Written by Puck's pupil and appointed successor Martin Knops, this book presents Alfred Puck?'s failure model, which, among several other theories, predicts fracture limits best and describes the failure phenomena in FRP most realistically as confirmed within the "World-wide Failure Exercise." Using Puck?'s model the composite engineer can follow the gradual failure process in a laminate and deduce from the results of the analysis how to improve the laminate design.

The book presents an updated state-of-the-art overview of the general aspects and practical applications of the theories of thin structures, through the interaction of several topics, ranging from non-linear thin-films, shells, junctions, beams of different materials and in different contexts (elasticity, plasticity, etc.). Advanced problems like the optimal design and the modeling of thin films made of brittle or phase-transforming materials will be presented as well.

Engineering structures for reliable function and safety have to be designed such that operational mechanical loads are compensated for by stresses in the components bearable by the materials used. Vhat is "bearable"? First of all it depends on the properties of the chosen materials as well as on several other parameters, e.g. temperature, corrosivity of the environment, elapsed or remaining serviceable life, unexpected deterioration of materials, whatever the source and nature of such deterioration may be: defects, loss of strength, embrittlement, wastage, etc. DEFECTS and PROPERTIES of materials currently determine loadability. Therefore in addition to nondestructive testing for defects there is also a need for nondestructive testing of properties. The third type of information to be supplied by nondestructive measurement pertains to STRESS STATES under OPERATIONAL LOADS, i.e. LOAD-INDUCED plus RESIDUAL STRESSES. Residual stresses normally cannot be calculated; they have to be measured nondestructively; well-approved elastomechanical finite element codes are available and used for calculating load-induced stresses; for redundancy and reliability, engineers, however, need procedures and instrumentation for experimental checks.

This book is an introduction to level set methods and dynamic implicit surfaces. These are powerful techniques for analyzing and computing moving fronts in a variety of different settings. While it gives many examples of the utility of the methods to a diverse set of applications, it also gives complete numerical analysis and recipes, which will enable users to quickly apply the techniques to real problems. The book begins with a description of implicit surfaces and their basic properties, then devises the level set geometry and calculus toolbox, including the construction of signed distance functions. Part II adds dynamics to this static calculus. Topics include the level set equation itself, Hamilton-Jacobi equations, motion of a surface normal to itself, re-initialization to a signed distance function, extrapolation in the normal direction, the particle level set method and the motion of co-dimension two (and higher) objects. Part III is concerned with topics taken from the fields of Image Processing and Computer Vision. These include the restoration of images degraded by noise and blur, image segmentation with active contours (snakes), and reconstruction of surfaces from unorganized data points. Part IV is dedicated to Computational Physics. It begins with one phase compressible fluid dynamics, then two-phase compressible flow involving possibly different equations of state, detonation and deflagration waves, and solid/fluid structure interaction. Next it discusses incompressible fluid dynamics, including a computer graphics simulation of smoke, free surface flows, including a computer graphics simulation of water, and fully two-phase incompressible flow. Additional related topics include incompressible flames with applications to computer graphics and coupling a compressible and incompressible fluid. Finally, heat flow and Stefan problems are discussed. A student or researcher working in mathematics, computer graphics, science, or engineering interested in any dynamic moving front, which might change its topology or develop singularities, will find this book interesting and useful.

This two-volume work focuses on partial differential equations (PDEs) with important applications in mechanical and civil engineering, emphasizing mathematical correctness, analysis, and verification of solutions. The presentation involves a discussion of relevant PDE applications, its derivation, and the formulation of consistent boundary conditions.

In this second edition a new chapter has been added covering the buffeting theory in a finite element format. The motivation for this has been that a finite element format is becoming more and more dominant in all areas of structural mechanics. It is streamlined for computer programming, and it facilitates the use of general purpose routines that are applicable in several types of structural engineering problems. In this book the finite element formulation of the problem of dynamic response calculations follows the general principle of virtual work, a general principle which may be found in many other text books. While the buffeting wind load itself has with no trouble been included in a finite element format, the main challenge has been to obtain a consistent formulation that includes all the relevant motion induced forces. This has been important, because, while many structures (e.g. long-span suspension bridges) may suffer greatly and become unstable at high wind velocities, the same structures may also benefit from these effects at the design wind velocity. It is well known that motion induced forces will change the stiffness and damping properties of the combined structure and flow system. If calculations are performed for a suitably close set of increasing mean wind velocities and the changing mechanical properties (stiffness and damping) are updated from one velocity to the next, then the response of the system may be followed up to wind velocities close to the stability limit, i.e. up to response values that are perceived as unduly large. Finite element calculations may be performed in time domain, in frequency domain or converted into a modal format. All these options have been included. Pursuing a time domain solution strategy requires the use of the so-called indicial functions. The theory behind such a formulation is also covered, and the determination of these functions from aerodynamic derivatives has been included in a separate appendix.

This Festschrift marks the retirement of Professor Chris Calladine, FRS after 42 years on the teaching staff of the Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge. It contains a series of papers contributed by his former students, colleagues, and friends. Chris Calladine's research has ranged very widely across the field of struc tural mechanics, with a particular focus on the plastic deformation of solids and structures, and the behaviour of thin-shell structures. His insightful books on Engineering Plasticity and Theory of Shell Structures have been appreciated by many generations of students at Cambridge and elsewhere. His scientific contri bution outside engineering, in molecular structures, is at least as significant, and he is unique among engineers in having co-authored a book on DNA. Also, he has been keenly interested in the research of many students and colleagues, and on many occasions his quick grasp and physical insight have helped a student, and sometimes a colleague, find the nub of the problem without unnecessary effort. Many of the papers contained in this volume gratefully acknowledge this generous contribution. We thank Professor G. M. l. Gladwell for reading through all of the contri butions, Mrs R. Baxter and Mrs o. Constantinides for help in preparing this volume, Godfrey Argent Studio for permission to reproduce Calladine's por trait for the Royal Society, and Dr A. Schouwenburg -from Kluwer- for his assistance. Horace R. Drew Sergio Pellegrino ix CHRIS CALLADINE SOME THOUGHTS ON RESEARCH c. R."

The Second USA-USSR Symposium on Fna~e 06 Compo~~e Mat~aGBPh took place at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, during 9-12 March, 1981. This bilateral program between the U. S. and Soviet Union was organized by Professor George C. Sih of the Institute of Fracture and Solid Mechanics at Lehigh Uni versity and Dr. Vitauts P. Tamuzs of the Institute of Polymer Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR in Riga. The First Symposium was held in 1978 at Jurmala near the coast of Riga Bay. The primary reasons for initiating this series of Symposia were to dissemi nate present knowledge, to promote interchange of ideas, and to stimulate addi tional studies on the development of composite materials between the U. S. and USSR. Both countries have a vested interest in developing the capability to assess and utilize the attractive mechanical properties of composites so that they can be tailor-made to meet specific design requirements. Despite the in creasing number of published papers and articles, there is no communication more effective than on a person-to-person basis. It is with this objective in mind that a small group of engineers and scientists from the U. S. and USSR have planned to meet every two years to report recent progress on composite material research. The size of this group is approximately sixty (60) participants. The presentation involves about forty (40) technical papers which are published in volume.

This special issue of ZAMP is published to honor Paul M. Naghdi for his contributions to mechanics over the last forty years and more. It is offered in celebration of his long, productive career in continuum mechan ics; a career which has been marked by a passion for the intrinsic beauty of the subject, an uncompromising adherence to academic standards, and an untiring devotion to our profession. Originally, this issue was planned in celebration of Naghdi's 70th birthday, which occurred on 29 March 1994. But, as the papers were being prepared for the press, it became evident that the illness from which Professor Naghdi had been suffering during recent months was extremely serious. On 26 May 1994, a reception took place in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Berkeley, at which Naghdi received The Berkeley Citation (which is given in lieu of an honorary degree) and where he was also presented with the Table of Contents of the present collection. Subse quently, he had the opportunity to read the papers in manuscript form. He was very touched that his colleagues had chosen to honor him with their fine contributions. The knowledge that he was held in such high esteem by his fellow scientists brought a special pleasure and consolation to him in his last weeks. On Saturday evening, 9 July 1994, Paul Naghdi succumbed to the lung cancer which he had so courageously endured."

Lamb waves are guided waves that propagate in thin plate or shell structures. There has been a clear increase of interest in using Lamb waves for identifying structural damage, entailing intensive research and development in this field over the past two decades. Now on the verge of maturity for diverse engineering applications, this emerging technique serves as an encouraging candidate for facilitating continuous and automated surveillance of the integrity of engineering structures in a cost-effective manner. In comparison with conventional nondestructive evaluation techniques such as ultrasonic scanning and radiography which have been well developed over half a century, damage identification using Lamb waves is in a stage of burgeoning development, presenting a number of technical challenges in application that need to be addressed and circumvented. It is these two aspects that have encouraged us to write this book, with the intention of consolidating the knowledge and know-how in the field of Lamb-wave-based damage identification, and of promoting widespread attention to mature application of this technique in the practical engineering sphere. This book provides a comprehensive description of key facets of damage identification technique using Lamb waves, based on the authors' knowledge, comprehension and experience, ranging from fundamental theory through case studies to engineering applications.

This monograph deals with the behavior of essentially nonlinear heterogeneous materials in processes occurring under intense dynamic loading, where microstructural effects play the main role. This book is not an introduction to the dynamic behavior of materials, and general information available in other books is not included. The material herein is presented in a form I hope will make it useful not only for researchers working in related areas, but also for graduate students. I used it successfully to teach a course on the dynamic behavior of materials at the University of California, San Diego. Another course well suited to the topic may be nonlinear wave dynamics in solids, especially the part on strongly nonlinear waves. About 100 problems presented in the book at the end of each chapter will help the reader to develop a deeper understanding of the subject. I tried to follow a few rules in writing this book: (1) To focus on strongly nonlinear phenomena where there is no small parameter with respect to the amplitude of disturbance, including solitons, shock waves, and localized shear. (2) To take into account phenomena sensitive to materials structure, where typical space scale of material parameters (particle size, cell size) are presented in the models or are variable in experimental research.

This book covers both experimental and theoretical aspects of nanoscale light scattering and surface roughness. Topics include: spherical particles located on a substrate; surface and buried interface roughness; surface roughness of polymer thin films; magnetic and thermal fluctuations at planar surfaces; speckle patterns; scattering of electromagnetic waves from a metal; multiple wavelength light scattering; nanoroughness standards.

Since January 1990, when the first edition ofthis first-of-a-kind book appeared, there has been much experimental and theoretical progress in the multi disciplinary subject of tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices. The subject has matured into a rigorous discipline, and many university tribology and mechanics courses now routinely contain material on magnetic storage devices. The major growth in the subject has been on the micro- and nanoscale aspects of tribology and mechanics. Today, most large magnetic storage industries use atomic force microscopes to image the magnetic storage components. Many companies use variations of AFMs such as friction force microscopes (FFMs) for frictional studies. These instruments have also been used for studying scratch, wear, and indentation. These studies are valuable in the fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena. In the second edition, I have added a new chapter, Chapter 11, on micro and nanoscale aspects of tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage compo nents. This chapter presents the state of the art of the micro/nanotribology and micro/nanomechanics of magnetic storage components. In addition, typographical errors in Chapters 1 to 10 and the appendixes have been corrected. These additions update this book and make it more valuable to researchers of the subject. I am grateful to many colleagues and particularly to my students, whose work is reported in Chapter 11. I thank my wife, Sudha, who has been forbearing during the progress of the research reported in this chapter.

Diagnosis of technical systems is important, concerning safety and economics. Monitoring and diagnosis, especially in remote control systems, needs holistic models, as described here. This book describes the fundamentals for technical diagnosis as well as state-of-art tools. Model-based diagnosis and knowledge based diagnosis, fundamentals in decision-making and assessment are included. The foundation of diagnosis for applications is given. The book is written for the expert practising engineer in research and industrial applications.

The International Conference on Differential Equations and Nonlinear Mechanics was hosted by the University of Central Florida in Orlando from March 17-19, 1999. One of the conference days was dedicated to Professor V. Lakshmikantham in th honor of his 75 birthday. 50 well established professionals (in differential equations, nonlinear analysis, numerical analysis, and nonlinear mechanics) attended the conference from 13 countries. Twelve of the attendees delivered hour long invited talks and remaining thirty-eight presented invited forty-five minute talks. In each of these talks, the focus was on the recent developments in differential equations and nonlinear mechanics and their applications. This book consists of 29 papers based on the invited lectures, and I believe that it provides a good selection of advanced topics of current interest in differential equations and nonlinear mechanics. I am indebted to the Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, and the Office of International Studies (of the University of Central Florida) for the financial support of the conference. Also, to the Mathematics Department of the University of Central Florida for providing secretarial and administrative assistance. I would like to thank the members of the local organizing committee, Jeanne Blank, Jackie Callahan, John Cannon, Holly Carley, Brad Pyle, Pete Rautenstrauch, and June Wingler for their assistance. Thanks are also due to the conference organizing committee, F. H. Busse, J. R. Cannon, V. Girault, R. H. J. Grimshaw, P. N. Kaloni, V.

This authoritative book presents the basic knowledge and state-of-the-art techniques necessary to carry out investigations of the cardiovascular system using modeling and simulation. This volume contains chapters on anatomy, physiology, continuum mechanics, as well as pathological changes in the vasculature walls including the heart and their treatments. Methods of numerical simulations are given and illustrated in particular by application to wall diseases.

Failure of welded components can occur during service as well as during fabrication. Most common, analyses of the resistance of welded components against failure are targeted at crack avoidance. Such evaluations are increasingly carried out by modern weldability studies, i. e. considering interactions between the selected base and filler materials, structural design and welding process. Such weldability investigations are particularly targeted to prevent hot cracking, as one of the most common cracking phenomena occurring during weld fabrication. To provide an international information and discussion platform to combat hot cracking, an international workshop on Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds has been created, based on an initiative of the Institute for Materials and Joining Technology at the Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg and the Division V. 5 - Safety of Joined Components at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in Berlin, Germany. The first workshop was organized in Berlin under the topics mechanisms and phenomena, metallurgy and materials, modelling and simulations as well as testing and standardization. It consisted of 20 individual contributions from eight countries, which were compiled in a book that found a very ready market, not only in the welding community. As a consequence of increasing interest, it has been decided to establish the Workshop on Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds as a regular event every three years embedded in the International Institute of Welding (IIW). Attached to the IIW Commission IX and II Spring intermediate meetings, the second workshop was organized in March 2007.

Mechanics, and in particular, the mechanics of solids, forms the basis of all engi neering sciences. It provides the essential foundations for understanding the action of forces on bodies, and the effects of these forces on the straining of the body on the one hand, and on the deformation and motion of the body on the other. Thus, it provides the solutions of many problems with which the would-be engineer is going to be confronted with on a daily basis. In addition, in engineering studies, mechanics has a more vital importance, which many students appreciate only much later. Because of its clear, and analyt ical setup, it aids the student to a great extent in acquiring the necessary degree of abstraction ability, and logical thinking, skills without which no engineer in the practice today would succeed. Many graduates have confirmed to me that learning mechanics is generally per ceived as difficult. On the other hand, they always also declared that the preoccu pation with mechanics made an essential contribution to their successful education. Besides, as far as my experience goes, this success does not depend very much on the inclusion of special chapters, or the knowledge of particular formulae. Rather, it is important that to a sufficient degree, one has learned how to logically describe a given physical phenomenon, starting from the preconditions. And that from this description one can derive rules for related phenomena, and also rules for layout design, for dimensioning, etc. similarly supported structures."

sections dealing with fuzzy functions and fuzzy random functions are certain to be of special interest. The reader is expected to be in command of the knowledge gained in a basic university mathematics course, with the inclusion of stochastic elements. A specification of uncertainty in any particular case is often difficult. For this reason Chaps. 3 and 4 are devoted solely to this problem. The derivation of fuzzy variables for representing informal and lexical uncertainty reflects the subjective assessment of objective conditions in the form of a membership function. Techniques for modeling fuzzy random variables are presented for data that simultaneously exhibit stochastic and nonstochastic properties. The application of fuzzy randomness is demonstrated in three fields of civil engineering and computational mechanics: structural analysis, safety assessment, and design. The methods of fuzzy structural analysis and fuzzy probabilistic structural analysis developed in Chap. 5 are applicable without restriction to arbitrary geometrically and physically nonlinear problems. The most important forms of the latter are the Fuzzy Finite Element Method (FFEM) and the Fuzzy Stochastic Finite Element Method (FSFEM).

Shells and plates are critical structures in numerous engineering applications. Analysis and design of these structures is of continuing interest to the scienti c and engineering communities. Accurate and conservative assessments of the maximum load carried by a structure, as well as the equilibrium path in both the elastic and inelastic range, are of paramount importance to the engineer. The elastic behavior of shells has been closely investigated, mostly by means of the nite element method. Inelastic analysis however, especially accounting for damage effects, has received much less attention from researchers. In this book, we present a computational model for nite element, elasto-plastic, and damage analysis of thin and thick shells. Formulation of the model proceeds in several stages. First, we develop a theory for thick spherical shells, providing a set of shell constitutive equations. These equations incorporate the effects of transverse shear deformation, initial curvature, and radial stresses. The proposed shell equations are conveniently used in nite element analysis. 0 AsimpleC quadrilateral, doubly curved shell element is developed. By means of a quasi-conforming technique, shear and membrane locking are prevented. The element stiffness matrix is given explicitly, making the formulation computationally ef cient. We represent the elasto-plastic behavior of thick shells and plates by means of the non-layered model, using an Updated Lagrangian method to describe a small-strain geometric non-linearity. For the treatment of material non-linearities, we adopt an Iliushin's yield function expressed in terms of stress resultants, with isotropic and kinematic hardening rules.

In this book, a new approach is pioneered in providing a unified theory in continuum mechanics. General Continuum Mechanics is intended for the beginner, but it develops advanced material covering interdisciplinary subjects. With applications of convective, Lagrangian, and Eulerian coordinates and the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the first-year graduate student will learn solid mechanics and fluid mechanics as an integrated subject. Electromagnetic continuum and relativistic continuum are included. The conservational properties of mass, momentum, and energy on earth and in the universe constitute the ingredients of this book. They are the monumental contributions of Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein, a panorama of beauty of universal laws that evolved over the last four centuries. No boundaries are needed to separate them, but rather we integrate them in harmony and place them in perspective. This is the book for interdisciplinary studies to carry out the modern scientific projects in which engineering, physics, and applied mathematics must be combined.

"The mathematical investigations referred to bring the whole apparatus of a great science to the examination of the properties of a given mechanism, and have accumulated in this direction rich material, of enduring and increasing value. What is left unexamined is however the other, immensely deeper part of the problem, the question: How did the mechanism, or the elements of which it is composed, originate? What laws govern its building up? Is it indeed formed according to any laws whatever? Or have we simply to accept as data what invention gives us, the analysis of what is thus obtained being the only scientific problem left - as in the case of natural history?" Reuleaux, F., Theoretische Kinematik, Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1875 Reuleaux, F., The Kinematics of Machinery, London: Macmillan, 1876 and New York: Dover, 1963 (translated by A.B.W. Kennedy) This book represents the second part of a larger work dedicated to the structural synthesis of parallel robots. Part 1 already published in 2008 (Gogu 2008a) has presented the methodology proposed for structural synthesis. This book focuses on various topologies of translational parallel robots systematically generated by using the structural synthesis approach proposed in Part 1. The originality of this work resides in the fact that it combines the new formulae for mobility connectivity, redundancy and overconstraints, and the evolutionary morphology in a unified approach of structural synthesis giving interesting innovative solutions for parallel mechanisms.

This book is dedicated to the memory of a distinguished Russian engineer, Rostislav E. Alexeyev, who was the first in the world to develop the largest ground effect machine - Ekranoplan. One of Alexeyev's design concepts with the aerodynamic configuration of a jlying wing can be seen on the front page. The book presents a description of a mathematical model of flow past a lifting system, performing steady and unsteady motions in close proximity to the underlying solid surface (ground). This case is interesting for practical purposes because both the aerodynamic and the economic efficiency of the system near the ground are most pronounced. Use of the method of matched asymptotic expansions enables closed form solutions for the aerodynamic characteristics of the wings-in-ground effect. These can be used for design, identification, and processing of experimental data in the course of developing ground effect vehicles. The term extreme ground effect, widely used through out the book, is associated with very small relative ground clearances of the order of 10% or less. The theory of a lifting surface, moving in immediate proximity to the ground, represents one of the few limiting cases that can be treated analytically. The author would like to acknowledge that this work has been influenced by the ideas of Professor Sheila E. Widnall, who was the first to apply the matched asymptotics techniques to treat lifting flows with the ground effect. Saint Petersburg, Russia February 2000 Kirill V. Rozhdestvensky Contents 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

This volume constitutes an advanced introduction to the field of analysis, modeling and numerical simulation of rigid body mechanical systems with unilateral constraints. The topics include Moreau's sweeping process, the numerical analysis of nonsmooth multibody systems with friction, the study of energetical restitution coefficients for elasto-plastic models, the study of stability and bifurcation in systems with impacts, and the development of a multiple impact rule for Newton's cradle and the simple rocking model. Combining pedagogical aspects with innovative approaches, this book will not only be of interest to researchers working actively in the field, but also to graduate students wishing to get acquainted with this field of research through lectures written at a level also accessible to nonspecialists.

A real boon for those studying fluid mechanics at all levels, this work is intended to serve as a comprehensive textbook for scientists and engineers as well as advanced students in thermo-fluid courses. It provides an intensive monograph essential for understanding dynamics of ideal fluid, Newtonian fluid, non-Newtonian fluid and magnetic fluid. These distinct, yet intertwined subjects are addressed in an integrated manner, with numerous exercises and problems throughout.