This book presents a critical review on the development and application of hygrothermal analysis methods to simulate the coupled transport processes of Heat, Air, and Moisture (HAM) transfer for one or multidimensional cases.
During the past few decades there has been relevant development in this field of study and an increase in the professional use of tools that simulate some of the physical phenomena that are involved in Heat, Air and Moisture conditions in building components or elements. Although there is a significant amount of hygrothermal models referred in the literature, the vast majority of them are not easily available to the public outside the institutions where they were developed, which restricts the analysis of this book to only 14 hygrothermal modelling tools.
The special features of this book are (a) a state-of-the-art of numerical simulation tools applied to building physics, (b) the boundary conditions importance, (c) the material properties, namely, experimental methods for the measurement of relevant transport properties, and (d) the numerical investigation and application
The main benefit of the book is that it discusses all the topics related to numerical simulation tools in building components (including state-of-the-art and applications) and presents some of the most important theoretical and numerical developments in building physics, providing a self-contained major reference that is appealing to both the scientists and the engineers. At the same time, this book will be going to the encounter of a variety of scientific and engineering disciplines, such as civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, etc... The book is divided in several chapters that intend to be a resume of the current state of knowledge for benefit of professional colleagues.

Nanoindentation, Third Edition gives a detailed account of the most up-to-date research in this important field of materials testing. As in previous editions, extensive theoretical treatments are provided and explained in a clear and consistent manner that will satisfy both experienced and novice scientists and engineers. Additionally, numerous examples of the applications of the technique are provided directly from manufacturers of nanoindentation instruments. A helpful series of appendices provides essential reference information that includes a list of frequently asked questions. The new edition has been restructured to provide results of the latest research and developments in the field of mechanical testing while retaining the essential background and introductory, but authoritative nature, of the previous editions. The new edition also expands on the instrumentation and applications chapters by including material sourced direct from the instrument manufacturers in this field. Aimed at graduate student level, this book is designed to fill a need associated with the use of nanoindentation as a quantitative test method for mechanical properties of small volumes of materials.

to Boundary Elements Theory and Applications With 194 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Dr.-Ing. Friedel Hartmann University of Dortmund Department of Civil Engineering 4600 Dortmund 50 FRG ISBN-13: 978-3-642-48875-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-48873-3 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-48873-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hartmann, F. (Friedel) Introduction to boundary elements: theory and applications/Friedel Hartmann. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-48875-7 1. Boundary value problems. I. Title. TA347.B69H371989 515.3'5--dc19 89-4160 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provision of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its version of June 24,1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. (c) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1989 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

During the last decades modelling of inelastic structural behaviour has achieved great attention. Wherever elastic designhas reached its limita sa consequence of increased loading, the related cons titutive rela tions meanwhile have become part of the engineer's practice. However, new materials with complex behaviour, further increasing loads at higher temperatures, as well as the implementation of stronger security demands have led to theconsequence that the preferentially used phenomenological concepts need to be verified and improved continuously. Caused by the a priori non linear character oft he material rela tions, all equations fort he description of every new phenomenon need to be reconsidered. According to this, since about a decade the idea succeeds that constitutive relations which represent material behaviour more re alistically can not only be deduced phe nomenologicallyfrom the laws of continuum mechanics. Sincet he observed behaviour is caused by processes taking place on the microscale, these processes and mechanisms need to be taken into consideration when determining the constitutive relations. The formulation of proper micro macro relations actu ally is one of the main emphases in thermoplasticity in the international research. The intentiono ft he IUTAM Symposium on 'Micro and Macrostructural Aspects of Thermoplasticity', held at the Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany, from August 25 to 29, 1997, wast o bring together eminent scientistsworking i n different fields of thermoplasticity with the aim thatt hey may exchange their ideas and activate this interaction.

J.M. Burgers (1895--1981) is regarded as one of the leading scientists in the field of fluid mechanics, contributing many important results, a number of which still bear his name. However, the work of this outstanding scientist was mostly published in the Proceedings and Transactions of The Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, of which he was a distinguished member. Nowadays, this work is almost impossible to obtain through the usual library channels. Therefore, the editors have decided to reissue the most important work of J.M. Burgers, which gives the reader access to the original papers which led to important results, now known as the Burgers Equation, the Burgers Vector and the Burgers Vortex. Further, the book contains a biography of J.M. Burgers, which provides the reader with both information on his scientific life, as well as a rounded impression of the many activities which J.M. Burgers performed or was involved in outside his science.

This book is devoted to the deformation and failure in metallic materials, summarizing the results of a research programme financed by the "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft." It presents the recent engineering as well as mathematical key aspects of this field for a broad community. Its main focus is on the constitutive behaviour as well as the damage and fracture of metallic materials, covering their mathematical foundation, modelling and numerics, but also relevant experiments and their verification.

The book provides a rigorous axiomatic approach to continuum mechanics under large deformation. In addition to the classical nonlinear continuum mechanics - kinematics, fundamental laws, the theory of functions having jump discontinuities across singular surfaces, etc. - the book presents the theory of co-rotational derivatives, dynamic deformation compatibility equations, and the principles of material indifference and symmetry, all in systematized form. The focus of the book is a new approach to the formulation of the constitutive equations for elastic and inelastic continua under large deformation. This new approach is based on using energetic and quasi-energetic couples of stress and deformation tensors. This approach leads to a unified treatment of large, anisotropic elastic, viscoelastic, and plastic deformations. The author analyses classical problems, including some involving nonlinear wave propagation, using different models for continua under large deformation, and shows how different models lead to different results. The analysis is accompanied by experimental data and detailed numerical results for rubber, the ground, alloys, etc. The book will be an invaluable text for graduate students and researchers in solid mechanics, mechanical engineering, applied mathematics, physics and crystallography, as also for scientists developing advanced materials.

This book presents a systematic approach to numerical solution for a wide range of spatial contact problems of geotechnics. On the basis of the boundary element method new techniques and effective computing algorithms are considered. Special attention is given to the formulation and analysis of the spatial contact models for elastic bases. Besides the classical schemes of contact deformation, new contact models are discussed for spatially nonhomogeneous and nonlinearly elastic media properly describing soil properties.

The scope of this book is based on the keynote lectures delivered during the Inter national Symposium on Anisotropic Behaviour of Damaged Materials ABDM, held in Krakow-Przegorzaiy, Poland, September 9-11, 2002. The Symposium was organized by the Solid Mechanics Division of the Institute of Mechanics and Machine Design - Cracow University of Technology, under aus pices of the Dean of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Prof. S. Michalowski. The Co-organizers of the ABDM Symposium were: * Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, * Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Structures AMAS at the In stitute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sci ences, Warsaw, * Committee of Mechanics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. Ten chapters of this book in their present form essentially exceed lectures de livered at the Symposium. They should rather be read as not only author's recent achievements in the field, but also the state of art and synthesis done by the lead ers in the mechanics community. The mixed formula of the Symposium, namely: the invited lectures and presentations of the original papers by the participants was used. 23 original papers, published in the Symposium Proceedings on CD, exhaust the full scope of the ABDM Symposium. The present book provides a survey of various damage models focusing on the damage response in anisotropic materials as well as damage-induced anisotropy.

This book addresses problems in structural dynamics and control encountered in applications such as robotics, aerospace structures, earthquake-damage prevention, and active noise suppression. The rapid developments of new technologies and computational power have made it possible to formulate and solve engineering problems that seemed unapproachable only a few years ago. This presentation combines concepts from control engineering (such as system norms and controllability) and structural engineering (such as modal properties and models), thereby revealing new structural properties as well as giving new insight into well-known laws. This book will assist engineers in designing control systems and dealing with the complexities of structural dynamics.

Attention is focused on a suspension of buoyant particles (or droplets) in acontinuous fluid. In the presence of a force field, gravitational or centrifugal, and exposed to ordinary boundary constraints, a variety of fascinating flows can be obtained. These motions are essential ingre- dients in the widely used separation technology, where im- provedand new designs may be beneficial, but they are also interesting from a broader, academic point of view. In these respects, the recent investigations on these flows patterns, their underlying mechanisms and mathematical modeling - have accrued to a significant, relevant body of knowledge. The main objective of this book is to summarize - in a systematic, coherent and consistent fashion - the theoretical up to date contributions which seem fundamental in understanding, simulation and development of the subject.

This unique book" "presents a nontechnical view of the history of mechanics, from the Big Bang to present day. The impact of mechanics on the evolution of a variety of subjects is vividly illustrated, including astronomy, geology, astrophysics, anthropology, archeology, ancient history, Renaissance art, music, meteorology, modern structural engineering, mathematics, medicine, warfare, and sports. While enormous in scope, the subject matter is covered (with ample photographic support) at a level designed to capture the interest of both the learned and the curious. The book concludes with a creative and thoughtful examination of the current state of mechanics and possibilities for the future of mechanics.

This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series are published approximately on a yearly basis and each contains three to five reviews. The articles in each volume are selected in such a way as to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion technologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosion scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" is used in its very broadest sense. It includes, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous en vironment but also what is commonly referred to as "high-temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other non aqueous liquids.

Plate structures are used in almost every area of engineering, including aerospace and naval architecture, civil engineering, and electronics. These structures have diverse geometries and have to withstand a wide range of loading conditions. This book provides the theoretical foundations of the theories of plates manufactured from various materials, outlines and illustrates the methods used for the analysis of these structures, and emphasizes designs and solution techniques available to an engineer. The book is written for engineers working in industry, graduate students at aerospace, mechanical, civil engineering and naval architecture departments, and investigators interested in the development of the theory of plates and related subjects. While the mathematical modeling employed in the book is understandable to both engineers and graduate students, the book also provides insight into relevant phenomena and theories underlying plate structures. Thus, the reader is equipped with a thorough understanding of the problems and appropriate assumptions, even if the analysis is conducted using commercially available software codes. In addition, the book includes numerous analytical solutions that can confidently be used in the design of plate structures. The combination of theoretical insight and references to practical problems makes the book equally attractive to academia and industry.

This illustrated book provides a modern investigation into the bifurcation phenomena of physical and engineering problems. Systematic methods are used to examine experimental and computational data from numerous examples (soil, sand, kaolin, concrete, domes).

Significant changes have occurred in the approach to structural analysis over the last twenty years. These changes have been brought about by a more general understanding of the nature of the problem and the develop ment of the digital computer. Almost all s ructural engineering offices throughout the world would now have access to some form of digital computer, ranging from hand-held programmable calculators through to the largest machines available. Powerful microcomputers are also widely available and many engineers and students have personal computers as a general aid to their work. Problems in structural analysis have now been formulated in such a way that the solution is available through the use of the computer, largely by what is known as matrix methods of structural analysis. It is interesting to note that such methods do not put forward new theories in structural analysis, rather they are a restatement of classical theory in a manner that can be directly related to the computer. This book begins with the premise that most structural analysis will be done on a computer. This is not to say that a fundamental understanding of structural behaviour is not presented or that only computer-based tech niques are given. Indeed, the reverse is true. Understanding structural behaviour is an underlying theme and many solution techniques suitable for hand computation, such as moment distribution, are retained. The most widely used method of computer-based structural analysis is the matrix stiffness method."

The topological derivative is defined as the first term (correction) of the asymptotic expansion of a given shape functional with respect to a small parameter that measures the size of singular domain perturbations, such as holes, inclusions, defects, source-terms and cracks. Over the last decade, topological asymptotic analysis has become a broad, rich and fascinating research area from both theoretical and numerical standpoints. It has applications in many different fields such as shape and topology optimization, inverse problems, imaging processing and mechanical modeling including synthesis and/or optimal design of microstructures, fracture mechanics sensitivity analysis and damage evolution modeling. Since there is no monograph on the subject at present, the authors provide here the first account of the theory which combines classical sensitivity analysis in shape optimization with asymptotic analysis by means of compound asymptotic expansions for elliptic boundary value problems. This book is intended for researchers and graduate students in applied mathematics and computational mechanics interested in any aspect of topological asymptotic analysis. In particular, it can be adopted as a textbook in advanced courses on the subject and shall be useful for readers interested on the mathematical aspects of topological asymptotic analysis as well as on applications of topological derivatives in computation mechanics.

This book addresses the principles, methods and applications of biodegradable polymer based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The general principle of bone tissue engineering is reviewed and the traditional and novel scaffolding materials, their properties and scaffold fabrication techniques are explored. By acting as temporary synthetic extracellular matrices for cell accommodation, proliferation, and differentiation, scaffolds play a pivotal role in tissue engineering. This book does not only provide the comprehensive summary of the current trends in scaffolding design but also presents the new trends and directions for scaffold development for the ever expanding tissue engineering applications.

The major goal of this book is to present the implementation of some damage models with finite elements. The damage models are based on the principles of continuum damage mechanics and the effective stress concept. Several books have appeared recently on damage mechanics but are mostly theoretical in nature. Alternatively, this book provides a complete finite element program that includes the effects of damage. The book consists of two parts. Part I includes two chapters mainly review ing topics from finite element analysis and continuum damage mechanics. The reader is cautioned that the material contained in this part is introductor- other references must be consulted for the theoretical aspects of these topics. For a complete theoretical treatment of the subject, the reader is referred to the book Advances in Damage Mechanics: Metals and Metal Matrix Composites by Voyiadjis and Kattan, published in 1999. In Part II the finite element program DNA is introduced in three chapters. DNA stands for "Da mage Nonlinear Analysis." The program can be used for the analysis of elasto plastic material behavior including the effects of damage within the frame work of damage mechanics. Two versions of DNA are presented - one for small strain analysis and one for finite strain analysis. The program makes extensive calls to a library of tensor operations developed by the authors. The tensor library is extensively outlined in the last chapter of the book."

Toachieve design, implementation,and servicing ofcomplex systems and struc tures in an efficient and cost-effective way,a deeper knowledge and understanding of the subtle cast and detailed evolution of materials is needed. The analysis in demand borders with the molecular and atomic one, spanning all the way down from classical continua. The study of the behavior of complex materials in sophisticated devices also opens intricate questions about the applicability of primary axioms ofcontinuum mechanics such as the ultimate nature of the material element itselfand the possibility ofidentifying itperfectly. So it is necessary to develop tools that allow usto formulate both theoretical models and methods of numerical approximation for the analysis of material substructures. Multifield theories in continuum mechanics, which bridge classical materials science and modern continuum mechanics, provide precisely these tools. Multifield theories not only address problems of material substructures, but also encompass well-recognized approaches to the study of soft condensed matter and allow one to model disparate conditions in various states ofmatter. However, research inmultifield theories is vast, and there is little in the way of a comprehensive distillation of the subject from an engineer's perspective. Therefore, the papers in the present volume, 1 which grew out of our experience as editors for an engineeringjournal, tackle some fundamental questions,suggest solutions of concrete problems, and strive to interpret a host of experimental evidence. In this spirit, each of the authors has contributed original results having in mind their wider applicability.

This book deals with explosive instabilities in mechanics, deriving a solution to a system of PDEs that arise in practical situations. It begins with a relatively simple account of blow-up in systems of interaction-diffusion equations. Among the topics presented are: classical fluid equations, catastrophic behavior in nonlinear fluid theories, blow-up in Volterra equations, and rapid energy growth in parallel flows.

This 6th International Symposium on Thermal Expansion, the first outside the USA, was held on August 29-31, 1977 at the Gull Harbour Resort on Hecla Island, Manitoba, Canada. Symposium Chairman was Ian D. Peggs, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, and our continuing sponsor was CINDAS/Purdue University. We made considerable efforts to broaden the base this year to include more users of expansion data but with little success. We were successful, however, in establishing a session on liquids, an area which is receiving more attention as a logical extension to the high-speed thermophysical property measurements on materials at temperatures close to their melting points. The Symposium had good international representation but the overall attendance was, disappointingly, relatively low. Neverthe less, this enhanced the informal atmosphere throughout the meeting with a resultant frank exchange of information and ideas which all attendees appreciated. A totally new item this year was the presentation of a bursary to assist an outstanding research student to attend the Symposium. We were delighted to welcome Mr. Benedick Fraass from the Univer sity of Illinois to the Symposium, and he responded by making an informal presentation on the topic of his research. We hope this feature will continue. Previous Symposia in the series were: DATE SPONSOR LOCATION CHAIRMEN September 18-20 Gaithersburg, R.K. Kirby Natl. Bureau of 1968 Maryland Standards P.S. Gaal Westinghouse Astronuclear Lab. June 10-12 Santa Fe, R.O. Simmons Materials Res. Lab."

This book treats computational modeling of structures in which strong nonlinearities are present. It is therefore a work in mechanics and engineering, although the discussion centers on methods that are considered parts of applied mathematics. The task is to simulate numerically the behavior of a structure under various imposed excitations, forces, and displacements, and then to determine the resulting damage to the structure, and ultimately to optimize it so as to minimize the damage, subject to various constraints. The method used is iterative: at each stage an approximation to the displacements, strains, and stresses throughout the structure is computated and over all times in the interval of interest. This method leads to a general approach for understanding structural models and the necessary approximations.

The use of precast concrete is a well-established construction technique for beams, floors, panels, piles, walls and other structural elements. The advan tages of precasting include excellent quality control, economical large scale production, improved construction productivity (especially in adverse weather conditions) and immediate structure availability. These advantages have been recognized for precast concrete raft pavement units (raft units) since their introduction in the 1930s. In the last ten years there has been a considerable increase in the use ofraft units, especially in their range of applications, their analysis and their design. However, the description of these developments has been published in academicjournals and conference proceedings which are not readily available to practising raft unit pavement design engineers. Pavement design engineers are underincreasingpressure to produce raft unit designs that are inexpensive, long lasting and able to allow reorganization to accommodate changing use and uncertainty offuture loading requirements. This is the first book devoted to raft unit pavements, and will become a standard work of reference."

fudustrial uses of polysaccharides centre on their ability to thicken or structure many times their own weight of water, or in other words to control the rheology of hydrated systems. Until comparatively recently, however, objective characterisation of polysaccharide rheology, except in a few specialist research laboratories, was largely confined to compression of gels, simple measurements of solution viscosity, often in ill-defined geometries, and imitative tests intended to reflectproductperformance in specific areas ofend-use. Several factors have combined to bring a wider range of rheological techniques into common use. One is the increasing practical importance of systems that cannot adequately be described as solids or liquids, such as 'weak gels' and spreadable pastes. fu parallel, routine characterisation of such systems has become economically feasible with the development of a new generation of comparatively inexpensive computer-controlled instruments. There has also been a change ofemphasis from phenomenologicaldescription ofproduct texture towards the use of rheological measurements to probe the underlying molecular and supramolecular structures and the processes by which they are formed. As a result, even the most pragmatic producers and users of industrial polysaccharides are probably now familiar with terms such as creep compliance, stress overshoot and the ubiquitous G' and G," although perhaps not fully understanding their precise meaning or practical significance. A definitive text giving a rigorous description of the rheological approaches relevant to polysaccharide systems is therefore appropriate and timely. Romano Lapasin and Sabrina Priel are to be congratulated for tackling the daunting but worthwhile taskofproducing such avolume.