The history of mechanics, and more particularly, the history of mechanics applied to constructions, constitutes a field of research that is relatively recent. This volume, together with the recent publication "Towards a History of Construction," is intended as an homage to the two eminent scholars who made a determinant contribution to the history of mechanics: Edoardo Benvenuto and Clifford Truesdell.

Complementarity, duality, and symmetry are closely related concepts, and have always been a rich source of inspiration in human understanding through the centuries, particularly in mathematics and science. The Proceedings of IUTAM Symposium on Complementarity, Duality, and Symmetry in Nonlinear Mechanics brings together some of world's leading researchers in both mathematics and mechanics to provide an interdisciplinary but engineering flavoured exploration of the field's foundation and state of the art developments. Topics addressed in this book deal with fundamental theory, methods, and applications of complementarity, duality and symmetry in multidisciplinary fields of nonlinear mechanics, including nonconvex and nonsmooth elasticity, dynamics, phase transitions, plastic limit and shakedown analysis of hardening materials and structures, bifurcation analysis, entropy optimization, free boundary value problems, minimax theory, fluid mechanics, periodic soliton resonance, constrained mechanical systems, finite element methods and computational mechanics. A special invited paper presented important research opportunities and challenges of the theoretical and applied mechanics as well as engineering materials in the exciting information age. Audience: This book is addressed to all scientists, physicists, engineers and mathematicians, as well as advanced students (doctoral and post-doctoral level) at universities and in industry.

This book introduces spectral analysis as a means of investigating wave propagation and transient oscillations in structures. After developing the foundations of spectral analysis and the fast Fourier transform algorithm, the book provides a thorough treatment of waves in rods, beams, and plates, and introduces a novel matrix method for analysing complex structures as a collection of waveguides. The presentation includes an introduction to higher-order structural theories, the results of many experimental studies, practical applications, and source-code listings for many programs. An extensive bibliography provides an entry to the research literature. Intended as a textbook for graduate students of aerospace or mechanical engineering, the book will also be of interest to practising engineers in these and related disciplines.

In an area as vast and important as rheology, it is essential that the experimentalist understands the underlying theories and shortcomings of the measurement technique used, that they are aware of the likely microstructure of the fluid under study and that from this they can appreciate how the fluid and the measuring system interact with each other. This major handbook, written by an international group of experts in the range of rheological techniques, presents the state of the art in rheological measurement, and concentrates on the techniques and underlying physical principles. The second edition, fully revised and updated to include new techniques is invaluable to polymer and materials scientists, engineers and technologists, and anyone else making rheological measurements on materials whether they be polymeric, biological, slurries, food or other complex fluids.

This book develops methods for describing random dynamical systems, and it illustrats how the methods can be used in a variety of applications. Appeals to researchers and graduate students who require tools to investigate stochastic systems.

This collection of historical research studies covers the evolution of technology as knowledge, the emergence of an autonomous engineering science in the Industrial Age, the idea of scientific managment of production and operation systems, and the interaction between mathematical models and technological concepts.

The book is published with the support of the UNESCO Venice Office - Regional Office for Science & Technology in Europe as an activity of the Project: The evolution of events, concepts and models in engineering systems.

The symposiumwas motivatedby theincreasing need for modelling of material behaviourundervarious mechan icalconditions. This need is driven by the evolut ion ofcomputer capac ityand the resulting ability for engineers and scien tiststo address complexproblems . Reliable models formaterialbehaviour, including accurate numericalvalues of parameters ,are necessary for a continued beneficial development ofthe computational side of solid mechanics .High rate plasticity ,thermally assisted creep and phasetransformationsare only a fewexamplesof areas where more accurate modelsare needed. Experiments are necessary for the establishment ofmodels and parameters , and modified versionsof conventional test methods can make important contributions . Also modern optical methodsoffer a highpotentialfor futureexperimental development. Numerical simulations ofexperiments and so-called inverse modelling arealso frequentlyused techniques. The aim of the symposium was to bring together researchers with an interest in the areaofexperimental and computational aspects ofmaterial modelling for exchange and discussionofpromising methodsandresults. Abisko,a national park in the Swedish mountain district about 200 km north of the arctic circle and about one hourve dri from the airport ofKiruna,was chosen for the symposium. The tourist hotel in the park , overlookinga beautiful lake , offered a suitablevenue for the symposium. This environment with tracks for short walks (and long hikes),goals for small excursions and a hotel with restaurant and bar ve the ga delegatesmany opportunitiesto meet , socialiseand discuss during breaks and evenings.

The linearized theory of elasticity has long played an important role in engineering analysis. From the cast-iron and steel truss bridges of the eighteenth century to the international Space station, engineers have used the linearized theory of elasticity to help guide them in making design decisions effecting the strength, stiffness, weight, and cost of structures and components. The Linearized Theory of Elasticity is a modern treatment of the linearized theory of elasticity, presented as a specialization of the general theory of continuum mechanics. It includes a comprehensive introduction to tensor analysis, a rigorous development of the governing field equations with an emphasis on recognizing the assumptions and approximations inherent in the linearized theory, specification of boundary conditions, and a survey of solution methods for important classes of problems. It covers two- and three-dimensional problems, torsion of noncircular cylinders, variational methods, and complex variable methods.The mathematical framework behind the theory is developed in detail, with the assumptions behind the eventual linearization made clear, so that the reader will be adequately prepared for further studies in continuum mechanics, nonlinear elasticity, inelasticity, fracture mechanics, and/or finite elements. Prior to linearization, configurations and general (finite deformation) measures of strain and stress are discussed. A modern treatment of the theory of tensors and tensor calculus is used. General curvilinear coordinates are described in an appendix. An extensive treatment of important solutions and solution methods, including the use of potentials, variational methods, and complex variable methods, follows the development of the linearized theory. Special topics include antiplane strain, plane strain/stress, torsion of noncircular cylinders, and energy minimization principles. Solutions for dislocations, inclusions, and crack-tip stress fields are discussed. Development of the skills and physical insight necessary for solving problems is emphasized. In presenting solutions to problems, attention is focused on the line of reasoning behind the solution.Topics and Features: * Can be used without prerequisite course in continuum mechanics * Includes over one hundred problems * Maintains a clear connection between linearized elasticity and the general theory of continuum mechanics * Introduces theory in the broader context of continuum mechanics prior to linearization, providing a strong foundation for further studies * Promotes the development of the skills and physical intuition necessary for deriving analytic solutions * Provides readers with tools necessary to solve original problems through extensive coverage of solution methods The book is ideal for a broad audience including graduate students, professionals, and researchers in the field of solid mechanics. This new text/reference is an excellent resource designed to introduce students in mechanical or civil engineering to the linearized theory of elasticity.

* Good reference text; clusters well with other Birkhauser integral equations & integral methods books (Estrada and Kanwal, Kythe/Puri, Constanda, et al). * Includes many practical applications/techniques for applied mathematicians, physicists, engineers, grad students. * The contributors to the volume draw from a number of physical domains and propose diverse treatments for various mathematical models through the use of integration as an essential solution tool. * Physically meaningful problems in areas related to finite and boundary element techniques, conservation laws, hybrid approaches, ordinary and partial differential equations, and vortex methods are explored in a rigorous, accessible manner. * The new results provided are a good starting point for future exploitation of the interdisciplinary potential of integration as a unifying methodology for the investigation of mathematical models.

This book shows computational finite element simulations to analyse the strength of implant anchorage for intrasinus and extramaxillary approaches under various occlusal loading locations and directions. Three-dimensional model of the craniofacial area surrounding the region of interest, soft tissue and framework are developed using computed tomography image datasets. The zygomatic and standard dental implants are modeled using a conventional computer-aided design software and placed at the appropriate location. Material properties are assigned appropriately for the cortical, cancellous bones and implants with Masseter forces applied at the zygomatic arch and occlusal loadings applied on the framework surface.

The problems of transient interaction of deformable bodies with surrounding media are of great practical and theoretical importance. When solving the problems of this kind, the main difficulty is in the necessity to integrate jointly the system of equations which describe motion of the body and the system of equations which describe motion of the medium under the boundary conditions predetermined at the unknown (movable) curvilinear interfaces. At that, the position of these interfaces should be determined as part of the solution process. That is why, the known exact solutions in this area of mechanics of continuum have been derived mainly for the cases of idealized rigid bodies. Different aspects of the problems of transient interaction of bodies and structures with continuum (derivation of the efficient mathematical mod els for the phenomenon, development of the theoretical and experimental methods to be used for study of the transient problems of mechanics, etc.) were considered in the books by S.U. Galiev, A.N. Guz, V.D. Kubenko, V.B. Poruchikov, L.L Slepyan, A.S. Volmir, and Yu.S. Yakovlev. The results presented by these authors make interest when solving a great variety of problems and show a necessity of joint usage of the results obtained in differ ent areas: aerohydrodynamics, theory of elasticity and plasticity, mechanics of soils, theory of shells and plates, applied and computational mathemat ics, etc.

Pneumatic conveying is one of the most popular methods of handling bulk powdered and granular materials in mining, chemical and agricultural industries. This 3rd edition of this successful book covers both theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. It is unique in its blending of academic materials and good industrial design techniques. Each topic is covered in depth, with emphasis placed on the latest techniques, hardware systems and design and research methodology. Its comprehensive worked examples and table ensure that the reader need not consult any other reference material. In this 3rdedition new sections on simulation and modelling have been added, while the use of tomography as a tool for monitoring pneumatic conveying is also covered."

This technical book considers the application side of LDA techniques. Starting from the basic theories that are crucial for each LDA user, the main subject of the book is focused on diverse application methods. In details, it deals with universal methodical techniques that have been mostly developed in the last 15 years. The book thus gives for the first time an application reference for LDA users in improving the optical conditions and enhancing the measurement accuracies. It also provides the guidelines for simplifying the measurements and correcting measurement errors as well as for clarifying the application limits and extending the application areas of LDA techniques. Beside the treatments of some traditional optical and flow mechanical features influencing the measurement accuracies, the book shows a broad spectrum of LDA application methods in the manner of measuring the flow turbulence, resolving the secondary flow structures, and quantifying the optical aberrations at measurements of internal flows etc.. Thus, it also supports the further developments of both the hard- and software of LDA instrumentations.

As the shift from the Metal Age progresses, materials engineers and materials scientists seek new analytical and design methods to create stronger and more reliable materials. Based on extensive research and developmental work done at the author s multi-disciplinary material laboratory, this graduate-level and professional reference addresses the relationship between fracture mechanisms (macroscale) and the microscopic, with the goal of explaining macroscopic fracture behavior based on a microscopic fracture mechanism. A careful fusion of mechanics and materials science, this text and monograph systematically considers an array of materials, from metals through ceramics and polymers, and demonstrates lab-tested strategies to develop desirable high-temperature materials for technological applications."

Thin shells are three-dimensional structures with a dimension (the thickness) small with respect to the two others.Such thin structures are widely used in automobileandaviation industries,or in civil engineering, because they provide animportantsti?ness, due to theircurvature,with a small weight. Fig. 0.1. Airbus A380 Fig. 0.2. Hemispherical roof (Marseille, France) One ofthechallenges is often to reduce the weight (andconsequently the thickness)oftheshells, preservingtheirsti?ness.So that it is essential to have 1 accuratemodelsforthinandevenverythinshells ,andtobeabletocomputethe displacements resultingfromagivenloading.In particular, singularities leading to fractures in some cases must be absolutely predicted a priori and ofcourse avoided (see Fig.0.3 forexample). Since the pioneeringmodels of Novozhilov-Donnell [81] and Koiter [65][66], numerous works havebeen devoted to establish linear and non linear elastic shell model usingdirect orsurfacic approaches [18][25][100]. More recently, the asymptoticmethods [87] havebeen used, to try tojustify rigorously, fromthe three-dimensional equations, the shell models obtained by direct approaches - lying onapriori assumption, andto construct new models [54][55]. This way, 1 Very thin shells are present in certain domains of industry, as plastic ?lms for pa- aging or for electronics, streched sails, or even very thin metal sheets obtained by drawing. E. Sanchez-Palencia et al.: Singular Problems in Shell Theory, LNACM 54, pp. 1-11.

The IUTAM Symposium on "Non-Linear Singularities in Defonnation and Flow" took place from March 17 to 21, 1997, at the Technion in Haifa, Israel, with 70 participants from 12 countries. The leitmotif of this Symposium brought together scientists working on singularity-dominated local fields in various branches of continuum mechanics, covering traditional solid and liquid behaviour as well as that of more complex non-linear materials; non-linearities arise either from the constitutive equations for the material or from the presence of interfaces or both. The scientific committee invited speakers who presented 34 papers in 12 sessions. Topics covered in the lectures included near tip fields of cracks, notches and wedges; flow around comers, wedges and cones; interfacial phenomena; moving contact lines in multiphase systems; cusps in fluid interfaces and shocks and localization. There was a general consensus among the participants that singularities induced by non-linearities provide a challenging and currently important area of research in mechanics, engineering and applied mathematics. Presentation and discussions during the symposium initiated further studies of problems in these interesting areas. This volume contains 30 full length papers, submitted by the lecturers after the symposium and reviewed to the standards of international scientific periodicals. It is our pleasure to acknowledge the efficient and tireless help of Mrs. Alice Goodman and Mr. Gideon Wachsman of the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering at the Technion. David Durban Anthony Pearson Haifa Cambridge April 1998 IX International Scientific Committee C. Atkinson (UK) G. I. Barenblatt (USA) H. -c.

The desire to understand the mechanics of elastic and plastic solids, new materials and the stability, reliability and dynamic behaviour of structures and their components under extreme environmental conditions has dominated research in structural engineering for many decades. Advances in these areas have revolutionized design methods, codes of practice, and the teaching of structural engineers. In this volume an international body of leading authorities presents some forty papers on current research directions in the specific areas of solid mechanics, structural computation, modern materials and their application, buckling and instability, design of structural systems and components, reliability, seismic analysis, and engineering education. They were presented at a symposium held July 10-12, 1994, at the University of Waterloo, Canada, to honour Professor Archibald Norbert Sherbourne who recently retired from a long and active career of teaching, research and academic administration at this University. The themes of the work contained within this volume reflect Professor Sherbourne's own research interests and will be of interest to both academics and practicing structural engineers.

This proceedings volume contains 39 papers presented at the IUTAM Sym- posium on Variations of Domains and Free Boundary Problems in Solid Mechanics, held in Paris from April 22nd to 25th 1997, at the Ecole des Mines and the Ecole Poly technique. This symposium offered an opportunity for researchers from all engineering disciplines and applied mathematics to review the state of the art and to identify new trends and new features in the field. Mechanical modelling, mathematical discussion and numerical resolution have been the primary goals of the meeting. Principal subjects of discussion concerned ground freezing, shape memory alloys, crystal growth, phase change in solids, piezo-electricity, wavelets, delamination, damage, fracture mechanics, polymerization, adhesion, fric- tion, porous media, nucleation, plasticity, inverse problems, and topological optimization. More than 80 scientists of different nationalities participated in this sym- posium. Efforts of many people made this symposium possible. We would like to thank all the authors and participants for their contributions and the members of the Scientific Committee for their patronage and assistance in selecting papers. The effectiveness of the Organizing Committee is ac- knowledged. We are pleased to thank all the involved members of the two Laboratories : Laboratoire de Mecanique des Solides and Laboratoire des Materiaux et des Structures du Genie Civil, specially Valerie Fran

This volume constitutes the Proceedings of the IUT AM Symposium on Mechanics of Granular and Porous Materials, held in Cambridge from 15th to 17th July 1996. The objectives were: 1. To review existing experimental results and practical phenomena on the flow and compaction of particulate media; 2. To review the current state of constitutive models, and their implementation for predicting the macroscopic response. 3. Identification of the shortcomings of existing models and procedures in understanding practical phenomena. The Symposium brought together the research communities of solid mechanics, materials science, geomechanics, chemical engineering and mathematics to review current knowledge of the flow and compaction of granular and porous media. The meeting emphasised the development and use of constitutive laws to model practical processes such as mixing, drainage and drying, compaction of metal and ceramic powders and soils, and instabilities associated with these processes. A common theme was to develop constitutive models from an understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms of deformation and fracture. It was particularly rewarding to find that the separate research communities came together during the meeting and came to a consensus as to the main mechanisms of deformation and failure of particulate and porous solids.

Over the past decades, the Boundary Element Method has emerged as a ver satile and powerful tool for the solution of engineering problems, presenting in many cases an alternative to the more widely used Finite Element Method. As with any numerical method, the engineer or scientist who applies it to a practical problem needs to be acquainted with, and understand, its basic principles to be able to apply it correctly and be aware of its limitations. It is with this intention that we have endeavoured to write this book: to give the student or practitioner an easy-to-understand introductory course to the method so as to enable him or her to apply it judiciously. As the title suggests, this book not only serves as an introductory course, but also cov ers some advanced topics that we consider important for the researcher who needs to be up-to-date with new developments. This book is the result of our teaching experiences with the Boundary Element Method, along with research and consulting activities carried out in the field. Its roots lie in a graduate course on the Boundary Element Method given by the authors at the university of Stuttgart. The experiences gained from teaching and the remarks and questions of the students have contributed to shaping the 'Introductory course' (Chapters 1-8) to the needs of the stu dents without assuming a background in numerical methods in general or the Boundary Element Method in particular."

PREFACE The theory of differential-operator equations has been described in various monographs, but the initial physical problem which leads to these equations is often hidden. When the physical problem is studied, the mathematical proofs are either not given or are quickly explained. In this book, we give a systematic treatment of the partial differential equations which arise in elastostatic problems. In particular, we study problems which are obtained from asymptotic expansion with two scales. Here the methods of operator pencils and differential-operator equations are used. This book is intended for scientists and graduate students in Functional Analy sis, Differential Equations, Equations of Mathematical Physics, and related topics. It would undoubtedly be very useful for mechanics and theoretical physicists. We would like to thank Professors S. Yakubov and S. Kamin for helpfull dis cussions of some parts of the book. The work on the book was also partially supported by the European Community Program RTN-HPRN-CT-2002-00274. xiii INTRODUCTION In first two sections of the introduction, a classical mathematical problem will be exposed: the Laplace problem. The domain of definition will be, on the first time, an infinite strip and on the second time, a sector. To solve this problem, a well known separation of variables method will be used. In this way, the structure of the solution can be explicitly found. For more details about the separation of variables method exposed in this part, the reader can refer to, for example, the book by D. Leguillon and E. Sanchez-Palencia LS]."

The aim of the book is to present, in a novel and unified fashion, the elements of Mechanics in Material Space or Configurational Mechanics, with applications to fracture and defect mechanics. This mechanics, in contrast to Newtonian mechanics in physical space, is concerned with defects such as cracks and dislocations, which are embedded in the material and might move in it. The level is kept accessible to any engineer, scientist or graduate student possessing some knowledge of calculus and partial differential equations, and working in the various areas where rational use of materials is essential.

A discussion of models for the behaviour of gas bearings, particularly of the aspects affecting the stability of the system. The text begins with a discussion of the mathematical models, identifying the stiffness and damping coefficients, and describing the behaviour of the models in unstable regions. It then turns to apply these results to bearings: static characteristics and stability of various rotor systems and an extensive discussion of air rings.

Provides a rigorous derivation of surface properties such as temperature and deformation using continuum mechanics; Discussion is animated by the authors' decades of experience in experimental mechanics; Includes many techniologically motivated problems, solutions and computer solutions

Historically, black body radiation in the tungsten filament lamp was our primary industrial means for producing 'artificial' light, as it replaced gas lamps. Solid state luminescent devices for applications ranging from lamps to displays have proliferated since then, particularly owing to the develop ment of semiconductors and phosphors. Our lighting products are now mostly phosphor based and this 'cold light' is replacing an increasing fraction of tungsten filament lamps. Even light emitting diodes now chal lenge such lamps for automotive brake lights. In the area of information displays, cathode ray tube phosphors have proved themselves to be outstandingly efficient light emitters with excellent colour capability. The current push for flat panel displays is quite intense, and much confusion exists as to where development and commercialization will occur most rapidly, but with the need for colour, it is now apparent that solid state luminescence will play a primary role, as gas phase plasma displays do not conveniently permit colour at the high resolution needed today. The long term challenge to develop electroluminescent displays continues, and high performance fluorescent lamps currently illuminate liquid crystal monochrome and colour displays. The development of tri component rare earth phosphors is of particular importance."