This book gives an overview of the research projects within the SFB 404 "Mehrfeldprobleme in der Kontinuumsmechanik." The book is for researchers and graduate students in applied mechanics and civil engineering.

This volume contains the proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Ela- ohydrodynamics and Microelastohydrodynamics held in Cardiff from 1st to 3rd September 2004. The symposium focused on theoretical, experimental and computational issues in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) both in relation to smooth surfaces and in situations where the ?lm is of the same order or th- ner than the surface roughness (micro-EHL). The last IUTAM Symposium in this general area of contact of deformable bodies was in 1974. The emphasis in the Symposium was upon fundamental issues such as: solution methods; lubricant rheological models, thermal effects; both low and high elastic m- ulus situations; human and replacement joints; ?uid traction; dynamic effects, asperity lubrication and the failure of lubrication; surface fatigue and thermal distress under EHL conditions. Delegates were welcomed to Wales and the Cardiff School of Engine- ing by the head of the School, Professor Hywel Thomas. The opening l- ture was given jointly by Professor Duncan Dowson, FRS and Sir Gordon Higginson, the distinguished partnership which produced some of the most important numerical solutions to the fundamental EHL problem which led to the ?rst reliable ?lm thickness formula for isothermal, Newtonian conditions. Their presentation reviewed the early developments in the subject and included some fascinating details of the dif?culties overcome and the scienti?c pers- alities involved. A total of 33 presentations were given over a period of three days.

These proceedings are a continuation of the series of International Conferences in Germany entitled "Mechanics of Unsaturated Soils." The objective is to discuss and understand unsaturated soil behaviour, so that engineered activities are improved in terms of judgement and quality. In addition to knowledge of classical concepts, it is a challenge to adapt convincing new concepts and present them in such a way that they can be used in engineering practices.

Mechanics as a fundamental science in Physics and in Engineering deals with interactions of forces resulting in motion and deformation of material bodies. Similar to other sciences Mechanics serves in the world of Physics and in that of Engineering in a di?erent way, in spite of many and increasing inter- pendencies. Machines and mechanisms are for physicists tools for cognition and research, for engineers they are the objectives of research, according to a famous statement of the Frankfurt physicist and biologist Friedrich Dessauer. Physicists apply machines to support their questions to Nature with the goal of new insights into our physical world. Engineers apply physical knowledge to support the realization process of their ideas and their intuition. Physics is an analytical Science searching for answers to questions concerning the world around us. Engineering is a synthetic Science, where the physical and ma- ematical fundamentals play the role of a kind of reinsurance with respect to a really functioning and e?ciently operating machine. Engineering is also an iterative Science resulting in typical long-time evolutions of their products, but also in terms of the relatively short-time developments of improving an existing product or in developing a new one. Every physical or mathematical Science has to face these properties by developing on their side new methods, new practice-proved algorithms up to new fundamentals adaptable to new technological developments. This is as a matter of fact also true for the ?eld of Mechanics.

Bonding in Microsystem Technology concerns the exciting field of microsystems (known under varying names as: MEMS, uTAS (analytical or chemical Microsystems), MOEMS: the micro-miniature devices, utilizing extremely miniaturized mechanical structures made usually from silicon by wet deep anisotropic etching. Such structures cannot be used directly, they must be designed and fabricated as a part of the three dimensional multi-layer sandwich built from silicon or silicon and glass. The procedures of formation of such a sandwich are known as bonding. The book contains the description of wet anisotropic micromachining of basic silicon micromechanical constructions and their utilization in microsystems followed by the detailed discussion of all of methods of bonding used for the formation of silicon and silicon-glass microsystems, with the special attention paid to the anodic bonding technique.

Bonding in Microsystem Technology starts with descriptions of terminology, kinds of microsystems and market analysis. Following this, presentation of mechanisms of wet etching, set of process parameters, description of micromachining methods, examples of procedures, process flow-charts and applications of basic micromechanical structures in microsystems are shown. Next, high-temperature, low temperature and room-temperature bonding and their applications in microsystem technology are presented. The following part of the book contains the detailed description of anodic bonding, starting from analysis of properties of glasses suitable for anodic bonding, and discussion of the nature of the process. Next all types of anodic bonding and sealing procedures used in microsystem technology are presented. This part of the book finishes with examples of applications of anodic bonding in microsystem technology taken from the literature but mainly based on the author s personal experience.

Bonding in Microsystem Technology is addressed to scientists and researchers, as well as to academic teachers and students, engineers active in the field of electric/electronics and microelectronics. It can serve as the encyclopaedia of wet etching and bonding for microsystem technology. Technological results presented in the book have been tested experimentally by the author and his team, and can be utilized in day-to-day laboratory practice. Special attention has been paid to the highest level of accessibility of the book by students. The book contains a large number of illustrations, algorithmic flow-charts and microsystems description and a rich index of literature sources.

This monograph examines the theoretical foundations of the spectral method for fatigue life determination. The authors discuss a rule of description of random loading states with the matrix of power spectral density functions of the stress/strain tensor components. Some chosen criteria of multiaxial fatigue failure are analyzed. The formula proposed in this book enables readers to determine power spectral density of the equivalent history directly from the components of the power spectral density matrix of the multidimensional stochastic process.

The Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineer ing (ICASE) and NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) brought together on October 2-4, 1989 experts in the various areas of com bustion with a view to expose them to some combustion problems of technological interest to LaRC and possibly foster interaction with the academic community in these research areas. The top ics chosen for this purpose were flame structure, flame stability, flame holding/extinction, chemical kinetics, turbulence-kinetics in teraction, transition to detonation, and reacting free shear layers. The lead paper set the stage by discussing the status and issues of supersonic combustion relevant to scramjet engine. Then the ex perts were called upon i) to review the current status of knowledge in the aforementioned ;:I. reas, ii) to focus on how this knowledge can be extended and applied to high-speed combustion, and iii) to suggest future directions of research in these areas. Each topic was then dealt with in a position paper followed by formal discussion papers and a general discussion involving the participants. The position papers discussed the state-of-the-art with an emphasis on key issues that needed to be resolved in the near future. The discussion papers crit ically examined these issues and filled in any lacunae therein. The edited versions of the general discussions in the form of questions from the audience and answers from the speakers are included wher ever possible to give the reader the flavor of the lively interactions that took place.

Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Fluid- Structure Interaction in Ocean Engineering, held in Hamburg, July 23-26, 2007. The study of gravity driven water waves interacting with fixed or freely floating objects is an active and important field of research in ocean engineering. The accurate prediction of large amplitude ship motions or of marine structures in severe seas is still a delicate problem in the field of fluid-structure interaction. While three-dimensional panel methods have reached the state of maturity in linear sea-keeping analysis, the original problem, governed by strongly nonlinear boundary conditions, is far from being solved efficiently. The principal nonlinearities are associated with the variable wetted surface of the ship hull or the floating body and with the nonlinear hydrodynamic conditions on the free surface. Moreover, marine structures often must be modelled as multibody systems rather than a single body. This causes additional problems due to wave slamming on floating and fixed structures. Furthermore, problems such as coupled structural behavior of submerged or floating systems as well as various wind effects have to be considered for the proper design of offshore systems. This book collects contributions from leading scientists working on the following topics: Ocean waves, probabilistic models of sea waves, fluid-loading on structures including pipes, cables, drill-strings etc., behavior of floating systems, stability and capsizing of ships, coupled structural behavior, sloshing in tanks, CFD validation and verification.

Capillary Forces in Microassembly discusses the use of capillary forces as a gripping principle in microscale assembly. Clearly written and well-organized, this text brings together physical concepts at the microscale with practical applications in micromanipulation. Throughout this work, the reader will find a review of the existing gripping principles, elements to model capillary forces as well as descriptions of the simulation and experimental test bench developed to study the design parameters. Using well-known concepts from surface science (such as surface tension, capillary effects, wettability, and contact angles) as inputs to mechanical models, the amount of effort required to handle micro-components is then predicted.

Researchers and engineers involved in micromanipulation and precision assembly will find this a highly useful reference for microassembly system design and analysis.

Neutron Applications in Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences offers a comprehensive overview of the wide ranging applications of neutron scattering techniques to elucidate the fundamental materials properties at the nano-, micro- and meso-scale, which underpin research in the related fields of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences. Introductions to neutron scattering fundamentals and instrumentation are paired with a thorough review of the applications to a large variety of scientific and technological problems, written through the direct experience of leading scientists in each field. Tailored to a wide audience, this volume provides the novice with an inspiring introduction and stimulates the expert to consider these non-conventional problem solving techniques in his/her field of interest. Earth and environmental scientists, engineers, researchers and graduate students involved with materials science will find Neutron Applications in Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences a valuable ready-to-use reference.

In recent years meshless/meshfree methods have gained a considerable attention in engineering and applied mathematics. The variety of problems that are now being addressed by these techniques continues to expand and the quality of the results obtained demonstrates the effectiveness of many of the methods currently available. The book presents a significant sample of the state of the art in the field with methods that have reached a certain level of maturity while also addressing many open issues.

The book collects extended original contributions presented at the first ECCOMAS Conference on Meshless Methods held in 2005 in Lisbon. The list of contributors reveals a mix of highly distinguished authors as well as quite young but very active and promising researchers, thus giving the reader an interesting and updated view of different mesh reduction methods and its range of applications. The material presented is appropriate for researchers, engineers, physicists, applied mathematicians and graduate students interested in this active research area.

These proceedings are a continuation of the series of International Conferences in Germany entitled "Mechanics of Unsaturated Soils." The primary objective is to discuss and understand unsaturated soil behaviour such that engineered activities are made better with times in terms of judgment and quality. The proceedings contain recent research by leading experts in Mechanics of Unsaturated Soils.

This book deals with various computational procedures for multiple repeated analyses (reanalysis) of structures, and presents them in a unified approach. It meets the need for a general text covering the basic concepts and methods as well as recent developments in this area. To clarify the presentation, many illustrative examples and numerical results are demonstrated. Previous books on structural analysis do not cover most of the material presented here.

This book aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to the theory and applications of the mechanics of transversely isotropic elastic materials. There are many reasons why it should be written. First, the theory of transversely isotropic elastic materials is an important branch of applied mathematics and engineering science; but because of the difficulties caused by anisotropy, the mathematical treatments and descriptions of individual problems have been scattered throughout the technical literature. This often hinders further development and applications. Hence, a text that can present the theory and solution methodology uniformly is necessary. Secondly, with the rapid development of modern technologies, the theory of transversely isotropic elasticity has become increasingly important. In addition to the fields with which the theory has traditionally been associated, such as civil engineering and materials engineering, many emerging technologies have demanded the development of transversely isotropic elasticity. Some immediate examples are thin film technology, piezoelectric technology, functionally gradient materials technology and those involving transversely isotropic and layered microstructures, such as multi-layer systems and tribology mechanics of magnetic recording devices. Thus a unified mathematical treatment and presentation of solution methods for a wide range of mechanics models are of primary importance to both technological and economic progress.

The study tackles the subject in a new and unique way: Due to the fact that the borders between classical academic disciplines disappear at the nanoscale, a truly interdisciplinary approach is chosen. A functional definition of nanotechnology is developed by the authors as basis for the further sections of the study. The most important results enable recommendations with respect to scientific progress, industrial relevance, economic potential, educational needs, potential adverse health effects and philosophical aspects of nanotechnology. The book addresses the relevant decision levels, media, and academia.

This book covers developments in the theory of oscillations from diverse viewpoints, reflecting the fields multidisciplinary nature. It introduces the state-of-the-art in the theory and various applications of nonlinear dynamics. It also offers the first treatment of the asymptotic and homogenization methods in the theory of oscillations in combination with Pad approximations. With its wealth of interesting examples, this book will prove useful as an introduction to the field for novices and as a reference for specialists.

This volume contains the proceedings of the Workshop Energy Methods for Free Boundary Problems in Continuum Mechanics, held in Oviedo, Spain, from March 21 to March 23, 1994. It is well known that the conservation laws and the constitutive equations of Continuum Mechanics lead to complicated coupled systems of partial differential equations to which, as a rule, one fails to apply the techniques usually employed in the studies of scalar uncoupled equations such as, for instance, the maximum principle. The study of the qualitative behaviour of solutions of the systems re quires different techniques, among others, the so called, Energy Methods where the properties of some integral of a nonnegative function of one or several unknowns allow one to arrive at important conclusions on the envolved unknowns. This vol ume presents the state of the art in such a technique. A special attention is paid to the class of Free Boundary Problems. The organizers are pleased to thank the European Science Foundation (Pro gram on Mathematical treatment of free boundary problems), the DGICYT (Spain), the FICYT (Principado de Asturias, Spain) and the Universities of Oviedo and Complutense de Madrid for their generous financial support. Finally, we wish to thank Kluwer Academic Publishers for the facilities received for the publication of these Proceedings.

It is of great importance that both individual components and complete engineer ing assemblies and structures are free from damaging defects and other possible causes of premature failure. A whole series of inspection instruments and tech niques has been evolved over the years and new methods are still being developed to assist in the process of assessing the integrity and reliability of parts and assemblies. Non-destructive testing and evaluation methods are widely used in industry for checking the quality of production, and also as part of routine inspec tion and maintenance in service. Despite the obvious importance of the subject, and the fact that most of the inspection methods are based on well-established scientific principles, there is a dearth of publications suitable for use as texts in our universities and colleges. The whole area of non-destructive testing receives scant attention in many engineering degree and diploma courses in the UK and this may be a consequence of a shortage of student texts. The authors, in producing this basic text, hope that it will prove useful to students on engineering courses and, possibly, act as a stimulus for the more widespread introduction of the subject into curricula."

The structures of living tissues are continually changing due to growth and response to the tissue environment, including the mechanical environment. "Tissue Mechanics" is an in-depth look at the mechanics of tissues. "Tissue Mechanics" describes the nature of the composite components of a tissue, the cellular processes that produce these constituents, the assembly of the constituents into a hierarchical structure, and the behavior of the tissue's composite structure in the adaptation to its mechanical environment.

Organized as a textbook for the student needing to acquire the core competencies, "Tissue Mechanics" will meet the demands of advanced undergraduate or graduate coursework in Biomedical Engineering, as well as, Chemical, Civil, and Mechanical Engineering.

Key features:

Detailed Illustrations

Example problems, including problems at the end of sections

A separate solutions manual available for course instructors

A website (http: //tissue-mechanics.com/) that has been established to provide supplemental material for the book, including downloadable additional chapters on specific tissues, downloadable PowerPoint presentations of all the book's chapters, and additional exercises and examples for the existing chapters.

About the Authors:

Stephen C. Cowin is a City University of New York Distinguished Professor, Departments of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York and also an Adjunct Professor of Orthopaedics, at the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine in New York, New York. In 1985 he received the Society of Tulane Engineers and Lee H. Johnson Award for Teaching Excellence and a recipient of the European Society of Biomechanics Research Award in 1994. In 1999 he received the H. R. Lissner medal of the ASME for contributions to biomedical engineering. In 2004 he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and he also received the Maurice A. Biot medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).

Stephen B. Doty is a Senior Scientist at Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York and Adjunct Professor, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY. He has over 100 publications in the field of anatomy, developmental biology, and the physiology of skeletal and connective tissues. His honors include several commendations for participation in the Russian/NASA spaceflights, the Spacelab Life Science NASA spaceflights, and numerous Shuttle missions that studied the influence of spaceflight on skeletal physiology. He presently is on the scientific advisory board of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Houston, Texas."

This book highlights some of the most important structural, chemical, mechanical and tribological characteristics of DLC films. It is particularly dedicated to the fundamental tribological issues that impact the performance and durability of these coatings. The book provides reliable and up-to-date information on available industrial DLC coatings and includes clear definitions and descriptions of various DLC films and their properties.

The field of composite materials has seen substantial development in the past decade, New composite systems are being continually developed for various applications. Among such systems are metal, intermetallic, and superalloy matrix composites, carbon-carbon composites as well as polymer matrix composites. At the same time, a new discipline has emerged of active or smart materials, which are often constructed as composite or heterogeneous media and structures. One unifying theme in these diverse systems is the influence that uncoupled and coupled eigenfields or transformation fields exert on the various types of overall response, as well as on the respective phase responses. Problems of this kind are currently considered by different groups which may not always appreciate the similarities of the problems involved. The purpose of the IUTAM Symposium on Transformation Problems in Composite and Active Materials held in Cairo, Egypt from March 10 to 12, 1997 was to bring together representatives of the different groups so that they may interact and explore common aspects of these seemingly different problem areas. New directions in micromechanics research in both composite and active materials were also explored in the symposium. Specifically, invited lectures in the areas of inelastic behavior of composite materials, shape memory effects, functionally graded materials, transformation problems in composite structures, and adaptive structures were delivered and discussed during the three-day meeting. This book contains the printed contributions to the IUTAM Symposium.

Rigorous presentation of Mathematical Homogenization Theory is the subject of numerous publications. This book, however, is intended to fill the gap in the analytical and numerical performance of the corresponding asymptotic analysis of the static and dynamic behaviors of heterogenous systems. Numerous concrete applications to composite media, heterogeneous plates and shells are considered. A lot of details, numerical results for cell problem solutions, calculations of high-order terms of asymptotic expansions, boundary layer analysis etc., are included.

This Volume contains the Proceedings of a French - Australian workshop held in Melbourne, Australia from 3-6 December 2001. Entitled "Coupling of Fluids, Structures and Waves in Aeronautics (CFSWA)", the workshop was principally organised by CSIRO Mathematical and Information Sciences, Dassault Aviation and CNRS. The main purpose was to explore new computational methods and tools for efficient multi-disciplinary design in aero- nautics. This enterprise strongly depends on modelling of coupled disciplines and development of associated multi-disciplinary simulation tools. As an example of the requirements, the original logo for the workshop illustrated coupled aeroelas- ticity, scattered radar waves and high lift problems. Optimisation is required with respect to mUltiple objectives under conflict. Among the many challenges to be addressed are mathematical, numerical and en- gineering problems involving coupled flows, structures and waves. Future prog- ress on these topics strongly depends on the physical and mathematical modelling of coupled disciplines and the development of associated multi-disciplinary simu- lation tools. Strong couplings require appropriate exchanges of different kinds of information: physical and geometrical description of models, coupling of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) at interfaces, and specification of boundary condi- tions or multi-objective functions in optimisation or control problems. Validation of multi-physics software also requires ever more efficient and accurate graphic visualisation tools representing experimental and computational data stored in da- tabases.

Here is an accurate and timely account of micromechanics, which spans materials science, mechanical engineering, applied mathematics, technical physics, geophysics, and biology. The book features rigorous and unified theoretical methods of applied mathematics and statistical physics in the material science of microheterogeneous media. Uniquely, it offers a useful demonstration of the systematic and fundamental research of the microstructure of the wide class of heterogeneous materials of natural and synthetic nature.

Service Life Prediction of Polymeric Materials: Global Perspectives combines developed content derived from topics discussed in the Fourth International Symposium on Service Life Prediction (Key Largo, Florida, December 2006). This critical examination of the existing and alternative methodologies used to assess the service life of polymeric materials presents readers with the advances in accelerated and field exposure testing protocols. Written by established experts in the service life community, this volume introduces advanced methods, including high throughput and combinatorial analyses, models data collection and storage formats.

Researchers and engineers involved with materials and polymer science, coatings technologists and automotive materials will find Service Life Prediction of Polymeric Materials: Global Perspectives a useful tool.