This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The quantity and quality of waste generated and discharged into natural water bodies is a topic of serious concern. Consequently, there is a need for different strategies to address wastewater treatment and subsequent reuse, especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water shortages are the rule. Biological treatment processes constitute crucial tools in the biodegradation of organic matter, transformation of toxic compounds into harmless products, and nutrient removal in wastewater microbiology. Edited by a professor of genetics and microbiology with extensive research, this compendium provides an overview of the most current research into many facets of wastewater bioremediation. The book is broken into three sections: microbial communities for wastewater treatment, environmental factors, and treatments. It provides discussions on biological treatment processes for different types of wastewater, such as municipal wastewater and wastewater from tanneries; how environmental factors such as season dynamics affect the diversity of bacteria; and applications and treatment. The range of topics presented will be valuable for biological engineers and others involved with wastewater management. Researchers will find a wealth of studies that will prove fruitful for future investigation.

Landfills have been targeted by geophysical methods in order to investigate their environmental impacts. In fact, landfills have been the classic way to deposit domestic and industrial waste and have generated a large range of negative environmental impacts in groundwater and soils. These problems often persist even after the effective use of the landfills and subsequent recovery processes. Owing to their characteristics, landfills are difficult to access and because of the general lack of accurate information regarding the shape, nature of the refuse, history and development of the landfill, non-invasive, non-destructive methods and sometimes autonomous data acquisition devices must be used to monitor impacts and to investigate and prevent groundwater and soil contamination. This book discusses processing systems, environmental impacts and adverse health effects of landfills and other recycling centers.

This is the first of two volumes that together provide a comprehensive overview of the current sustainable and low-cost wastewater treatment technologies applied in communities that lack the financial and technical resources needed for an environmental, disease prevention and health nexus.This book reviews natural wastewater treatment technologies and traces the current challenges in wastewater management and sustainability. Divided into 4 themed parts, the chapters from expert contributors cover topics such as simplified and low-energy natural treatment facilities, bioremediation and biotechnology for green future, environmental impact assessment of wastewater reuse, wastewater management and sustainability for irrigation, high-performance and cost-effective biosorbents for heavy metals removal, and eco-friendly nanomaterials for wastewater environmental management. The readers will discover essential recommendations for improving natural treatment systems to withstand emerging contaminants, namely, endocrine disruption chemicals, surfactants, personal care products, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Readers will also find valuable guidelines to ensure sustainable and innovative solutions for wastewater treatment in the light of climate change, resource, demand, and funding challenges.Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, the book offers an invaluable source of information for researchers, students and environmental managers alike.

This is the second of two volumes that together provide a comprehensive overview of the current sustainable and low-cost wastewater treatment technologies applied in communities that lack the financial and technical resources needed for an environmental, disease prevention and health nexus. This book reviews engineered wastewater treatment technologies and discusses their application in regard to greenhouse gas emissions, natural resource utilization, land-use, and energy and water savings. The chapters from expert contributors cover topics such as aerobic and anaerobic biological treatments, chemical treatments and precipitation, and disinfection. Readers will also learn about simplified and low-energy wastewater treatment plants, strategies for wastewater reuse, and nanotechnologies for wastewater environmental management. The feasibility regarding time and cost of implementing such technologies is also discussed in this book, and particular attention is given to the removal of conventional and emerging pollutants, toxicants, and heavy metals. Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, the book offers an invaluable source of information for researchers, students and environmental managers alike.

Uganda's capital, Kampala, is undergoing dramatic urban transformations as its new technocratic government seeks to clean and green the city. Waste Worlds tracks the dynamics of development and disposability unfolding amid struggles over who and what belong in the new Kampala. Garbage materializes these struggles. In the densely inhabited social infrastructures in and around the city's waste streams, people, places, and things become disposable but conditions of disposability are also challenged and undone. Drawing on years of ethnographic research, Jacob Doherty illustrates how waste makes worlds, offering the key intervention that disposability is best understood not existentially, as a condition of social exclusion, but infrastructurally, as a form of injurious social inclusion.

This book is based on recent trends for the research in emerging environmental contaminants in different compartment of the environment. It provides a recent understanding for the fate, transport, and degradation of emerging contaminants in different environmental sectors, including water, air, and soil. The contents discuss the fate and transport of microplastics, PPCPs, along with the method of detection and degradation. It includes removal of variety of pollutants including microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products from the water using adsorption technique, electrooxidation, membrane technology and other advance oxidation methods. This volume will be of great value to those in academia and industry involved in environmental science and engineering research.

This book discusses the scientific process of biomass compaction, focusing on pressing chamber parameters and their influence on the quality of extrusions from biomass. It yields new knowledge in the field of wood biomass pressing technology and contains a thorough and detailed theoretical analysis of the pressing chamber of pressing machines and the influence they have on the resulting quality of extrusions. Coverage includes the proposal and evaluation of experimental research dealing with the definition of different pressing chamber parameters in pressing machines and their effects on the quality of extrusions; definition and specification of the dependencies of chamber parameters based on the resulting quality of extrusion, given by the mechanical indicators of quality, are also explored. Furthermore, the work describes the design and manufacture of an experimental pressing stand, which allows for experiments to be performed determining the effects that some technological, material, and construction parameters have on the resulting quality of extrusions. The desired pressing method, length, and conicity of the pressing chamber are experimentally determined through the uniaxial compaction of wood biomass where results and dependencies are expressed graphically. Biomass Compaction: The Effects of Pressing Chamber Design Parameters on Extrusion Quality will be a welcomed resource for researchers and engineers working for producers of solid biofuels from biomass, densification (briquetting, pelleting), or compacting machines producers, as well as technology plant operators and those working in the biomass treatment area.

This book is the first comprehensive book in the world on co-processing of wastes as Alternative Fuels and Raw materials (AFRs) in cement kilns. It discusses how AFR from wastes can play an important role in contributing toward reducing the use of fossil fuel and costs while conserving natural resources, lowering global CO2 emissions, and reducing the need for landfills. The use of AFR in resource and energy-intensive industries is called co-processing, which is discussed in detail highlighting both advantages and disadvantages. Co-processing in cement kilns is a technology that is practiced globally on a large scale for environmentally sound and ecologically sustaining management of wastes from agricultural, industrial, and municipal sources. Considerable amount of scientific and technological advancements has been put in place while developing and implementing this technology at the cement plant operational scales. This technology is in practice for about 40 years or so and has been recommended by Basel Convention for the sustainable management of hazardous wastes and by the Stockholm Convention for the sustainable management of POPs. This technology has now been included in the waste management rules notified by the Ministry of the Government of India and has been provided as a preferred option for the management of wastes over the conventional options of incineration and landfill. The book addresses how co-processing promotes mitigation of the climate change impacts and also conservation of the natural capital in addition to building a circular economy on a large scale. Even though this technology has received required attention and inclusion in the policy framework of many governments, its understanding and awareness with the stakeholders belonging to the academic and other relevant sections are vastly missing. The book will enhance the knowledge of co-processing technology among stakeholders involved in the implementation of the policy framework, design and engineering of the waste processing facilities to suit the co-processing operation, their operation and management, environmental consideration in implementing co-processing, operation and management of the cement plant, quality control, etc. In addition, the book will be useful for students and researchers working in this domain.

With pressure increasing to utilise wastes and residues effectively and sustainably, the production of biogas represents one of the most important routes towards reaching national and international renewable energy targets. The biogas handbook: Science, production and applications provides a comprehensive and systematic guide to the development and deployment of biogas supply chains and technology.
Following a concise overview of biogas as an energy option, part one explores biomass resources and fundamental science and engineering of biogas production, including feedstock characterisation, storage and pre-treatment, and yield optimisation. Plant design, engineering, process optimisation and digestate utilisation are the focus of part two. Topics considered include the engineering and process control of biogas plants, methane emissions in biogas production, and biogas digestate quality, utilisation and land application. Finally, part three discusses international experience and best practice in biogas utilisation. Biogas cleaning and upgrading to biomethane, biomethane use as transport fuel and the generation of heat and power from biogas for stationery applications are all discussed. The book concludes with a review of market development and biomethane certification schemes.
With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, The biogas handbook: Science, production and applications is a practical reference to biogas technology for process engineers, manufacturers, industrial chemists and biochemists, scientists, researchers and academics working in this field.
Provides a concise overview of biogas as an energy optionExplores biomass resources for productionExamines plant design and engineering and process optimisation

This book provides a comprehensive overview on mechanochemistry including its history, high-energy ball milling process, equipment used and fundamentals behind the observed scientific phenomena. It also shows that mechanochemistry is highly applicable in the field of waste treatment. The text reviews 1017 studies utilizing mostly high-energy ball milling for the treatment of various types of consumer, technogenic and agricultural waste. The text is divided into chapters based on individual waste types. The book presents an Appendix compiling all studies arranged according to the application that the recycled waste is meant for. In this way, readers from both academia and companies interested either in the treatment of a particular waste, or particular application might easily locate sections of interest.

Wastewater Treatment by Reverse Osmosis Process provides a one-stop-shop for reverse osmosis (RO), outlining its scope and limitations for the removal of organic compounds from wastewater. This book covers the state-of-the-art on RO processes and describes ten RO process models of different features and complexities. It also covers the advanced model-based techniques for RO process operations, including various rigorous methods for process modelling, simulation, and optimization at the lowest energy cost, as well as advanced tools such as genetic algorithms for achieving the same. * Highlights different types of physico-chemical and biological wastewater treatment methods including hybrid systems * Provides an overview of membrane processes, focuses on different types of membrane processes for water treatment and explains characteristics of membrane modules * Introduces the importance and challenges of process modelling for simulation, design, and optimization and offers examples across various industries *Describes the concept of different types of genetic algorithms for process optimisation and provides the state-of-the art of the GA method in terms of its application in water desalination and wastewater treatment *Emphasizes economic aspects of RO processes for wastewater treatment With its focus on the challenges posed by an increasing demand for fresh water and the urgent need to recycle wastewater at minimum cost, this work is an invaluable resource for engineers and scientists working within the field of wastewater treatment.

Resisting Garbage presents a new approach to understanding practices of waste removal and recycling in American cities, one that is grounded in the close observation of case studies while being broadly applicable to many American cities today. Most current waste practices in the United States, Lily Baum Pollans argues, prioritize sanitation and efficiency while allowing limited post-consumer recycling as a way to quell consumers’ environmental anxiety. After setting out the contours of this “weak recycling waste regime,” Pollans zooms in on the very different waste management stories of Seattle and Boston over the last forty years. While Boston’s local politics resulted in a waste-export program with minimal recycling, Seattle created new frameworks for thinking about consumption, disposal, and the roles that local governments and ordinary people can play as partners in a project of resource stewardship. By exploring how these two approaches have played out at the national level, Resisting Garbage provides new avenues for evaluating municipal action and fostering practices that will create environmentally meaningful change.

This book addresses the need for a technical guided thought on production, consumption, and waste management of plastic and polymers in the African continent. Issues such as resource availability, processing technologies, plastic policies, and much more are covered in the book. While Africa is made up of several different countries which might be different from each other in many ways, these countries within the African continent have some commonalities such as region, some shared history, resources, and some shared policies through organizations such as the African Union, African Free trade Zone, and ECOWAS. With a population of over a billion, the African continent has become an attractive market for various businesses. Several publications in recent years have pushed for the advancement of the African continent toward increased manufacturing as a road to development. This inevitably includes the plastics and other polymers industry. Careful consideration must be taken to ensure that this growth will focus on more sustainable and greener manufacturing; otherwise, this anticipated growth in the plastics and polymer industry will only spell increased pollution and worsening of the environment.

In this first volume, various materials such as chitosan, lignin-based biomaterials, cellulosic based bio materials, carbon materials, Polysaccharide-composites materials, Aromatic-Based Synthetic Macromolecules, Agricultural wastes, etc for treating textile waste water are highlighted. One of the major pollutants in the textile and fashion industry is (textile) waste water. Textile wastewater can lead to serious environmental issues if discharged without proper and sufficient treatment. The materials employed along with the technologies available to trate waste water are the key. There are a lot of advancements in terms materials, technologies employed for textile waste water treatment. Sustainable bio-nano materials and macro molecules play a major role in the efficient treatment of textile waster.

Waste-to-Energy Approaches Towards Zero Waste: Interdisciplinary Methods of Controlling Waste provides a comprehensive overview of the key technologies and approaches to achieve zero waste from energy. The book emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach to waste-to-energy using fundamental concepts and principles, and presents key methods, their applications, and perspectives on future development. The book provides readers with the tools to make key decisions on waste-to-energy projects from zero-waste principles, while incorporating sustainability and life cycle assessments from financial and environmental perspectives. Waste-to-Energy Approaches Towards Zero Waste: Interdisciplinary Methods of Controlling Waste offers practical guidance on achieving energy with zero waste ideal for researchers and graduate students involved in waste-to-energy and renewable energy, waste remediation, and sustainability.

Emerging Trends to Approaching Zero Waste: Environmental and Social Perspectives thoroughly examines the impact of various technological innovations, current guidelines and social awareness on the reduction of waste, with the ultimate aim of achieving the zero-waste target. Insights in the book will help users adopt the best possible methodologies at grass-root levels and show how modern societal procedures are becoming sustainable, with a goal of zero waste. It comprehensively discusses the scientific contributions of the environmental and social sector, along with the tools and technologies available for achieving the zero-waste targets. This book is the first step toward understanding state-of-the-art practices in making the zero-waste goal a reality. It will be especially beneficial to researchers, academics, upper-level students, waste managers, engineers and managers of industries researching or hoping to implement zero-waste techniques.

This book is the third volume in a three-volume set on Solid Waste Engineering and Management. It focuses on tourism industry waste, rubber tire recycling, electrical and electronic wastes, health-care waste, landfill leachate, bioreactor landfill, energy recovery, innovative composting, biodrying, and health and safety considerations pertaining to solid waste management.. The volumes comprehensively discuss various contemporary issues associated with solid waste pollution management, impacts on theenvironmental and vulnerable human populations, and solutions to these problems.

This volume provides a collection of research findings on the distribution and risk associated with emerging contaminants (ECs) in water and wastewater across the globe, and effective remediation techniques and technologies. The book covers various monitoring techniques for ECs in water and wastewater and its related impacts on the ambient environment, and offers valuable information on cost-effective monitoring techniques and sustainable treatment technologies for ECs. The authors detail the risks and biological effects of ECs and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in freshwater and marine systems, including their adverse interactions with aquatic organisms, while also discussing the associated impacts on human health. The book comprehensively covers current research outcomes on treatment methods, cost-effectiveness, and infrastructure needs for effective removal of ECs. It will be of interest to students, researchers, and scholars in environmental science and engineering, water and wastewater, toxicology, environmental biotechnology, soil sciences, and microbial ecology.

Sustainable Biochar for Water and Wastewater Treatment addresses the worldwide water contamination and scarcity problem by presenting an innovative and cost-efficient solution. This book directly deals with the Sustainable Development Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Each chapter is authored by a respected expert in the field of water and wastewater treatment, with each chapter including case studies, worked examples, and exercises. As such, the book is the perfect introduction to the field and is multipurpose in that it can be used for teaching, learning, research, and practice. The book is invaluable for undergraduate level and above in water science, environmental sciences, soil science, material sciences and engineering, chemical sciences and engineering, and biological sciences. The book covers the various aspects of biochar requirements for use in adsorption science and technology. It includes vital information on this hot topic and provides a real solution to the global issues of water contamination and scarcity.

Systems engineering techniques such as optimization tools, simulation model, integrated modeling systems, management information systems, decision support tools, material flow analysis, and life cycle assessment have been developed, yet have not been applied to the waste management industry as practical tools. This book introduces how to apply systems engineering techniques not only by theory, but also through practical case studies. The target applications include urban, industrial, hazardous and non-hazardous waste, waste streams such as waste packaging, end-of-life vehicles, waste batteries, waste of electric and electronic equipment, waste lubricant oils, end of life tires and all waste streams demanding sustainable management via appropriate systems analysis to meet both managerial and technical goals.

Source Reduction and Waste Minimization is the second volume in the series Advanced Zero Waste Tools: Present and Emerging Waste Management Practices. It addresses processes and practices for waste minimization to support efforts to promote a more sustainable society and provide readers with a proper understanding of the major mechanisms followed for waste minimization across fields. Despite being one of the major challenges mankind is facing to establish a sustainable society, waste minimization techniques are not broadly adopted and an organized collection of these techniques with corresponding evidence of results is not available currently. This book covers numerous mechanisms supported by scientific evidence and case studies, as well as in-depth flowcharts and process diagrams to allow for readers to adopt these processes. Summarizing the present and emerging zero waste tools on the scale of both experimental and theoretical models, Advanced Zero Waste Tools is the first step toward understanding the state-of-the-art practices in making the zero-waste goal a reality. In addition to environmental and engineering principles, it also covers economic, toxicologic, and regulatory issues, making it an important resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers working toward environmental sustainability.

The concept of circular economy is based on strategies, practices, policies, and technologies to achieve principles related to reusing, recycling, redesigning, repurposing, remanufacturing, refurbishing, and recovering water, waste materials, and nutrients to preserve natural resources. It provides the necessary conditions to encourage economic and social actors to adopt strategies toward sustainability. However, the increasing complexity of sustainability aspects means that traditional engineering and management/economics alone cannot face the new challenges and reach the appropriate solutions. Thus, this book highlights the role of engineering and management in building a sustainable society by developing a circular economy that establishes and protects strong social and cultural structures based on cross-disciplinary knowledge and diverse skills. It includes theoretical justification, research studies, and case studies to provide researchers, practitioners, professionals, and policymakers the appropriate context to work together in promoting sustainability and circular economy thinking. Volume 1, Circular Economy and Sustainability: Management and Policy, discusses the content of circular economy principles and how they can be realized in the fields of economy, management, and policy. It gives an outline of the current status and perception of circular economy at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels to provide a better understanding of its role in achieving sustainability. Volume 2, Circular Economy and Sustainability: Environmental Engineering, presents various technological and developmental tools that emphasize the implementation of these principles in practice (micro-level). It demonstrates the necessity to establish a fundamental connection between sustainable engineering and circular economy.

This book covers various aspects of microbial biotechnology to produce bioenergy. It focuses on production of biofuels from plant and microbial biomass including agri-food residues and other wastes. It educates readers about various biomass resources, major aspects of production of renewable energy and fuels based on biochemical conversion routes. There is special focus on the microbial system and biotechnological processes as well as process optimization and industrial scale-up. The book brings together current challenges and potential solutions to enhance biomass to biofuel bioconversion. It is relevant for researchers, academicians, students as well as industry professionals working on biomass-based biorefineries.

This book highlights ways to evaluate circular economy using global standard and footprints the way global firms are using to ensure the measurement of the impact. It presents various case studies from different sectors with the efforts made to contribute to circular economy and at the same time its contribution to minimize carbon and water footprints.

Provides a comprehensive review and evaluation of waste containment technologies presently practiced in remediation applications. Covers the state-of-knowledge, construction and performance of the three main barrier types - vertical (walls), bottom (floors) and surface (caps).