendering in 2D and 3D are explained and used for the interpretation and extraction of geologic features that are used in exploration. Section 3 addresses remote sensing for hydrocarbon exploration in detail, from geophysical data acquisition to development and infrastructure planning. The organization of this chapter follows an exploration workflow from regional to local modeling studying basin and petroleum system modeling as well as logistics planning of seismic surveys and near-surface modeling. Aspects of field development and infrastructure planning comprise multi-temporal and dynamic modeling. The section closes with a structured approach to extracting geologic analogs from interpreted remote sensing data. The book will be of interest to professionals and students working in exploration for hydrocarbons and water resources, as well as geoscientists and engineers using remote sensing for infrastructure planning, hazard assessment and dynamic environmental studies.

This short monograph focuses on the theoretical backgrounds and practical implementations concerning the thermodynamic modeling of multiphase equilibria of complex reservoir fluids using cubic equations of state. It aims to address the increasing needs of multiphase equilibrium calculations that arise in the compositional modeling of multiphase flow in reservoirs and wellbores. It provides a state-of-the-art coverage on the recent improvements of cubic equations of state. Considering that stability test and flash calculation are two basic tasks involved in any multiphase equilibrium calculations, it elaborates on the rigorous mathematical frameworks dedicated to stability test and flash calculation. A special treatment is given to the new algorithms that are recently developed to perform robust and efficient three-phase equilibrium calculations. This monograph will be of value to graduate students who conduct research in the field of phase behavior, as well as software engineers who work on the development of multiphase equilibrium calculation algorithms.

This book presents the fundamentals of the reservoir and interfacial engineering. The book systematically starts with the basics of primary, secondary and tertiary (enhanced) oil recovery and emphasizes on the theory of microbial-enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) and its potential toward recovery of oil in place. Different approaches of MEOR such as in-situ, ex-situ, and integration of chemical- and microbial-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are discussed in detail. This book highlights the link between the effectiveness of MEOR and the local reservoir conditions, crude oil characteristics, and indigenous microbial community. The latest implementations of MEOR across the globe are highlighted as case studies to outline the potential as well as the scope of MEOR. Given the topics covered, this book will be useful for professionals and researchers working in the areas of petroleum science and engineering, chemical engineering, biotechnology, bioengineering, and other related fields.

This book provides pathways and strategies for mud engineers and drilling students in the future drilling industry. The data on the effect of drilling mud additives on hydrate formation thermodynamics and kinetics are discussed to aid proper additives selection and blending for optimum performance. Practical field operations of hydrate-related drilling are discussed with insights on future drilling operations. Preface Drilling fluid design is very crucial in all drilling operations. Gas hydrate wells or hydrate sediments are future reservoirs that are believed to produced clean natural gas that will replace the current fossil fuels. Hydrate management has now become a part of the drilling operation and for that matter, relevant knowledge and guidelines of drilling fluid design for hydrate management in drilling-related operations would help establish a strong foundation for hydrate-related drilling operations. This book is useful to mud engineers, students, and industries who wish to be drilling fluid authorities in the21st-century energy production industry.

This textbook is intended for post-graduate students in mechanical and allied engineering disciplines. It will also be helpful to scientists and engineers working in the areas of combustion to recapitulate the fundamental and generally applied aspects of combustion. This textbook comprehensively covers the fundamental aspects of combustion. It includes physical descriptions of premixed and non-premixed flames. It provides a detailed analysis of the basic ideas and design characteristics of burners for gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. A chapter on alternative renewable fuels has also been included to bring out the need, characteristics and usage of alternative fuels. Review questions have been provided at the end of each chapter which will help the students to evaluate their understanding of the important concepts covered in that chapter. Several standard text books have been cited in the chapters and are listed towards the end, as suggested reading, to enable the readers to refer them when required. The textbook will be useful for students in mechanical, aerospace and related fields of engineering. It will also be a good resource for professionals and researchers working in the areas of combustion technology.

Keep on running by clever burning! This book reports how humans created materials, machines and power plants with the help of fire and which fuels, with their advantages and disadvantages, they have used so far. "Climate rescuers" of all stripes, whether qualified for such challenge or not, want to eliminate the fire completely and replace it with electricity from photovoltaics and wind power. The book contains facts and evidence as to why solar panels and windmills cannot be sufficient to ensure all the world's energy needs. Neither combustion nor thermal engines are responsible for the environmental hazard till now, but the fuels they have received in the past. Let's feed the fire with nature-compatible fuels and let it unfold properly in very effective machines and systems! The book describes systematically and comprehensibly for everyone, thermodynamic laws and methods for the design of very efficient machines and drives, as well as regenerative, climate-neutral fuels. This lecture is highly recommended when seating in front of a fireplace or sitting beside a campfire.

This open access book evaluates, from an economic perspective, various measures introduced in Japan to prevent climate change. Although various countries have implemented such policies in response to the pressing issue of climate change, the effectiveness of those programs has not been sufficiently compared. In particular, policy evaluations in the Asian region are far behind those in North America and Europe due to data limitations and political reasons. The first part of the book summarizes measures in different sectors in Japan to prevent climate change, such as emissions trading and carbon tax, and assesses their impact. The second part shows how those policies have changed the behavior of firms and households. In addition, it presents macro-economic simulations that consider the potential of renewable energy. Lastly, based on these comprehensive assessments, it compares the effectiveness of measures to prevent climate change in Japan and Western countries. Providing valuable insights, this book will appeal to both academic researchers and policymakers seeking cost-effective measures against climate change.

This book mainly introduces an essential safety concept and procedure for electrical engineering in oil and gas field. It begins by providing broad guidelines for performing electrical safety and operability review (ELSOR), giving reader a general overview of the field. It subsequently verifies electrical distribution, overhead line and hazardous area classification safety analysis together with comparison of different international codes and standards with China national codes, to interpret different safety concepts from different countries for electrical engineering in oil and gas field. This unique and complete co-design safety analysis will greatly benefit international electrical engineers and operators of oil and gas fields. This book is with vivid flow chart, accurate table expressing the analysis logic method and exact illustrations of code and standard of different country and area. This book stresses the electrical design safety for surface facilities of oil and gas oil field and will benefit to engineer who works with oil and gas field surface facilities engineering.

This book covers different aspects of gas injection, from the classic pressure maintenance operation to enhanced oil recovery (EOR), underground gas storage (UGS), and carbon capture and storage (CCS). The authors detail the unique characteristics and specific criteria of each application, including: material balance equations phase behaviour reservoir engineering well design operating aspects surface facilities environmental issues Examples, data, and simulation codes are provided to enable the reader to gain an in-depth understanding of these applications. Fundamentals and Practical Aspects of Gas Injection will be of use to practising engineers in the fields of reservoir engineering, and enhanced oil recovery. It will also be of interest to researchers, academics, and graduate students working in the field of petroleum engineering.

This monograph is based on methanol as a fuel for transportation sector, specifically for compression ignition (CI) engines. The contents present examples of utilization of methanol as a fuel for CI engines in different modes of transportation such as railroad, personal vehicles or heavy duty road transportation. The book also focuses on effect of methanol on combustion and performance characteristics of the engine. The effect of methanol on exhaust emission production, prediction and control is also discussed. It also discusses current methanol utilization and its potential, its effect on the engine in terms of efficiency, combustion, performance, pollutants formation and prediction. Part of the chapters are based on review of state-of-the-art while other chapters are dedicated to an original research. This volume will be a useful guide to professionals and academics involved in alternative fuels, compression ignition engines, and environmental research.

Climate change is a huge challenge to humanity in the 21th century. In view of China's recent pledge to the international community to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, this book examines climate mitigation and adaptation efforts in China through the prism of the steel sector, and it does so from three interrelated perspectives, i.e., policy, technology, and market. The book argues that in developing the country's strategy towards green growth, over the years there has been a positive and interactive relationship between China's international commitments and domestic agenda setting in mitigation and adaptation to the impact of climate change. To illustrate China's efforts, two special areas, i.e., carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) and emissions-trading system (ETS), have received focused examination. Along the spectrum of low-carbon, zero-carbon, and negative-carbon strategies, this study ends with a simulation model which outlines different policy scenarios, challenges, and uncertainties, as China moves further on, trying to achieve carbon neutrality in 2060. The book will be of interest to scholars, policy-makers, and business executives who want to understand China's growing role in the world.

This book presents the theory and technologies of drilling operations. It covers the gamut of formulas and calculations for petroleum engineers that have been compiled over several years. Some of these formulas and calculations have been used for decades, while others help guide engineers through some of the industry's more recent technological breakthroughs. Comprehensively discussing all aspects of drilling technologies, and providing abundant figures, illustrations and tables, examples and exercises to facilitate the learning process, it is a valuable resource for students, scholars and engineers in the field of petroleum engineering.

This monograph covers different aspects related to utilization of alternative fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines with a focus on biodiesel, dimethyl ether, alcohols, biogas, etc. The focal point of this book is to present engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics of IC engines fueled by these alternative fuels. A section of this book also covers the potential strategies of utilization of these alternative fuels in an energy efficient manner to reduce the harmful pollutants emitted from IC engines. It presents the comparative analysis of different alternative fuels in a variety of engines to show the appropriate alternative fuel for specific types of engines. This book will prove useful for both researchers as well as energy experts and policy makers.

This book is a reality check of where energy will come from in the future. Today, our economy is utterly dependent on fossil fuels. They are essential to transportation, manufacturing, farming, electricity, and to make fertilizers, cement, steel, roads, cars, and half a million other products. One day, sooner or later, fossil fuels will no longer be abundant and affordable. Inevitably, one day, global oil production will decline. That time may be nearer than we realize. Some experts predict oil shortages as soon as 2022 to 2030. What then are our options for replacing the fossil fuels that turn the great wheel of civilization? Surveying the arsenal of alternatives - wind, solar, hydrogen, geothermal, nuclear, batteries, catenary systems, fusion, methane hydrates, power2gas, wave, tidal power and biomass - this book examines whether they can replace or supplement fossil fuels. The book also looks at substitute energy sources from the standpoint of the energy users. Manufacturing, which uses half of fossil fuels, often requires very high heat, which in many cases electricity can't provide. Industry uses fossil fuels as a feedstock for countless products, and must find substitutes. And, as detailed in the author's previous book, "When Trucks Stop Running: Energy and the Future of Transportation," ships, locomotives, and heavy-duty trucks are fueled by diesel. What can replace diesel? Taking off the rose-colored glasses, author Alice Friedemann analyzes our options. What alternatives should we deploy right now? Which technologies merit further research and development? Which are mere wishful thinking that, upon careful scrutiny, dematerialize before our eyes? Fossil fuels have allowed billions of us to live like kings. Fueled by oil, coal, and natural gas, we changed the equation constraining the carrying capacity of our planet. As fossil fuels peak and then decline, will we fall back to Earth? Are there viable alternatives?

This book provides a succinct overview on the application of rate and pressure transient analysis in unconventional petroleum reservoirs. It begins by introducing unconventional reservoirs, including production challenges, and continues to explore the potential benefits of rate and pressure analysis methods. Rate transient analysis (RTA) and pressure transient analysis (PTA) are techniques for evaluating petroleum reservoir properties such as permeability, original hydrocarbon in-place, and hydrocarbon recovery using dynamic data. The brief introduces, describes and classifies both techniques, focusing on the application to shale and tight reservoirs. Authors have used illustrations, schematic views, and mathematical formulations and code programs to clearly explain application of RTA and PTA in complex petroleum systems. This brief is of an interest to academics, reservoir engineers and graduate students.

For nearly a century, the energy industry had a profound impact on the Mississippi Delta, including both the natural and socio-economic systems. The purpose of this book is to describe the delta, how oil and gas (O&G) activities have impacted both natural and socio-economic systems and how much of the degradation could have been avoided. The Mississippi Delta formed over the past six thousand years but, in less than a century, lost 25 percent of coastal wetlands. O&G activities contributed significantly to this loss. O&G production began in the early 20th century and over 600 conventional fields were developed. Production ramped up rapidly, peaking around 1970, then declined. As O&G production declines, produced water dominates fluid production, and this high salinity brine is laced with a variety of toxins. Often, O&G was produced rapidly and much was left in the ground and is now technically and economically unavailable. With careful planning, this situation could have been avoided. The industry also affected the regulatory framework by weakening regulations, enforcement and impacts were not adequately addressed, and more profits flowed out of state. Thus, the state was economically and environmentally worse off. The industry should be compelled to contribute expertise and financial resources to restoration of the delta.

This book describes the feasibility and status of the use of alternative fuels in marine engineering, as well as the application of liquefied natural gas, biodiesel and their blends as marine fuels, and the combustion of synthetic coal-based fuels. Each chapter in the book ends with a summary, which gives the reader a quick and clear understanding of the main contents of the chapter. The book gives a lot of advice on the selection of equipment and parameters, fuel reserves and preparation for scholars related to alternative fuels in ships, and points them in the way. It contains lots of illustrations and tables and explains it in the form of chart comparison. The authors have developed mathematical models and methods for calculating the parameters of fuel systems for biodiesel fuels and liquefied natural gas. Recommendations for choosing the rational parameters of these systems are given, as are schematic solutions of the fuel systems, recommendations for selecting equipment, storing, and preparing the fuels. Application of the materials described in the book provides the SPP designers with a reliable tool for choosing rational characteristics of the fuel systems operating on alternative fuels and improving the efficiency of their application on ships.

< div=""> This book covers different aspects related to utilization of alcohol fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines with a focus on combustion, performance and emission investigations. The focal point of this book is to present engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics of IC engines fueled by alcohol blended fuels such as methanol, ethanol and butanol. The contents also highlight the importance of alcohol fuel for reducing emission levels. Possibility of alcohol fuels for marine applications has also been discussed. This book is a useful guide for researchers, academics and scientists. ^