At the present time stability theory of deformable systems has been developed into a manifold field within solid mechanics with methods, techniques and approaches of its own. We can hardly name a branch of industry or civil engineering where the results of the stability theory have not found their application. This extensive development together with engineering applications are reflected in a flurry of papers appearing in periodicals as well as in a plenty of monographs, textbooks and reference books. In so doing, overwhelming majority of researchers, con cerned with the problems of practical interest, have dealt with the loss of stability in the thin-walled structural elements. Trying to simplify solution of the problems, they have used two- and one-dimensional theories based on various auxiliary hypotheses. This activity contributed a lot to the preferential development of the stability theory of thin-walled structures and organisation of this theory into a branch of solid mechanics with its own up-to-date methods and trends, but left three-dimensional linearised theory of deformable bodies stability (TL TDBS), methods of solving and solutions of the three-dimensional stability problems themselves almost without attention. It must be emphasised that by three dimensional theories and problems in this book are meant those theories and problems which do not draw two-dimensional plate and shell and one-dimensional rod theories."

Engineering Applications of Residual Stress represents one of eight volumes of technical papers presented at the Society for Experimental Mechanics Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, held at Uncasville, Connecticut, June 13-16, 2011. The full set of proceedings also includes volumes on Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials and Processes in Conventional and Multifunctional Materials, MEMS and Nanotechnology; Optical Measurements, Modeling and, Metrology; Experimental and Applied Mechanics, and Thermomechanics and Infra-Red Imaging.

Thermomechanics and Infra-Red Imaging represents one of eight volumes of technical papers presented at the Society for Experimental Mechanics Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, held at Uncasville, Connecticut, June 13-16, 2011. The full set of proceedings also includes volumes on Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials and Processes in Conventional and Multifunctional Materials, MEMS and Nanotechnology; Optical Measurements, Modeling and, Metrology; Experimental and Applied Mechanics, and Engineering Applications of Residual Stress.

Defects, dislocations and the general theory.- Approaches to generalized continua.- Generalized continuum modelling of crystal plasticity.- Introduction to discrete dislocation dynamics.

The book contains four lectures on generalized continua and dislocation theory, reflecting the treatment of the subject at different scales. G. Maugin provides a continuum formulation of defects at the heart of which lies the notion of the material configuration and the material driving forces of in-homogeneities such as dislocations, disclinations, point defects, cracks, phase-transition fronts and shock waves. C. Sansour and S. Skatulla start with a compact treatment of linear transformation groups with subsequent excursion into the continuum theory of generalized continua. After a critical assessment a unified framework of the same is presented. The next contribution by S. Forest gives an account on generalized crystal plasticity. Finally, H. Zbib provides an account of dislocation dynamics and illustrates its fundamental importance at the smallest scale. In three contributions extensive computational results of many examples are presented.

Dynamic Behavior of Materials represents one of eight volumes of technical papers presented at the Society for Experimental Mechanics Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, held at Uncasville, Connecticut, June 13-16, 2011. The full set of proceedings also includes volumes on Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials and Processes in Conventional and Multifunctional Materials, MEMS and Nanotechnology; Optical Measurements, Modeling and, Metrology; Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Thermomechanics and Infra-Red Imaging, and Engineering Applications of Residual Stress.

Recent developments in engineering and technology have brought about serious and enlarged demands for reliability, safety and economy in wide range of fields such as aeronautics, nuclear engineering, civil and structural engineering, automotive and production industry. This, in turn, has caused more interest in continuum damage mechanics and its engineering applications.

This book aims to give a concise overview of the current state of damage mechanics, and then to show the fascinating possibility of this promising branch of mechanics, and to provide researchers, engineers and graduate students with an intelligible and self-contained textbook.

The book consists of two parts and an appendix. Part I is concerned with the foundation of continuum damage mechanics. Basic concepts of material damage and the mechanical representation of damage state of various kinds are described in Chapters 1 and 2. In Chapters 3-5, irreversible thermodynamics, thermodynamic constitutive theory and its application to the modeling of the constitutive and the evolution equations of damaged materials are descried as a systematic basis for the subsequent development throughout the book.

Part II describes the application of the fundamental theories developed in Part I to typical damage and fracture problems encountered in various fields of the current engineering. Important engineering aspects of elastic-plastic or ductile damage, their damage mechanics modeling and their further refinement are first discussed in Chapter 6. Chapters 7 and 8 are concerned with the modeling of fatigue, creep, creep-fatigue and their engineering application. Damage mechanics modeling of complicated crack closure behavior in elastic-brittle and composite materials are discussed in Chapters 9 and 10. In Chapter 11, applicability of the local approach to fracture by means of damage mechanics and finite element method, and the ensuing mathematical and numerical problems are briefly discussed.

A proper understanding of the subject matter requires knowledge of tensor algebra and tensor calculus. At the end of this book, therefore, the foundations of tensor analysis are presented in the Appendix, especially for readers with insufficient mathematical background, but with keen interest in this exciting field of mechanics.

"

Modeling complex biological, chemical, and physical systems, in the context of spatially heterogeneous mediums, is a challenging task for scientists and engineers using traditional methods of analysis. Modeling in Applied Sciences is a comprehensive survey of modeling large systems using kinetic equations, and in particular the Boltzmann equation and its generalizations. An interdisciplinary group of leading authorities carefully develop the foundations of kinetic models and discuss the connections and interactions between model theories, qualitative and computational analysis and real-world applications. This book provides a thoroughly accessible and lucid overview of the different aspects, models, computations, and methodology for the kinetic-theory modeling process. Topics and Features: * Integrated modeling perspective utilized in all chapters * Fluid dynamics of reacting gases * Self-contained introduction to kinetic models * Becker-Doring equations * Nonlinear kinetic models with chemical reactions * Kinetic traffic-flow models * Models of granular media * Large communication networks * Thorough discussion of numerical simulations of Boltzmann equation This new book is an essential resource for all scientists and engineers who use large-scale computations for studying the dynamics of complex systems of fluids and particles. Professionals, researchers, and postgraduates will find the book a modern and authoritative guide to the topic.

Experimental and Applied Mechanics represents one of eight volumes of technical papers presented at the Society for Experimental Mechanics Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, held at Uncasville, Connecticut, June 13-16, 2011. The full set of proceedings also includes volumes on Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials and Processes in Conventional and Multifunctional Materials, MEMS and Nanotechnology; Optical Measurements, Modeling and, Metrology; Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Thermomechanics and Infra-Red Imaging, and Engineering Applications of Residual Stress.

This book presents rigorous treatment of boundary value problems in nonlinear theory of shallow shells. The consideration of the problems is carried out using methods of nonlinear functional analysis.

This monograph presents recent research findings on fracture properties and behavior of the composites, and their damage and cracking process under both quasi-static and impact loading conditions. Theoretical treatment, experimental investigation and numerical simulation aspects of the mechanics of composites, including sandwich structures are included.

7. 2 Element Stiffness Matrix of a Space Truss Local Coordinates 221 7. 3 Transformation of the Element Stiffness Matrix 223 7. 4 Element Axial Force 224 7. 5 Assemblage ofthe System Stiffness Matrix 225 7. 6 Problems 236 8 STATIC CONDENSATION AND SUBSTRUCTURING 8. 1 Introduction 239 8. 2 Static Condensation 239 8. 3 Substructuring 244 8. 4 Problems 259 9 INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT MEmOD 9. 1 Introduction 261 9. 2 Plane Elasticity Problems 262 9. 3 Plate Bending 285 9. 4 Rectangular Finite Element for Plate Bending 285 9. 5 Problems 298 APPENDIX I Equivalent Nodal Forces 301 APPENDIXll Displacement Functions for Fixed-End Beams 305 GLOSSARY 309 SELECTED BmLIOGRAPHY 317 INDEX 319 ix Preface This is the first volume of a series of integrated textbooks for the analysis and design of structures. The series is projected to include a first volume in Matrix Structural Analysis to be followed by volumes in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering as well as other volumes dealing with specialized or advanced topics in the analysis and design of structures. An important objective in the preparation of these volumes is to integrate and unify the presentation using common notation, symbols and general format. Furthermore, all of these volumes will be using the same structural computer program, SAP2000, developed and maintained by Computers and Structures, Inc. , Berkeley, California.

Written for researchers and advanced students the book exhibits a combination of various methods and tools required to describe the complexity of the chemical and physical behaviour of fluid surfaces. The common denominator for all the contributions presented here is the simultaneous use of concepts from surface chemistry and physics and from hydrodynamics where external force fields can be introduced. Theoretical and experimental work is equally represented. Most of the basic problems in the area of nonequilibrium multiphase systems have not yet received extensive treatment. This volume should be a reference for physicists, physico-chemists, and chemical engineers and will serve as a jumping-off point for new directions and new points of view.

In the recent decades, computational procedures have been applied to an increasing extent in engineering and the physical sciences. Mostly, two separate fields have been considered, namely, the analysis of solids and structures and the analysis of fluid flows. These continuous advances in analyses are of much interest to physicists, mathematicians and in particular, engineers. Also, computational fluid and solid mechanics are no longer treated as entirely separate fields of applications, but instead, coupled fluid and solid analysis is being pursued. The objective of the Book Series is to publish monographs, textbooks, and proceedings of conferences of archival value, on any subject of computational fluid dynamics, computational solid and structural mechanics, and computational multi-physics dynamics. The publications are written by and for physicists, mathematicians and engineers and are to emphasize the modeling, analysis and solution of problems in engineering.

This monograph deals with diverse applications of holographic interferome try in experimental solid mechanics. Holographic interferometry has experienced a development of twenty years. It has enjoyed success and suffered some disappointments mainly due to early overestimation of its potential. At present, development of holo graphic interferometry is progressing primarily as a technique for quantita tive measurements. This is what motivated us to write this book - to ana lyze the quantitative methods of holographic interferometry. The fringe patterns obtained in holographic interferometry are graphi cally descriptive. In the general case, however, because they contain infor mation on the total vectors of displacement for points on the surface of a stressed body, the interpretation of these interferograms is much more complicated than in typical conventional interferometry. In addition, the high sensitivity of the method imposes new requirements on the loading of the objects under study. New approaches to designing loading fixtures are needed in many cases to ensure the desired loading conditions. The wealth of information obtained in holographic interferometry necessitates the use of modern computational mathematics. Therefore, practical implementation of the various methods of holographic interferometry must overcome sub stantial difficulties requiring adequate knowledge in diverse areas of science such as coherent optics, laser technology, mechanics, and applied mathe matics. Experimental methods play a significant role in solid mechanics."

A straightforward introduction to basic concepts and methodologies for digital photoelasticity, providing a foundation on which future researchers and students can develop their own ideas. The book thus promotes research into the formulation of problems in digital photoelasticity and the application of these techniques to industries. In one volume it provides data acquisition by DIP techniques, its analysis by statistical techniques, and its presentation by computer graphics plus the use of rapid prototyping technologies to speed up the entire process. The book not only presents the various techniques but also provides the relevant time-tested software codes. Exercises designed to support and extend the treatment are found at the end of each chapter.

[1] SAINT-VENANT, B. DE: Memoires des savants etrangers, Vol. 14, 1855. [2] BREDT, R.: Kritische Bemerkungen zur Drehungselastizitat. Z. VDl40 (1968) 785. [3] PRANDTL, L.: Zur Torsion von prismatischen Staben. Phys. Z. 4 (1903) 758. [4] FOPPL, A.: Der Drillingswiderstand von Walzeisentragern. Z. VDl61 (1917) 694. [5] FOPPL, A., and L. FOPPL: Drang und Zwang, Miinchen/Berlin: R. Oldenbourg 1928. [6] WEBER, C., and W. GUNTHER: Torsionstheorie, Braunschweig: Vieweg 1958. [7] TIMOSHENKO, S.: Einige Stabilitatsprobleme der Elastizitatstheorie. Z. Math. Phys. 58 (1910). [8] BACH, C. VON: Versuche iiber die tatsachliche Widerstandsfahigkeit von Balken mit [-fOrmigem Querschnitt. Z. VDI 1909, 1910. [9] MAILLART, R.: Zur Frage der Biegung. Schweiz. Bauztg. 77 (1921) 195. [10] EGGENSCHWYLER, A.: tiber die Festigkeitsberechnung von Schiebetoren und ahnlichen Bauwerken. Diss. E. T. H., 1921, Borna bei Leipzig: Robert Noske [11] WAGNER, H.: Verdrehung und Knickung von offenen Profilen. Festschrift 25 Jahre T. H. Danzig, 1929, or Luftf.-Forschg. 11 (1934) 329. [12] KAPPUS, R.: Drillknicken zentrisch gedriickter Stabe mit offenem Profil im elastischen Bereich. Luftf.-Forschg. 13 (1937) 444. [13] BORNSCHEUER, F. W.: Systematische Darstellung des Biege- und Verdrehvorganges unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der W6lbkrafttorsion. Stahlbau 21 (1952) 1. (14) WANSLEBEN, F.: Die Theorie der Drillfestigkeit von Stahlbauteilen, K6ln: Stahlbau- Verlag 1956. [15] HEILIG, R.: Der SchubverformungseinfluB auf die W6lbkrafttorsion von Staben mit offenem Profil. Stahlbau 30 (1961) 67. [16] GOODIER, J. N.: The Buckling of Compressed Bars by Torsion and Flexure. Cornell University, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin 27, 1941.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and premature death of modern era medicine. It is estimated that approximately 81 million people in the United States (US) currently have one or more of the many forms of cardiovascular disease, resulting in 1 in every 2.8 deaths, or 900,000 deaths per year. 40% of all deaths in Europe are a result of cardiovascular disease in people under the age of 75. Aneurysms form a significant portion of these cardiovascular related deaths and are defined as a permanent and irreversible localised dilation of a blood vessel greater than 50% of its normal diameter. Although aneurysms can form in any blood vessel, the more lethal aneurysms develop in the cranial arteries, and in the thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta. Frequently aneurysms are undetected and if left untreated may eventually expand until rupture with very high levels of morbidity and mortality. The biomechanics and mechanobiology of aneursymal diseases are not fully understood and this monograph aims to provide new insights into aneurysm aetiology and behavior based on the most recent biomechanics research related to this important topic. The contributors to this volume bring together a unique blend of expertise in experimental, computational and tissue biomechanics relating to aneurysm behavior and enable the reader to gain a fresh understanding of the key factors influencing aneurysm behavior and treatment. Biological risk factors such as tobacco smoking, sex, age, hypertension, family history and mechanobiological risk factors such as aneurysm geometry and shape as well as mechanical properties of the diseased tissues are considered in detail as are many of the diagnostic and treatment options.

With the rap1d development of computational capab1lities, nonl1near f1nite element analys1s 1n structural mechan1CS has become an 1mportant field of research. Its objective is the real1stic assessment of the actual behaV10r of structures by numerical methods. Th1S requires that all nonlinear effects, such as the nonl1near character1stics of the mater1al and large deformations be taken 1nto account. The act1vities in th1S f1eld be1ng worldw1de, d1rect 1nteraction between the various research groups 1S necessary to coordinate future research and to overcome the time gap between the generat10n of new results and the1r appearance 1n the 11terature. The f1rst U.S.-Germany Sympos1um was held 1n 1976 at the Massachusetts Inst1tute of Technology. Under the general to- P1C "Formulat1ons and Computat1onal Algorithms in Fin1te Ele- ment Analysis" 1t prov1ded an opportun1ty for about 20 re- searchers from each country to present lectures, hold discus- sions, and establ1sh mutual contacts. The success of th1S first sympos1um was so encourag1ng that 1t seemed natural to organ- 1ze a second bilateral meet1ng, this time 1n Germany, and to 1nv1te researchers from other European countr1es as well.

The book contains 14 invited contributions written by distinguished authors who participated in the Second International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflated Structures held in Stuttgart, 2-4 October 2005. The book includes state-of-the-art contributions written by international experts in the field of design, analysis and construction of textile composites and inflatable structures. The different chapters discuss recent progress and future research directions the field.

This reference tutorial contains modern experimental approaches to analysis of strain-stress distribution based on interference-optical methods of registration of strain or displacement fields, including coherent-optical techniques (holographic interferometry, speckle photography, electronic digital speckle interferometry techniques) and photoelastic methods as well as the shadow optical method of caustic. The book describes the theory, efficient scope of application in the every-day practice and the problems of further development of these techniques. Much attention is paid to new and promising advanced developments in the field of observation and computational methods for study of residual stress, determination of fracture mechanics parameters and material deformation characteristics. The content corresponds to the course of lectures delivered by the author at the N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University. It is intended for technical university students, research engineers and postgraduate students who are doing analysis of strain-stress state and strength of structural elements.

In recent years microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have emerged as a new technology with enormous application potential. MEMS manufacturing techniques are essentially the same as those used in the semiconductor industry, therefore they can be produced in large quantities at low cost. The added benefits of lightweight, miniature size and low energy consumption make MEMS commercialization very attractive. Modeling and simulation is an indispensable tool in the process of studying these new dynamic phenomena, development of new microdevices and improvement of the existing designs. MEMS technology is inherently multidisciplinary since operation of microdevices involves interaction of several energy domains of different physical nature, for example, mechanical, fluidic and electric forces. Dynamic behavior of contact-type electrostatic microactuators, such as a microswitches, is determined by nonlinear fluidic-structural, electrostatic-structural and vibro-impact interactions. The latter is particularly important: Therefore it is crucial to develop accurate computational models for numerical analysis of the aforementioned interactions in order to better understand coupled-field effects, study important system dynamic characteristics and thereby formulate guidelines for the development of more reliable microdevices with enhanced performance, reliability and functionality.

Both experimental and theoretical investigations make it clear that mesoscale materials, that is, materials at scales intermediate between atomic and bulk matter, do not always behave in ways predicted by conventional theories of shock compression. At these scales, shock waves interact with local material properties and microstructure to produce a hierarchy of dissipative structures such as inelastic deformation fields, randomly distributed lattice defects, and residual stresses. A macroscopically steady planar shock wave is neither plane nor steady at the mesoscale. The chapters in this book examine the assumptions underlying our understanding of shock phenomena and present new measurements, calculations, and theories that challenge these assumptions. They address such questions as: - What are the experimental data on mesoscale effects of shocks, and what are the implications? - Can one formulate new mesoscale theories of shock dynamics? - How would new mesoscale theories affect our understanding of shock-induced phase transitions or fracture? - What new computational models will be needed for investigating mesoscale shocks?

This book covers a wide area of topics, from fundamental theories to industrial applications. It serves as a useful reference for everyone interested in computational modeling of partial differential equations pertinent primarily to aeronautical applications. The reader will find three survey articles on the present state of the art in numerical simulation of the transition to turbulence, in design optimization of aircraft configurations, and in turbulence modeling. These are followed by carefully selected and refereed articles on algorithms and their applications, on design methods, on grid adaption techniques, on direct numerical simulations, and on parallel computing, and much more.

The authors systematically describe the general principles of Kolsky bars, or split Hopkinson bars, which are widely used for obtaining dynamic material properties. Modifications are introduced for obtaining reliable data. Specific experiment design guidelines are provided to subject the specimen to desired testing conditions.

Detailed Kolsky-bar examples are given for different classes of materials (brittle, ductile, soft, etc) and for different loading conditions (tension, torsion, triaxial, high/low temperatures, intermediate strain rate, etc). The Kolsky bars used for dynamic structural characterization are briefly introduced. A collection of dynamic properties of various materials under various testing conditions is included which may serve as a reference database.

This book assists both beginners and experienced professionals in characterizing high-rate material response with high quality and consistency. Readers who may benefit from this work include university students, instructors, R & D professionals, and scholars/engineers in solid mechanics, aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering, as well as materials science and engineering.

Wood-plastic composite (WPC) is a non-recyclable composite material lumber or timber made of recycled plastic and wood wastes which has become one of the most dynamic sectors of the plastics industry in this decade. It is used in numerous applications, such as, outdoor deck floors, railings, fences, landscaping timbers, park benches, window and door frames. This book starts with a brief glimpse at the basic structures and properties of WPCs. Aspects such as surface treatment, machinery used and testing types of WPCs are also covered. The following chapters of the book give a view of foam technology, flame retardant properties and colour retardant properties of WPCs. The way morphology affects or controls the physical and mechanical behaviours of the finished materials is discussed. Finally, the authors give an overview of the applications of wood-plastic composites in daily life. The book may serve as a source book for scientists wishing to work in this field.