This book covers the issues of monitoring, failure localization, and restoration in the Internet optical backbone, and focuses on the progress of state-of-the-art in both industry standard and academic research. The authors summarize, categorize, and analyze the developed technology in the context of Internet fault management and failure recovery under the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS), via both aspects of network operations and theories.

The contents of this book are an expanded treatment of a set of presentations given at the first IEEE Workshop on Signal Propagation on Interconnects held Trnvemiindc, Germany, May 14- 16, 1997. Traditional VLSI-based cost and complexity measures have principally incolved transistor counts and chip area. Yet with the increase in clock frequency transistor has become an issue of major concern" At present the emergence of systems on silicon feces designers with a new challenge: how to guarantee signal integrity while propagating high signals between embedded cores on a Thus, interconnects are becuming a significant limiter of future system performance. The element~ involved arc mainly transmission lines but also other interconnect devices life vias, and packages" The electrical phenomena that have to investigated, as for example delay and crosstalk, are governed by electromagnetic theory. Consequently, even in digital circuits there large sectians in whieh the can longer considered logical ones and zeros but must be treated as analog waveforms. To complicate matters, the descriptian of subcircuits by ordinary differential eyuations is inadequate in many instsnces. Only the use yartial differential aquations should guarantee sufficiently accurate results. Yet this would unfortunately increase the camplexity af simulatian and besign tremendously" Therefore, new approuuhes need to be developed.

Over the last few years, Web technology has grown so rapidly that it is hard for interested readers to learn and keep up with the techniques. It would be extremely useful to have a single book that collectively describes not only the underlying areas from which internet technology derives its solutions, but also details the specific solutions to important applications on the World Wide Web. Foundations of Web Technology covers the basics of Web technology while being specialized enough to add value to experienced professionals working in this field. Most books on the Web focus on programmatic aspects of languages such as Java, JavaScript, or description of standards such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) or Wireless Markup Language (WML). A book that covers the concepts behind the infrastructure of the Web would be indispensable to a wide range of audiences interested in learning how the Web works, how techniques in Web technology can be applied to their own problem, and what the emergent technological trends in these areas are.
Foundations of Web Technology ranges from fundamental areas such as information retrieval and data markup to applications such as web search, instant messaging, mobile access and web services. It assimilates the different technologies that make up the foundation of Web technology. After reading this book, one will be able to grasp the fundamental techniques that power the Web and be able to apply them practically towards building internet applications, in addition to gaining deep insight into the latest research in this relatively new field. Foundations of Web Technology will be useful for a number of years to come since Web technology has matured considerably, and the concepts discussed in this book will continue to be applied universally.
Foundations of Web Technology is designed to meet the needs of practitioners and researchers in industry, and as a secondary text for upper undergraduate and graduate students in Computer Science and Engineering.

Algorithmic discrete mathematics plays a key role in the development of information and communication technologies, and methods that arise in computer science, mathematics and operations research in particular in algorithms, computational complexity, distributed computing and optimization are vital to modern services such as mobile telephony, online banking and VoIP.

This book examines communication networking from a mathematical viewpoint. The contributing authors took part in the European COST action 293 a four-year program of multidisciplinary research on this subject. In this book they offer introductory overviews and state-of-the-art assessments of current and future research in the fields of broadband, optical, wireless and ad hoc networks. Particular topics of interest are design, optimization, robustness and energy consumption.

The book will be of interest to graduate students, researchers and practitioners in the areas of networking, theoretical computer science, operations research, distributed computing and mathematics."

Optical networks have been in commercial deployment since the early 1980s as a result of advances in optical, photonic, and material technologies. Although the initial deployment was based on silica ?ber with a single wavelength modulated at low data rates, it was quickly demonstrated that ?ber can deliver much more bandwidth than any other transmission medium, twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, or wireless. Since then, the optical network evolved to include more exciting technologies, gratings, optical ?lters, optical multiplexers, and optical ampli?ers so that today a single ?ber can transport an unprecedented aggregate data rate that exceeds Tbps, and this is not the upper limit yet. Thus, the ?ber optic network has been the network of choice, and it is expected to remain so for many generationsto come, for both synchronousand asynchronouspayloads; voice, data, video, interactive video, games, music, text, and more. In the last few years, we have also witnessed an increase in network attacks as a result of store andforwardcomputer-basednodes. These attackshave manymaliciousobjectives: harvestsomeone else's data, impersonate another user, cause denial of service, destroy ?les, and more. As a result, a new ?eld in communicationis becomingimportant, communicationnetworksand informationse- rity. In fact, the network architect and system designer is currently challenged to include enhanced features such as intruder detection, service restoration and countermeasures, intruder avoidance, and so on. In all, the next generation optical network is intelligent and able to detect and outsmart malicious intruders.

The book discusses the recent research trends in various sub-domains of computing, communication and control. It includes research papers presented at the First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Science. Focusing on areas such as optimization techniques, game theory, supply chain, green computing, 5g networks, Internet of Things, social networks, power electronics and robotics, it is a useful resource for academics and researchers alike.

Switched-Current Signal Processing and A/D Conversion Circuits: Design and Implementation describes the design and implementation of switched-current (SI) circuits with emphasis on signal processing and data-conversion applications. The work includes theoretical analysis, high-level and circuit-level simulation results as well as measurement results from a few of the author's circuit implementations. An extensive overview of the SI field of research is also given. The book contains an extensive overview of the switched-current field of research, and can therefore be used as a quick-reference to the field. The description of each design example has been organized to describe the entire design flow from system level design and simulation, to circuit simulation, layout and measurement as accurately as possible. Thus it is possible to follow each step in the design process. Switched-Current Signal Processing and A/D Conversion Circuits: Design and Implementation is an invaluable reference for researchers and circuit designers working with one-chip mixed-signal system solutions, and low-voltage analog CMOS design. It will also be appreciated by anyone requiring a quick overview of what has been done in the SI field.

Broadband Fixed Wireless Access provides a systematic overview of the emerging WiMAX technology, and much of the material is based on the practical experiences of the authors in building new systems. This material will be of significant interest to network architects and developers of broadband fixed wireless access products. With the advent of the IEEE 802.16 standard (has the standard or any part of it been adopted or is likely to be adopted soon) and next generation equipment, this technology has been growing in interest. The authors discuss applications at microwave frequencies between 2 and 11 GHz that could be attractive options for operators without an existing access infrastructure for reaching end users. This introductory volume demystifies the technology and provides technical exposure to the various system trade-offs. Additionally, the book features the following highlights: detailed modeling of broadband fixed wireless access propagation channel, including new measurements for its time variation; an extensive overview of the IEEE 802.1 discussion of the suitability of various multi-antenna techniques; and elaboration of various techniques, i.e. autodirecting antennas, bridging with WLAN, and multi-hop networking, that can be used to reduce the cost of ownership of a WiMAX network for an operator. The authors cover a wide range of topics, from network deployment to implementation of terminals. Wireless professionals will gain a head start from the information on WiMAX technology. This is a must read book when starting with broadband fixed wireless access.

Intended for undergraduate students of electrical engineering, this introduction to electromagnetic fields emphasizes the computation of fields as well as the development of theoretical relations. The first part thus presents the electromagnetic field and Maxwell's equations with a view toward connecting the disparate applications to the underlying relations, while the second part presents computational methods of solving the equations - which for most practical calses cannot be solved analytically.

Codes, Curves, and Signals: Common Threads in Communications is a collection of seventeen contributions from leading researchers in communications. The book provides a representative cross-section of cutting edge contemporary research in the fields of algebraic curves and the associated decoding algorithms, the use of signal processing techniques in coding theory, and the application of information-theoretic methods in communications and signal processing. The book is organized into three parts: Curves and Codes, Codes and Signals, and Signals and Information. Codes, Curves, and Signals: Common Threads in Communications is a tribute to the broad and profound influence of Richard E. Blahut on the fields of algebraic coding, information theory, and digital signal processing. All the contributors have individually and collectively dedicated their work to R. E. Blahut. Codes, Curves, and Signals: Common Threads in Communications is an excellent reference for researchers and professionals.

This book puts the focus on serving human listeners in the sound field synthesis although the approach can be also exploited in other applications such as underwater acoustics or ultrasonics. The author derives a fundamental formulation based on standard integral equations and the single-layer potential approach is identified as a useful tool in order to derive a general solution. He also proposes extensions to the single-layer potential approach which allow for a derivation of explicit solutions for circular, planar, and linear distributions of secondary sources. Based on above described formulation it is shown that the two established analytical approaches of Wave Field Synthesis and Near-field Compensated Higher Order Ambisonics constitute specific solutions to the general problem which are covered by the single-layer potential solution and its extensions.

Earth observation (EO) involves the collection, analysis, and presentation of data in order to monitor and assess the status and changes in natural and built environments. This technology has many applications including weather forecasting, tracking biodiversity, measuring land-use change, monitoring and responding to natural disasters, managing natural resources, monitoring emerging diseases and health risks, and predicting, adapting to and mitigating climate change. This book shows how cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, including neural networks and deep learning, can be applied for processing satellite data for Earth observation. One of the objectives of this book is to explain how to develop a set of libraries for the implementation of artificial intelligence that could overcome some limits and encompass different aspects of research, ranging from data fusion to speckle filtering. In the first part, the authors introduce remote sensing concepts and deep neural networks and convolutional neural networks. In the second part of the book, they present the main tools used for image processing, several simulations and the data processing of specific case studies as well as the testing of related datasets. The book ends with conclusions, open questions and future works and perspectives for artificial intelligence techniques applied to future satellite missions. The book will be of interest to researchers focusing on using machine learning tools to process remote sensing data - particularly satellite data - for Earth observation. The book can also be used as a guide for researchers in many other fields of research who are interested in using ML techniques to process data and get reliable outcomes so they can make informed decisions for their specific objectives.

This book investigates the permutation polynomial (PP) based interleavers for turbo codes, including all the main theoretical and practical findings related to topics such as full coefficient conditions for PPs up to fifth; the number of all true different PPs up to fifth degree; the number of true different PPs under Zhao and Fan sufficient conditions, for any degree (with direct formulas or with a simple algorithm); parallel decoding of turbo codes using PP interleavers by butterfly networks; upper bounds of the minimum distance for turbo codes with PP interleavers; specific methods to design and find PP interleavers with good bit/frame error rate (BER/FER) performance. The theoretical results are explained in great detail to enhance readers' understanding. The book is intended for engineers in the telecommunications field, but the chapters dealing with the PP coefficient conditions and with the number of PP are of interest to mathematicians working in the field.

With the rapid growth of bandwidth demand from network users and the advances in optical technologies, optical networks with multiterabits per-second capacity has received significant interest from both researchers and practitioners. Optical networks deployment raises a number of challenging problems that require innovative solutions, including net work architectures, scalable and fast network management, resource efficient routing and wavelength assignment algorithms, QoS support and scheduling algorithms, and switch and router architectures. In this book, we put together some important developments in this exiting area during last several years. Some of the articles are research papers and some are surveys. All articles were reviewed by two reviewers. The paper, "On Dynamic Wavelength Assignment in WDM Optical Networks," by Alanyali gives an overview of some issues in the analy sis and synthesis of dynamic wavelength assignment policies for optical WDM networks and illustrates a new method of analysis. The paper by Ellinas and Bala, "Wavelength Assignment Algorithms for WDM Ring Architectures," presents two optimal wavelength assignment algorithms that assign the minimum number of wavelengths between nodes on WDM rings to achieve full mesh connectivity. In the paper, "Optimal Placement of Wavelength Converters in WDM Networks for Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems," Jia et al."

This book paves the way for researchers working on the sustainable interdependent networks spread over the fields of computer science, electrical engineering, and smart infrastructures. It provides the readers with a comprehensive insight to understand an in-depth big picture of smart cities as a thorough example of interdependent large-scale networks in both theory and application aspects. The contributors specify the importance and position of the interdependent networks in the context of developing the sustainable smart cities and provide a comprehensive investigation of recently developed optimization methods for large-scale networks. There has been an emerging concern regarding the optimal operation of power and transportation networks. In the second volume of Sustainable Interdependent Networks book, we focus on the interdependencies of these two networks, optimization methods to deal with the computational complexity of them, and their role in future smart cities. We further investigate other networks, such as communication networks, that indirectly affect the operation of power and transportation networks. Our reliance on these networks as global platforms for sustainable development has led to the need for developing novel means to deal with arising issues. The considerable scale of such networks, due to the large number of buses in smart power grids and the increasing number of electric vehicles in transportation networks, brings a large variety of computational complexity and optimization challenges. Although the independent optimization of these networks lead to locally optimum operation points, there is an exigent need to move towards obtaining the globally-optimum operation point of such networks while satisfying the constraints of each network properly. The book is suitable for senior undergraduate students, graduate students interested in research in multidisciplinary areas related to future sustainable networks, and the researchers working in the related areas. It also covers the application of interdependent networks which makes it a perfect source of study for audience out of academia to obtain a general insight of interdependent networks.

Essential background reading for engineers and scientists working in such fields as communications, control, signal, and image processing, radar and sonar, radio astronomy, seismology, remote sensing, and instrumentation. The book can be used as a textbook for a single course, as well as a combination of an introductory and an advanced course, or even for two separate courses, one in signal detection, the other in estimation.

The need for automatic speech recognition systems to be robust with respect to changes in their acoustical environment has become more widely appreciated in recent years, as more systems are finding their way into practical applications. Although the issue of environmental robustness has received only a small fraction of the attention devoted to speaker independence, even speech recognition systems that are designed to be speaker independent frequently perform very poorly when they are tested using a different type of microphone or acoustical environment from the one with which they were trained. The use of microphones other than a "close talking" headset also tends to severely degrade speech recognition -performance. Even in relatively quiet office environments, speech is degraded by additive noise from fans, slamming doors, and other conversations, as well as by the effects of unknown linear filtering arising reverberation from surface reflections in a room, or spectral shaping by microphones or the vocal tracts of individual speakers. Speech-recognition systems designed for long-distance telephone lines, or applications deployed in more adverse acoustical environments such as motor vehicles, factory floors, oroutdoors demand far greaterdegrees ofenvironmental robustness. There are several different ways of building acoustical robustness into speech recognition systems. Arrays of microphones can be used to develop a directionally-sensitive system that resists intelference from competing talkers and other noise sources that are spatially separated from the source of the desired speech signal."

This book of proceedings includes papers presenting the state of art in electrical engineering and control theory as well as their applications. The topics focus on classical as well as modern methods for modeling, control, identification and simulation of complex systems with applications in science and engineering. The papers were selected from the hottest topic areas, such as control and systems engineering, renewable energy, faults diagnosis-faults tolerant control, large-scale systems, fractional order systems, unconventional algorithms in control engineering, signals and communications. The control and design of complex systems dynamics, analysis and modeling of its behavior and structure is vitally important in engineering, economics and in science generally science today. Examples of such systems can be seen in the world around us and are a part of our everyday life. Application of modern methods for control, electronics, signal processing and more can be found in our mobile phones, car engines, home devices like washing machines is as well as in such advanced devices as space probes and systems for communicating with them. All these technologies are part of technological backbone of our civilization, making further research and hi-tech applications essential. The rich variety of contributions appeals to a wide audience, including researchers, students and academics.

This book provides an introduction to Swarm Robotics, which is the application of methods from swarm intelligence to robotics. It goes on to present methods that allow readers to understand how to design large-scale robot systems by going through many example scenarios on topics such as aggregation, coordinated motion (flocking), task allocation, self-assembly, collective construction, and environmental monitoring. The author explains the methodology behind building multiple, simple robots and how the complexity emerges from the multiple interactions between these robots such that they are able to solve difficult tasks. The book can be used as a short textbook for specialized courses or as an introduction to Swarm Robotics for graduate students, researchers, and professionals who want a concise introduction to the field.

One aspect of the new economy is a transition to a networked society, and the emergence of a highly interconnected, interdependent and complex system of networks to move people, goods and information. An example of this is the in creasing reliance of networked systems (e. g. , air transportation networks, electric power grid, maritime transport, etc. ) on telecommunications and information in frastructure. Many of the networks that evolved today have an added complexity in that they have both a spatial structure - i. e. , they are located in physical space but also an a spatial dimension brought on largely by their dependence on infor mation technology. They are also often just one component of a larger system of geographically integrated and overlapping networks operating at different spatial levels. An understanding of these complexities is imperative for the design of plans and policies that can be used to optimize the efficiency, performance and safety of transportation, telecommunications and other networked systems. In one sense, technological advances along with economic forces that encourage the clustering of activities in space to reduce transaction costs have led to more efficient network structures. At the same time the very properties that make these networks more ef ficient have also put them at a greater risk for becoming disconnected or signifi cantly disruptedwh en super connected nodes are removed either intentionally or through a targeted attack.

This book presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Intelligent and Distributed Environment for Communication (WIDECOM 2018), organized by SRM University, NCR Campus, New Delhi, India, February 16-18, 2018. The conference focuses on challenges with respect to the dependability of integrated applications and intelligence-driven security threats against the platforms supporting these applications. The WIDECOM 2018 proceedings features papers addressing issues related to the new dependability paradigms, design, control, and management of next generation networks, performance of dependable network computing and mobile systems, protocols that deal with network computing, mobile/ubiquitous systems, cloud systems, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The proceeding is a valuable reference for researchers, instructors, students, scientists, engineers, managers, and industry practitioners, in industry, in the aforementioned areas. The book's structure and content is organized in such a manner that makes it useful at a variety of learning levels. Presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Intelligent and Distributed Environment for Communication (WIDECOM 2018), organized by SRM University, NCR Campus, New Delhi, India, February 16-18, 2018; Includes an array of topics related to new dependability paradigms, design, control, and management of next generation networks, performance of dependable network computing and mobile systems, protocols that deal with network computing, mobile/ubiquitous systems, cloud systems, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems; Addresses issues related to the design and performance of dependable network computing and systems and to the security of these systems.

Fundamentals of Codes, Graphs, and Iterative Decoding is an explanation of how to introduce local connectivity, and how to exploit simple structural descriptions. Chapter 1 provides an overview of Shannon theory and the basic tools of complexity theory, communication theory, and bounds on code construction. Chapters 2 - 4 provide an overview of "classical" error control coding, with an introduction to abstract algebra, and block and convolutional codes. Chapters 5 - 9 then proceed to systematically develop the key research results of the 1990s and early 2000s with an introduction to graph theory, followed by chapters on algorithms on graphs, turbo error control, low density parity check codes, and low density generator codes.

This book demonstrates how to model the entire target acquisition process using either visible or infrared imaging systems. Beginning with an overview on electro-optical system design, the text introduces the complexity of various design considerations. A discussion of the differing types of visible and infrared sensors outlines basic wavelength issues and provides definitions of baseline hardware solutions.