The emergence of civil aviation as a means of mass transportation is primarily due to the large scale construction of jet airplanes in the past 30 years or so. A large number of these jet airplanes is currently operating at or beyond their designed fatigue lives. Thus, the structural integrity of these aging airplanes has become an issue of major concern to all nations of the world. To bring the needed technical and research focus on the issues involved in the life-enhancement and safety-assurance of aging airplanes, the Federal Aviation Administration sponsored a symposium in Atlanta, GA, USA, during 20-22 March 1990. This symposium, under the title "International Symposium on Structural Integrity of Aging Airplanes. was organized jointly be the Georgia Institute of Technology (Center for Computational Mechanics) and the Transportation Systems Center (Cambridge, MA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Industrial and academic experts from several countries in North America, Europe and Asia, were invited to discuss their experiences and proposed solutions. This monograph contains the original papers that represent the expanded and edited versions of the talks presented at this symposium. This book aims to bring the collective experience, from across the world, with problems related to the structural integrity of aging airplanes to the attention of the professional and research community at large - in the hope that it may stimulate further fruitful research on this important topic of global concern."

The desire to understand the mechanics of elastic and plastic solids, new materials and the stability, reliability and dynamic behaviour of structures and their components under extreme environmental conditions has dominated research in structural engineering for many decades. Advances in these areas have revolutionized design methods, codes of practice, and the teaching of structural engineers. In this volume an international body of leading authorities presents some forty papers on current research directions in the specific areas of solid mechanics, structural computation, modern materials and their application, buckling and instability, design of structural systems and components, reliability, seismic analysis, and engineering education. They were presented at a symposium held July 10-12, 1994, at the University of Waterloo, Canada, to honour Professor Archibald Norbert Sherbourne who recently retired from a long and active career of teaching, research and academic administration at this University. The themes of the work contained within this volume reflect Professor Sherbourne's own research interests and will be of interest to both academics and practicing structural engineers.

Here for the first time in one book is a comprehensive and systematic approach to the dynamic modeling and control of biped locomotion robots. A survey is included of various approaches to the control of biped robots, and a new approach to the control of biped systems based on a complete dynamic model is presented in detail. The stability of complete biped system is presented for the first time as a highly nonlinear dynamic system. Also included is new software for the synthesis of a dynamically stable walk for arbitrary biped systems, presented here for the first time. A survey of various realizations of biped systems and numerous numerical examples are given. The reader is given a deep insight into the entire area of biped locomotion. The book covers all relevant approaches to the subject and gives the most complete account to date of dynamic modeling, control and realizations of biped systems.

The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) initiated and sponsored an International Symposium on The Mechanical Effects of Welding. was held in Lulea, Sweden, 10-14 June 1991. The intention of the The Symposium Symposium was to gather active scientists in order to assess the current state of the art and future directions. The field of welding is an area which includes a large number of scientific disciplines, such as materials science, solid mechanics, thermal science, and also mechanical engineering design and production engineering. The intention of the Symposium was to cover the direct mechanical effects of welding and their influence on the in-service behaviour of welded structures. The Mechanical Effects of Welding is a very appropriate theme for an IUTAM Symposium. Progress in this field requires close interaction between researchers in several disciplines. This is reflected in the topics covered. The topics of the different sessions were: o Calculations of Temperatures, Strains and Stresses o Residual Stresses and Residual Deformations o Measurements of Residual Strains and Stresses o Effects of Defects and Residual Stresses on Fracture and Fatigue o Effects of Residual Stresses on Creep Deformation o Effects of Residual Deformations and Residual Stresses on Buckling There were 50 participants from 12 countries at the Symposium. The 28 papers presented at the Symposium are collected in this volume. A Scientific Committee, appointed by the Bureau of IUTAM, selected the participants to be invited and the papers to be presented.

Non-linear stochastic systems are at the center of many engineering disciplines and progress in theoretical research had led to a better understanding of non-linear phenomena. This book provides information on new fundamental results and their applications which are beginning to appear across the entire spectrum of mechanics.
The outstanding points of these proceedings are Coherent compendium of the current state of modelling and analysis of non-linear stochastic systems from engineering, applied mathematics and physics point of view. Subject areas include: Multiscale phenomena, stability and bifurcations, control and estimation, computational methods and modelling.
For the Engineering and Physics communities, this book will provide first-hand information on recent mathematical developments. The applied mathematics community will benefit from the modelling and information on various possible applications.

Engineering structures for reliable function and safety have to be designed such that operational mechanical loads are compensated for by stresses in the components bearable by the materials used. Vhat is "bearable"? First of all it depends on the properties of the chosen materials as well as on several other parameters, e.g. temperature, corrosivity of the environment, elapsed or remaining serviceable life, unexpected deterioration of materials, whatever the source and nature of such deterioration may be: defects, loss of strength, embrittlement, wastage, etc. DEFECTS and PROPERTIES of materials currently determine loadability. Therefore in addition to nondestructive testing for defects there is also a need for nondestructive testing of properties. The third type of information to be supplied by nondestructive measurement pertains to STRESS STATES under OPERATIONAL LOADS, i.e. LOAD-INDUCED plus RESIDUAL STRESSES. Residual stresses normally cannot be calculated; they have to be measured nondestructively; well-approved elastomechanical finite element codes are available and used for calculating load-induced stresses; for redundancy and reliability, engineers, however, need procedures and instrumentation for experimental checks.

The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) decided in 1992 to sponsor the fourth Symposium on Laminar-Turbulent Transition, Sendai/Japan, 1994. The objectives of the present Symposium were to deepen the fundamental knowledge of stability and laminar turbulent transition in three-dimensional and compressible flows and to contribute to recent developing technologies in the field. This Symposium followed the three previous IUTAM-Symposia (Stuttgart 1979, Novosibirsk 1984 and Toulouse 1989). The Scientific Committee selected two keynote lectures and 62 technical papers. The Symposium was held on the 5th to 9th of September, 1994, at the Sendai International Center in Sendai. The participants were 82 scientists from 10 countries. The keynote lectures have critically reviewed recent development of researches concerning the laminar-to-turbulent transition phenomena from the fundamental and the application aspects. Many papers presented were concerned about the detailed mechanism of the boundary layer transition (receptivity, secondary instability, turbulent spot and bypass transition). Particular emphasis was further placed on the transition of three-dimensional boundary layers on rotation systems and on swept wings. Attention was also given to compressible hypersonic flows."

This symposium is the seventh of a series of IUTAM sponsored symposia which focus on probabilistic methods in mechanics. It is the sequel to the series of meetings in Coventry, UK (1972), Southhampton, UK (1976), Frankfurt/Oder, Germany (1982), Stockholm, Sweden (1984), Innsbruck/Igls, Austria (1987), and Turin, Italy (1991). The symposium focused on advances in the area of probabilistic mechanics with direct application to structural reliability issues. The contributed papers address collectively the four components of a structural reliability problem. They are: characterization of stochastic loads, description of material properties in terms of fatigue and fracture, response determination, and quantitative assessment of the reliability of the structural system. Four Keynote Lectures by V. Bolotin (Russia), o. Ditlevsen (Denmark), R. Heller (USA), and F. Ziegler (Austria) were delivered; the remaining contributed papers were organized in ten technical sessIons. A reception was hosted by Dr. Y. Wu the first day of the symposium; the second day of the symposium a banquet was hosted by Dr. P. Spanos, with Dr. N. Abramson serving as the banquet speaker. Closing remarks were provided by the IUTAM Secretary General, Dr. F. Ziegler.

Intended for engineers, researchers, and graduate students dealing with materials science, structural design, and nondestructive testing and evaluation, this book represents a continuation of the author's "Fracture Mechanics" (1997). It will appeal to a variety of audiences: The discussion of design codes and procedures will be of use to practicing engineers, particularly in the nuclear, aerospace, and pipeline industries; the extensive bibliography and discussion of recent results will make it a useful reference for academic researchers; and graduate students will find the clear explanations and worked examples useful for learning the field. The book begins with a general treatment of fracture mechanics in terms of material properties and loading and provides up-to-date reviews of the ductile-brittle transition in steels and of methods for analyzing the risk of fracture. It then discusses the dynamics of fracture and creep in homogeneous and isotropic media, including discussions of high-loading-rate characteristics, the behavior of stationary cracks in elastic media under stress, and the propagation of cracks in elastic media. This is followed by an analysis of creep and crack initiation and propagation, describing, for example, the morphology and incubation times of crack initiation and growth and the effects of high temperatures. The book concludes with treatments of cycling deformation and fatigue, creep-fatigue fractures, and crack initiation and propagation. Problems at the end of each chapter serve to reinforce and test the student's knowledge and to extend some of the discussions in the text. Solutions to half of the problems are provided.

The Symposium on "The Mechanics of Sound Generation in FLows" th st was held in Gottingen, Germany, 28 - 31 August 1979, at the joint initiative of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM), the International Commission on Acoustics (ICA) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). From the whole field of flow-acoustics the Symposium concen trated on prob lems of sound generation, while sound propagation and the creation of flows by sound were left in the ba- ground. 82 delegates from 12 countries attended the Symposium. 38 papers were given 5 of which were invited general lectures. Emphasis was placed on discussion, a plenary discussion closing the sym- sium. A s care had been taken to invite as many active workers in the field as possible with their most recent results the Symposium provided a momentary overview of the current state of the ra pidly developing field of flow-acoustics. Participants appreciated the meeting as a possibility to inform themselves, to discuss their own results and to obtain incentives for future efforts."

The inaugural Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows was held at The Pennsylvania State University in 1977. Thereafter the locations for the biennial symposium have alternated between the USA and Europe. However, the ninth Symposium on Turbu lent Shear Flows was awarded to Japan in recognition of the strong support researchers of the Pacific Rim countries have given previous symposia. The University of Kyoto was the host institution and the meeting was held in the Inter national Conference Hall. The Local Arrangements Committee did a superb job scheduling traditional Japanese dinners and arranging visits to the many cultural treasures in the Kyoto region. The meeting attracted more than 260 offers of papers. Thirty-three sessions were scheduled to accommodate the 138 papers accepted for oral presentation. In addition a poster session was scheduled on each of the three days to accommodate a total of 42 poster presentations. From the presentations at the symposium 24 have been selected for inclusion in this volume. The authors of these papers have revised them taking into consideration comments made during their oral presentation and recommendations made by the Editors. Four subject areas are identified, namely closures and fundamentals, free flows, wall flows, and combustion and recirculating flows. Eminent authorities have prepared introductory articles fot each topic to put the individual contributions in context with each other and with related research.

Fatigue failures occur in aerospace, marine, nuclear structures and automobile com ponents from initiation and propagation of cracks from holes, scratches or defects in the material. To design against these failures, crack propagation life and fracture strength need to be accurately predicted. It is reported in the literature, that these failures often initiate as surface cracks, corner cracks and cracks emanating from fastner holes. Such cracks are with elliptic or nearly elliptic in shapes. The deviation from elliptic shape is due to varying constraint effect along the crack front. Even in situations, when the cracks are through the thickness of the material, there would be thicknesswise variation of constraint effects leading to three dimensional nature of crack growth. Accurate predictions of the crack growth in these cases by numerical methods can be made only by solving three-dimensional boundary value problems. Empirical relationships have been developed 1] based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics over years describing fatigue crack growth response. Some of these empirical relationships required modifications in the later stages, to meet the design applications. The Crack closure phenomenon discovered by Elber 2, 3] during the crack growth phase is mainly attributed to the local material yielding near the crack tip and the consequent residual plastic wake behind the crack tip. It helped considerably in understanding several aspects of fatigue crack growth and rewrite these relations.

The creative work of Andrei N. Kolmogorov is exceptionally wide-ranging. In his studies on trigonometric and orthogonal series, the theory of measure and inte gral, mathematical logic, approximation theory, geometry, topology, functional analysis, classical mechanics, ergodic theory, superposition of functions, and in formation theory, he solved many conceptual and fundamental problems and posed new questions which gave rise to a great deal of further research. Kolmogorov is one of the founders of the Soviet school of probability theory, mathematical statistics, and the theory of turbulence. In these areas he obtained a number of central results, with many applications to mechanics, geophysics, linguistics and biology, among other subjects. This edition includes Kolmogorov's most important papers on mathematics and the natural sciences. It does not include his philosophical and ped agogical studies, his articles written for the "Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya", his papers on prosody and applications of mathematics or his publications on general questions. The material of this edition was selected and compiled by Kolmogorov himself. The first volume consists of papers on mathematics and also on turbulence and classical mechanics. The second volume is devoted to probability theory and mathematical statistics. The focus of the third volume is on information theory and the theory of algorithms.

Thin shells are three-dimensional structures with a dimension (the thickness) small with respect to the two others.Such thin structures are widely used in automobileandaviation industries,or in civil engineering, because they provide animportantsti?ness, due to theircurvature,with a small weight. Fig. 0.1. Airbus A380 Fig. 0.2. Hemispherical roof (Marseille, France) One ofthechallenges is often to reduce the weight (andconsequently the thickness)oftheshells, preservingtheirsti?ness.So that it is essential to have 1 accuratemodelsforthinandevenverythinshells ,andtobeabletocomputethe displacements resultingfromagivenloading.In particular, singularities leading to fractures in some cases must be absolutely predicted a priori and ofcourse avoided (see Fig.0.3 forexample). Since the pioneeringmodels of Novozhilov-Donnell [81] and Koiter [65][66], numerous works havebeen devoted to establish linear and non linear elastic shell model usingdirect orsurfacic approaches [18][25][100]. More recently, the asymptoticmethods [87] havebeen used, to try tojustify rigorously, fromthe three-dimensional equations, the shell models obtained by direct approaches - lying onapriori assumption, andto construct new models [54][55]. This way, 1 Very thin shells are present in certain domains of industry, as plastic ?lms for pa- aging or for electronics, streched sails, or even very thin metal sheets obtained by drawing. E. Sanchez-Palencia et al.: Singular Problems in Shell Theory, LNACM 54, pp. 1-11.

Micro and nano-fluidics concerns fluid dynamics occurring in devices or flow configurations with minimum design length measured in micrometers or smaller. The behavior of fluids at these scales is quite different from that at the macroscopic level due to the presence of surface tension effects, wetting phenomena, Brownian diffusion and hydrodynamic interactions with immersed particles and microstructures. These effects cannot be generally represented in a classical homogeneous continuum framework. However, this triggers the development of new tools to investigate and simulate problems at the meso-scopic level. This book contains a collection of works presented at the IUTAM Symposium on Advances on Micro and Nano-fluidics held in Dresden in 2007. It covers several subjects of wide interest for micro and nano-fluidics applications focusing on both, analytical and numerical approaches. Topics covered in particular include multi-scale particle methods for numerical simulations, liquid-wall interactions and modeling approaches, modeling of immersed nano-scale structures, organized flow behavior at micro and nano-scales, and methods for control of micro- and nano-scale flows.

The 3rd edition is thoroughly revised, applications are substantially enriched, it includes a new account of the early history of the subject (from 1800 to 1957) and a new chapter recounting the recent solution of open problems of long standing in classical aerodynamics. The bibliography comprises now over fifteen hundred titles.

From the reviews:

"The author is known as one of the leading experts in the field. His masterly written book is, surely, the most complete exposition in the subject of conservations laws." --Zentralblatt MATH

This publication presents an up to date coverage of infrared thermography applied in the context of improved industrial activity and quality through automated inspection and control. It puts together concise and complete information on thermal non-destructive evaluation (NDE), a method for testing without damage, not yet available in an integrated, stand-alone format. All concepts discussed are explained in full and many industrial applications of the covered subjects are presented. Although the book is complete by itself extensive references to relevant research papers are given for further reading. Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials by Infrared Thermography is intended for a wide audience. It will help industrial engineers to implement nondestructive evaluation methods on the production line and enlarge their knowledge of industrial inspection techniques. It can also be used as a teaching aid at universities and colleges, especially in materials engineering curricula. Finally research centres will find it valuable as a reference book about thermal NDE.

The general objective of the Tenth Canadian Fracture Conference was to respond to progress in the engineering sciences - in particular with r- pect to rapidly developing new trends in the theory and methodology of researcr and designing - and to the resulting needs of practical engineering in the specific field of fracture mechanics and related areas of engineering mechanics. The basic underlying issue is the theory and practice of physical analytical and iconic (reduced) modelling of the actually involved physical processes and of the responses of physical bodies and systems to actual energy flow - a problem which is becoming dominant in all fields of the natural sciences. Accordingly, the theme of the CFCIO was "Modelling Problems in Crack Tip Mechanics," a well defined and limited subject, the scope of treatment of which can be as deep and as comprehensive as an in volved researcher wishes it to be."

A discussion of models for the behaviour of gas bearings, particularly of the aspects affecting the stability of the system. The text begins with a discussion of the mathematical models, identifying the stiffness and damping coefficients, and describing the behaviour of the models in unstable regions. It then turns to apply these results to bearings: static characteristics and stability of various rotor systems and an extensive discussion of air rings.

The application of composite materials to engineering components has spurred a ma jor effort to analyze such materials and the structures made from them. Most researchers workin in mechanics of composite structures understand that composite materials pro vide umque advantages but also present complex and challenging problems to researchers. The complex inelastic behavior and variety of failure modes of composite structures are a result of the strength and stiffness properties of constituents and their complex interac tions. Macromechanical constitutive models based on gross composite properties cannot realistically represent local interactions, and thus have serious limitations. The composite materials that are of most interest to engineering applications are often "brittle" in their behavior, in the sense that the strength and life of the material systems is controlled or greatly influenced by events or processes which involve volumes of material whose dimen sions are small compared to the global dimensions of the element. This is also true in ductile systems where local nonlinearity may contribute to local behavior which controls global response."

Hemorheologic therapy has gained considerably in importance in recent years. This detailed and comprehensive book enumerates, discusses, and critically evaluates those treatment methods in which therapeutic success rests essentially on achieving an improvement in hemodynamics. After a general account of clinical hemorheology, fundamental aspects of hemorheologic methods and the eval- uation and assessment of hemorheologic parameters are discussed and the pathophysiology is described in detail. The treatment methods and substances that bring about improvement of the hemodynamics are described in chronologic order of first publication, and in each case all known later publications are also discussed in the order in which they appeared. This topical account of hemorheologic therapy - the results reported to date and the spectrum of applications - will be a valuable addition to the library both of the specialist and of all interested doctors in hospital and general practice.

Shell structures and their components are applied in many engineering fields. Designers are attaching ever increasing importance to nonlinear responses such as large deformations, instabilities and nonlinear material properties in their design analysis. This volume presents a careful selection of papers from the ICES '88 Conference covering various aspects of nonlinear shell responses.

Mechanical engineering, an engineering discipline born of the needs of the industrial revolution, is once again asked to do its substantial share in the call for industrial renewal. The general call is urgent as we face profound is sues of productivity and competitiveness that require engineering solutions, among others. The Mechanical Engineering Series features graduate texts and research monographs intended to address the need for information in contemporary areas of mechanical engineering. The series is conceived as a comprehensive one that will cover a broad range of concentrations important to mechanical engineering graduate ed ucation and research. We are fortunate to have a distinguished roster of consulting editors, each an expert in one of the areas of concentration. The names of the consulting editors are listed on the front page of the volume. The areas of concentration are applied mechanics, biomechanics, compu tational mechanics, dynamic systems and control, energetics, mechanics of material, processing, thermal science, and tribology. Professor Marshek, the consulting editor for dynamic systems and con trol, and I are pleased to present this volume of the series: Mechatronics: Electromechanics and Contromechanics by Professor Denny K. Miu. The selection of this volume underscores again the interest of the Mechanical Engineering Series to provide our readers with topical monographs as well as graduate texts."

Although the problem of tool design - involving both the selection of suitable geometry and material- has exercised the attention of metal forming engineers for as long as this industrial activity has existed, the approach to its solution has been generally that of the 'trial and error' variety. It is only relatively recently that the continuing expansion of the bulk metal-forming industry, combined with an increase in the degree of sophistication required of its products and processes, has focussed attention on the problem of optimisation of tool design. This, in turn, produced a considerable expansion of theoretical and practical investi gations of the existing methods, techniques r,nd concepts, and helped to systematise our thinking and ideas in this area of engineering activity. In the virtual absence, so far, of a single, encyclopaedic, but sufficien tly deep, summation of the state of the art, a group of engineers and materials scientists felt that an opportune moment had arrived to try and produce, concisely, answers to many tool designers' dilemmas. This book attempts to set, in perspective, the existing - and proven - concepts of design, to show their respective advantages and weaknesses and to indicate how they should be applied to the individual main forming processes of rolling, drawing, extrusion and forging.

When asked to start teaching a course on engineering fracture mechanics, I realized that a concise textbook, giving a general oversight of the field, did not exist. The explanation is undoubtedly that the subject is still in a stage of early development, and that the methodologies have still a very limited applicability. It is not possible to give rules for general application of fracture mechanics concepts. Yet our comprehension of cracking and fracture beha viour of materials and structures is steadily increasing. Further developments may be expected in the not too distant future, enabling useful prediction of fracture safety and fracture characteristics on the basis of advanced fracture mechanics procedures. The user of such advanced procedures m\lst have a general understanding of the elementary concepts, which are provided by this volume. Emphasis was placed on the practical application of fracture mechanics, but it was aimed to treat the subject in a way that may interest both metallurgists and engineers. For the latter, some general knowledge of fracture mechanisms and fracture criteria is indispensable for an apprecia tion of the limita tions of fracture mechanics. Therefore a general discussion is provided on fracture mechanisms, fracture criteria, and other metal lurgical aspects, without going into much detail. Numerous references are provided to enable a more detailed study of these subjects which are still in a stage of speculative treatment."