This book introduces new techniques for cellular image feature extraction, pattern recognition and classification. The authors use the antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in patient serum as the subjects and the Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) technique as the imaging protocol to illustrate the applications of the described methods. Throughout the book, the authors provide evaluations for the proposed methods on two publicly available human epithelial (HEp-2) cell datasets: ICPR2012 dataset from the ICPR'12 HEp-2 cell classification contest and ICIP2013 training dataset from the ICIP'13 Competition on cells classification by fluorescent image analysis. First, the reading of imaging results is significantly influenced by one's qualification and reading systems, causing high intra- and inter-laboratory variance. The authors present a low-order LP21 fiber mode for optical single cell manipulation and imaging staining patterns of HEp-2 cells. A focused four-lobed mode distribution is stable and effective in optical tweezer applications, including selective cell pick-up, pairing, grouping or separation, as well as rotation of cell dimers and clusters. Both translational dragging force and rotational torque in the experiments are in good accordance with the theoretical model. With a simple all-fiber configuration, and low peak irradiation to targeted cells, instrumentation of this optical chuck technology will provide a powerful tool in the ANA-IIF laboratories. Chapters focus on the optical, mechanical and computing systems for the clinical trials. Computer programs for GUI and control of the optical tweezers are also discussed. to more discriminative local distance vector by searching for local neighbors of the local feature in the class-specific manifolds. Encoding and pooling the local distance vectors leads to salient image representation. Combined with the traditional coding methods, this method achieves higher classification accuracy. Then, a rotation invariant textural feature of Pairwise Local Ternary Patterns with Spatial Rotation Invariant (PLTP-SRI) is examined. It is invariant to image rotations, meanwhile it is robust to noise and weak illumination. By adding spatial pyramid structure, this method captures spatial layout information. While the proposed PLTP-SRI feature extracts local feature, the BoW framework builds a global image representation. It is reasonable to combine them together to achieve impressive classification performance, as the combined feature takes the advantages of the two kinds of features in different aspects. Finally, the authors design a Co-occurrence Differential Texton (CoDT) feature to represent the local image patches of HEp-2 cells. The CoDT feature reduces the information loss by ignoring the quantization while it utilizes the spatial relations among the differential micro-texton feature. Thus it can increase the discriminative power. A generative model adaptively characterizes the CoDT feature space of the training data. Furthermore, exploiting a discriminant representation allows for HEp-2 cell images based on the adaptive partitioned feature space. Therefore, the resulting representation is adapted to the classification task. By cooperating with linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, this framework can exploit the advantages of both generative and discriminative approaches for cellular image classification. The book is written for those researchers who would like to develop their own programs, and the working MatLab codes are included for all the important algorithms presented. It can also be used as a reference book for graduate students and senior undergraduates in the area of biomedical imaging, image feature extraction, pattern recognition and classification. Academics, researchers, and professional will find this to be an exceptional resource.

The broad scope of Cloud Computing is creating a technology, business, sociolo- cal, and economic renaissance. It delivers the promise of making services available quickly with rather little effort. Cloud Computing allows almost anyone, anywhere, at anytime to interact with these service offerings. Cloud Computing creates a unique opportunity for its users that allows anyone with an idea to have a chance to deliver it to a mass market base. As Cloud Computing continues to evolve and penetrate different industries, it is inevitable that the scope and definition of Cloud Computing becomes very subjective, based on providers' and customers' persp- tive of applications. For instance, Information Technology (IT) professionals p- ceive a Cloud as an unlimited, on-demand, flexible computing fabric that is always available to support their needs. Cloud users experience Cloud services as virtual, off-premise applications provided by Cloud service providers. To an end user, a p- vider offering a set of services or applications in the Cloud can manage these off- ings remotely. Despite these discrepancies, there is a general consensus that Cloud Computing includes technology that uses the Internet and collaborated servers to integrate data, applications, and computing resources. With proper Cloud access, such technology allows consumers and businesses to access their personal files on any computer without having to install special tools. Cloud Computing facilitates efficient operations and management of comp- ing technologies by federating storage, memory, processing, and bandwidth.

With the rapid growth of bandwidth demand from network users and the advances in optical technologies, optical networks with multiterabits per-second capacity has received significant interest from both researchers and practitioners. Optical networks deployment raises a number of challenging problems that require innovative solutions, including net work architectures, scalable and fast network management, resource efficient routing and wavelength assignment algorithms, QoS support and scheduling algorithms, and switch and router architectures. In this book, we put together some important developments in this exiting area during last several years. Some of the articles are research papers and some are surveys. All articles were reviewed by two reviewers. The paper, "On Dynamic Wavelength Assignment in WDM Optical Networks," by Alanyali gives an overview of some issues in the analy sis and synthesis of dynamic wavelength assignment policies for optical WDM networks and illustrates a new method of analysis. The paper by Ellinas and Bala, "Wavelength Assignment Algorithms for WDM Ring Architectures," presents two optimal wavelength assignment algorithms that assign the minimum number of wavelengths between nodes on WDM rings to achieve full mesh connectivity. In the paper, "Optimal Placement of Wavelength Converters in WDM Networks for Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems," Jia et al."

Fundamentals of Codes, Graphs, and Iterative Decoding is an explanation of how to introduce local connectivity, and how to exploit simple structural descriptions. Chapter 1 provides an overview of Shannon theory and the basic tools of complexity theory, communication theory, and bounds on code construction. Chapters 2 - 4 provide an overview of "classical" error control coding, with an introduction to abstract algebra, and block and convolutional codes. Chapters 5 - 9 then proceed to systematically develop the key research results of the 1990s and early 2000s with an introduction to graph theory, followed by chapters on algorithms on graphs, turbo error control, low density parity check codes, and low density generator codes.

Essential background reading for engineers and scientists working in such fields as communications, control, signal, and image processing, radar and sonar, radio astronomy, seismology, remote sensing, and instrumentation. The book can be used as a textbook for a single course, as well as a combination of an introductory and an advanced course, or even for two separate courses, one in signal detection, the other in estimation.

The need for automatic speech recognition systems to be robust with respect to changes in their acoustical environment has become more widely appreciated in recent years, as more systems are finding their way into practical applications. Although the issue of environmental robustness has received only a small fraction of the attention devoted to speaker independence, even speech recognition systems that are designed to be speaker independent frequently perform very poorly when they are tested using a different type of microphone or acoustical environment from the one with which they were trained. The use of microphones other than a "close talking" headset also tends to severely degrade speech recognition -performance. Even in relatively quiet office environments, speech is degraded by additive noise from fans, slamming doors, and other conversations, as well as by the effects of unknown linear filtering arising reverberation from surface reflections in a room, or spectral shaping by microphones or the vocal tracts of individual speakers. Speech-recognition systems designed for long-distance telephone lines, or applications deployed in more adverse acoustical environments such as motor vehicles, factory floors, oroutdoors demand far greaterdegrees ofenvironmental robustness. There are several different ways of building acoustical robustness into speech recognition systems. Arrays of microphones can be used to develop a directionally-sensitive system that resists intelference from competing talkers and other noise sources that are spatially separated from the source of the desired speech signal."

The process control industry has seen generations of technology advancement, from pneumatic communication to electrical communication to electronic c- munication, from centralized control to distributed control. At the center of today's distributed control systems are operator workstations. These operator wo- stations provide the connection between those overseeing and running plant operations to the process itself. With each new generation of products the operator workstation has become increasingly more intelligent. Newer applications provide advanced alarming, control, and diagnostics. Behind all of these applications are smarter devices. These smart devices provide greater process insight, reduce en- neering costs, and contribute to improving the overall operational performance of the plant. Smart devices include advanced diagnostics that can report the health of the device and in many cases, the health of the process that the device is connected to. It is not uncommon for smart devices to include diagnostics that can detect plugged lines, burner flame instability, agitator loss, wet gas, orifice wear, leaks, and cavitations. These devices tell the user how well they are operating and when they need maintenance. Improvements in sensor technology and diagnostics have lead to a large variety of smart devices. So how do users connect the capabilities of these smart devices to their existing control system infrastructures? The answer is wireless. Wireless technology has matured to the point that it now can be safely applied in industrial control, monitor, and asset management applications.

This book of proceedings includes papers presenting the state of art in electrical engineering and control theory as well as their applications. The topics focus on classical as well as modern methods for modeling, control, identification and simulation of complex systems with applications in science and engineering. The papers were selected from the hottest topic areas, such as control and systems engineering, renewable energy, faults diagnosis-faults tolerant control, large-scale systems, fractional order systems, unconventional algorithms in control engineering, signals and communications. The control and design of complex systems dynamics, analysis and modeling of its behavior and structure is vitally important in engineering, economics and in science generally science today. Examples of such systems can be seen in the world around us and are a part of our everyday life. Application of modern methods for control, electronics, signal processing and more can be found in our mobile phones, car engines, home devices like washing machines is as well as in such advanced devices as space probes and systems for communicating with them. All these technologies are part of technological backbone of our civilization, making further research and hi-tech applications essential. The rich variety of contributions appeals to a wide audience, including researchers, students and academics.

The last ten years have seen a great flowering of the theory of digital data modulation. This book is a treatise on digital modulation theory, with an emphasis on these more recent innovations. It has its origins in a collabor ation among the authors that began in 1977. At that time it seemed odd to us that the subjects of error-correcting codes and data modulation were so separated; it seemed also that not enough understanding underlay the mostly ad hoc approaches to data transmission. A great many others were intrigued, too, and the result was a large body of new work that makes up most of this book. Now the older disciplines of detection theory and coding theory have been generalized and applied to the point where it is hard to tell where these end and the theories of signal design and modulation begin. Despite our emphasis on the events of the last ten years, we have included all the traditional topics of digital phase modulation. Signal space concepts are developed, as are simple phase-shift-keyed and pulse-shaped modulations; receiver structures are discussed, from the simple linear receiver to the Viterbi algorithm; the effects of channel filtering and of hardlimiting are described. The volume thus serves well as a pedagogical book for research engineers in industry and second-year graduate students in communications engineering. The production of a manageable book required that many topics be left out."

Learn how and when to apply the latest phase and phase-difference modulation (PDM) techniques with this valuable guide for systems engineers and researchers. It helps you cut design time and fine-tune system performance.

The 3rd International Conference on Foundations and Frontiers in Computer, Communication and Electrical Engineering is a notable event which brings together academia, researchers, engineers and students in the fields of Electronics and Communication, Computer and Electrical Engineering making the conference a perfect platform to share experience, foster collaborations across industry and academia, and evaluate emerging technologies across the globe. The conference is technically co-sponsored by IEEE Kolkata Section along with several IEEE chapters, Kolkata Section such as Electron Devices Society, Power and Energy Society, Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society, Computer Society, and in association with CSIR-CEERI, Pilani, Rajasthan. The scope of the conference covers some broad areas of interest (but not limited to) such as Satellite and Mobile Communication Systems, Radar, Antennas, High Power Microwave Systems (HPMS), Electronic Warfare, Information Warfare, UWB systems, Microwave and Optical Communications, Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Tubes, Photonics, Plasma Devices, Missile Tracking and Guided systems, High voltage engineering, Electrical Machines, Power Systems, Control Systems, Non-Conventional Energy, Power Electronics and Drives, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Networking, Image Processing, Soft Computing, Cloud Computing, Data Mining & Data warehousing, etc.

This book demonstrates how to model the entire target acquisition process using either visible or infrared imaging systems. Beginning with an overview on electro-optical system design, the text introduces the complexity of various design considerations. A discussion of the differing types of visible and infrared sensors outlines basic wavelength issues and provides definitions of baseline hardware solutions.

Digital Baseband Transmission and Recording provides an integral, in-depth and up-to-date overview of the signal processing techniques that are at the heart of digital baseband transmission and recording systems. The coverage ranges from fundamentals to applications in such areas as digital subscriber loops and magnetic and optical storage. Much of the material presented here has never before appeared in book form. The main features of Digital Baseband Transmission and Recording include: a survey of digital subscriber lines and digital magnetic and optical storage; a review of fundamental transmission and reception limits; an encyclopedic introduction to baseband modulation codes; development of a rich palette of equalization techniques; a coherent treatment of Viterbi detection and many near-optimum detection schemes; an overview of adaptive reception techniques that encompasses adaptive gain and slope control, adaptive detection, and novel forms of zero-forcing adaptation; an in-depth review of timing recovery and PLLs, with an extensive catalog of timing-recovery schemes. . Featuring around 450 figures, 200 examples, 350 problems and exercises, and 750 references, Digital Baseband Transmission and Recording is an essential reference source to engineers and researchers active in telecommunications and digital recording. It will also be useful for advanced courses in digital communications.

Delivers a conceptual overview of call centres - the products that support them, the designs that make them work and the ongoing management that is required for their successful operation.

Like the 120 volt standard for electricity, the appearance of standards in network management heralds new opportunities for creativity and achievement. As one example, within the framework of these evolving standards, consider a system of local area networks connecting computing equipment from different vendors. A bridge 1qc. k:8 up because of a transient caused by a repeater failure. The result is a massive disconnecHon of virtual circuits. What is the role of the manager and the network management system in solving the problem? How does the vendor implement the solution? How does the user use it? What measurements should be made? How should they be displayed? How much of the diagnosis and correction should be automated? How does the solution change with different hardware and software? In the IEEE Communications Magazine, I recently reported a timely illustration in the area of problems in fault management. At the workshop hotel, "I was waiting for a room assignment at the reception desk, when my attendant left the counter for a moment. Upon returning, he took one look at his screen and whined an accusatory question at everyone in sight, 'Who logged out my terminal?' Who indeed! It wasn't any of us. It was the system.

The new edition of this popular book has been transformed into a hands-on textbook, focusing on the principles of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), their applications, their protocols and standards, and their analysis and test tools; a meticulous care has been accorded to the definitions and terminology. To make WSNs felt and seen, the adopted technologies as well as their manufacturers are presented in detail. In introductory computer networking books, chapters sequencing follows the bottom up or top down architecture of the seven layers protocol. This book starts some steps later, with chapters ordered based on a topic's significance to the elaboration of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) concepts and issues. With such a depth, this book is intended for a wide audience, it is meant to be a helper and motivator, for both the senior undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and practitioners; concepts and WSNs related applications are laid out, research and practical issues are backed by appropriate literature, and new trends are put under focus. For senior undergraduate students, it familiarizes readers with conceptual foundations, applications, and practical project implementations. For graduate students and researchers, transport layer protocols and cross-layering protocols are presented and testbeds and simulators provide a must follow emphasis on the analysis methods and tools for WSNs. For practitioners, besides applications and deployment, the manufacturers and components of WSNs at several platforms and testbeds are fully explored.

It gives me immense pleasure to introduce this timely handbook to the research/- velopment communities in the ?eld of signal processing systems (SPS). This is the ?rst of its kind and represents state-of-the-arts coverage of research in this ?eld. The driving force behind information technologies (IT) hinges critically upon the major advances in both component integration and system integration. The major breakthrough for the former is undoubtedly the invention of IC in the 50's by Jack S. Kilby, the Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics 2000. In an integrated circuit, all components were made of the same semiconductor material. Beginning with the pocket calculator in 1964, there have been many increasingly complex applications followed. In fact, processing gates and memory storage on a chip have since then grown at an exponential rate, following Moore's Law. (Moore himself admitted that Moore's Law had turned out to be more accurate, longer lasting and deeper in impact than he ever imagined. ) With greater device integration, various signal processing systems have been realized for many killer IT applications. Further breakthroughs in computer sciences and Internet technologies have also catalyzed large-scale system integration. All these have led to today's IT revolution which has profound impacts on our lifestyle and overall prospect of humanity. (It is hard to imagine life today without mobiles or Internets ) The success of SPS requires a well-concerted integrated approach from mul- ple disciplines, such as device, design, and application.

Since the first edition of this book was published seven years ago, the field of modeling and simulation of communication systems has grown and matured in many ways, and the use of simulation as a day-to-day tool is now even more common practice. With the current interest in digital mobile communications, a primary area of application of modeling and simulation is now in wireless systems of a different flavor from the traditional' ones. This second edition represents a substantial revision of the first, partly to accommodate the new applications that have arisen. New chapters include material on modeling and simulation of nonlinear systems, with a complementary section on related measurement techniques, channel modeling and three new case studies; a consolidated set of problems is provided at the end of the book.

In a single volume, The Mobile Communications Handbook covers the entire field, from principles of analog and digital communications to cordless telephones, wireless local area networks (LANs), and international technology standards. The tremendous scope of this second edition ensures that it will be the primary reference for every aspect of mobile communications. Details and references follow preliminary discussions, ensuring that the reader obtains the most accurate information available on the particular topic.

The book describes a method for modeling systems architecture, particularly of telecom networks and systems, although a large part can be used in a wider context. The method is called Sysnet Modeling and is based on a new modeling language, AML (Abstract systems Modeling Language), which is also described in the book. By applying Sysnet Modeling and AML, a formal model of the system is created. That model can be used for systems analysis as well as for communicating system knowledge to a broader audience of engineers in development projects. Inherent in sysnet modeling is the potential for considerable reduction in time spent on system implementation through the possibilities for code- and test-case generation.

Neurofuzzy and fuzzyneural techniques as tools of studying and analyzing complex problems are relatively new even though neural networks and fuzzy logic systems have been applied as computational intelligence structural e- ments for the last 40 years. Computational intelligence as an independent sci- tific field has grown over the years because of the development of these str- tural elements. Neural networks have been revived since 1982 after the seminal work of J. J. Hopfield and fuzzy sets have found a variety of applications since the pub- cation of the work of Lotfi Zadeh back in 1965. Artificial neural networks (ANN) have a large number of highly interconnected processing elements that usually operate in parallel and are configured in regular architectures. The c- lective behavior of an ANN, like a human brain, demonstrates the ability to learn, recall, and generalize from training patterns or data. The performance of neural networks depends on the computational function of the neurons in the network, the structure and topology of the network, and the learning rule or the update rule of the connecting weights. This concept of trainable neural n- works further strengthens the idea of utilizing the learning ability of neural networks to learn the fuzzy control rules, the membership functions and other parameters of a fuzzy logic control or decision systems, as we will explain later on, and this becomes the advantage of using a neural based fuzzy logic system in our analysis. On the other hand, fuzzy systems are structured numerical est

Roadside Networks for Vehicular Communications: Architectures, Applications, and Test Fields attempts to close the gap between science and technology in the field of roadside backbones for VCNs. This collection will be useful not only for researchers and engineers at universities, but for students in the fields of wireless communication networks, especially vehicular communication networks, and backbone networks as well.

In 1997, the two hottest topics in information technology are the Internet and mobile communications. Each one has the enthusiastic attention of the consuming public, investors. and the technical community. In a time of rapid expansion, they both face technical obstacles to meeting the public's high expectations. This situation stimulates a high volume of research in both areas. To bring the Internet into the twenty-first century. the research community focuses on multimedia communications in which integrated systems store, transport. and process many types of information simultaneously. A major challenge is to meet the of each information service. This problem is separate performance requirements especially challenging when a system has to deliver broadband, real-time services such as full-motion video. Meanwhile. the mobile communications research community continues its long term struggle against the triple challenge of mobility. ether. and energy. "Mobility" refers to the changing locations of terminals. When terminals are mobile. networks have to determine their locations and dynamically establish routes for information. The networks also have to rearrange themselves in order to maintain links to terminals with active communications sessions. "Ether" refers to the problems of wireless communications including limited bandwidth. rapidly changing radio propagation conditions. mutual interference of radio signals. and vulnerability of systems to eavesdropping and unauthorized access. "Energy" refers to the fact that portable information devices carry their own power sources. The rate at which the batteries of cellular telephones and portable computers drain their energy has a strong effect on their utility."

Following an exchange of correspondence, I met Ross in Adelaide in June 1988. I was approached by the University of Adelaide about being an external examiner for this dissertation and willingly agreed. Upon receiving a copy of this work, what struck me most was the scholarship with which Ross approaches and advances this relatively new field of adaptive data compression. This scholarship, coupled with the ability to express himself clearly using figures, tables, and incisive prose, demanded that Ross's dissertation be given a wider audience. And so this thesis was brought to the attention of Kluwer. The modern data compression paradigm furthered by this work is based upon the separation of adaptive context modelling, adaptive statistics, and arithmetic coding. This work offers the most complete bibliography on this subject I am aware of. It provides an excellent and lucid review of the field, and should be equally as beneficial to newcomers as to those of us already in the field.

This book tells the story of the scientific talent and technological prowess of two nations that joined forces to connect themselves with a communications cable that would change the world. In 1855 an American visionary named Cyrus West Field, who knew nothing about telegraphy, sought to establish a monopoly on telegraphic revenues between North America and Europe. Field and the wealthy New Yorkers who formed the first Atlantic cable-laying company never suspected that spanning the vast and stormy Atlantic would require 11 years of frustration and horrific financial sacrifice. The enterprise would eventually engage some of the most brilliant minds in England, Scotland, and the United States, attracting men of science, men of wealth, and men of curiosity. Message time would be cut from more than four weeks to about two minutes. Such a feat would not have been possible without the massive ship the Great Eastern, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Britain's foremost engineer, or the financial backing of Thomas Brassey, the era's greatest builder of railroads. Despite four failed attempts and the enmity that developed between the Union and Great Britain during America's Civil War, Field never stopped urging his British friends to perfect a cable that could function in water as deep as two and a half miles. Without the unified effort of this small cadre of determined engineers, decades may have passed before submarine cables became reliable. This is the story of these men, their ships, and the technology that made it all possible. Behind the scenes were tough and worthy competitors who tried to beat them to the punch, adding a sense of urgency to their monumental task. Some called theAtlantic cable the greatest feat of the 19th century--with good reason. It perfected transoceanic communications and connected the world with circuits in the sea.