This book provides a balanced discussion about the wastewater generated by hydraulic fracturing operations, and how to manage it. It includes an in-depth discussion of the hydraulic fracturing process, the resulting water cycle, and the potential risks to groundwater, soil, and air. The "fracking" process involves numerous chemicals that could potentially harm human health and the environment, especially if they enter and contaminate drinking water supplies. Treatment, reuse, and disposal options are the focus, and several case studies will be presented. The book also discusses the issues of the large amounts of water required for drilling operations, the impacts on water-sensitive regions.

Dieses Handbuch besteht aus insgesamt 7 Einzelbanden. Von der Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe berufene Wissenschaftler stellen aufgrund verschiedenster Methodenkombinationen, unter Berucksichtigung der wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen und Informationen, das Werk zusammen. Dieser Band befasst sich mit den geochemischen und chemisch-anlytischen Methoden, die bei der Erkundung des geologischen Untergrundes von Deponien und Altlasten zum Einsatz kommen koennen. Erlautert werden auch die Messprinzipien, die Anlage und Durchfuhrung der Feldarbeiten, die Bearbeitung und Interpretation der Messdaten, die Qualitatssicherung sowie der personelle, technische und zeitliche Aufwand. Beispiele veranschaulichen die Anwendungsmoeglichkeiten der Methoden und die Darstellung der Ergebnisse.

Dieser Band gibt einen UEberblick zu den Vorkommen und Lagerungsverhaltnissen eiszeitlich gebildeter, quartarer Gesteine und fasst schwerpunktmassig Untersuchungsergebnisse zu ihren chemisch-mineralogischen Barriereeigenschaften zusammen. Ausfuhrlich werden Informationen zum Aufbau, zur Zusammensetzung und zum Schadstoffruckhaltepotenzial des geologischen Untergrundes der Deponie Ihlenberg (NW-Mecklenburg) vorgestellt. Die Notwendigkeit von detaillierten Kenntnissen des physikalisch-chemischen Milieus in den Sedimenten fur die Analyse und Bewertung des Schadstoff-ruckhaltevermoegens geologischer Barrieren wird unterstrichen. Neben komprimierten Methoden-beschreibungen nehmen ausfuhrliche Interpretationen der Untersuchungsergebnisse und daraus abgeleitete Eignungskriterien sowie Handlungsempfehlungen fur die Durchfuhrung von Erkundungsarbeiten einen breiten Raum ein.

The advent of consumer societies in the United Kingdom and West Germany after 1945 led to the mass 'production' of garbage. This book compares the social, cultural and economic fallout of the growing volume and changing composition of waste in the two countries from 1945 to the present through sustained attention to changes in the business of handling household waste. Though the UK and Germany are similar in population density, degrees of urbanisation, and standardisation, the two countries took profoundly different paths from low-waste to throwaway societies, and more recently, towards the goal of 'zero-waste'. The authors explore evolving balances between public and private provision in waste services; the transformation of public cleansing into waste management; the role of government legislation and regulation; emerging conceptualisations of recycling and resource recovery; and the gradual shift of the industry's regulatory and business context from local to national and then to international.

Dieses Handbuch besteht aus insgesamt sieben Einzelbanden, die folgende Themen behandeln: Geofernerkundung, Geophysik, Stromungs- und Transportmodellierung, Geophysik, Geotechnik Hydrogeologie, Tonmineralogie und Bodenphysik, Geochemie sowie Handlungsempfehlungen. Als Grundlage diente den 37 beteiligten Forschungseinrichtungen und Firmen die Analyse von 28 Einzelvorhaben. Dabei wurden an ausgewahlten Teststandorten neue und bereits erprobte Verfahren gegenubergestellt, um so eine Auswahl der effektivsten und kostengunstigsten Methodenkombinationen zu erhalten. Von der Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe berufene Wissenschaftler stellten aus den hierbei gewonnenen Erkenntnissen das vorliegende Werk, unter entsprechender Berucksichtigung der wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen und Hintergrundinformationen, zusammen."

Das Thema "Langfristig sichere Deponien" wurde bisher vorwiegend im Zusammenhang mit radioaktiven Abfallen diskutiert. Die Menge chemisch-toxischer Abfalle ist jedoch bis zu tausendmal grosser als die der radioaktiven Substanzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund behandelt das Buch die wissenschaftlich-technischen Moglichkeiten und Grenzen von Deponien fur alle Arten toxischer Abfalle. Danach sind langfristig sichere Deponien nur als Untertage-Deponien in der kontinentalen Erdkruste realisierbar. Ihre Sicherheit kann auf der Basis von Naturbeobachtungen verlasslich bewertet werden. Die Publikation wendet sich an alle mit nachhaltigen Entwicklungen befassten sowie umweltinteressierten Personengruppen. Zu den angesprochenen Fachdisziplinen gehoren vor allem die Geo- und Montanwissenschaften, Chemie, Physik, Mathematik, Biologie, Medizin, Medien- und Politikwissenschaften."

Die Autoren erlautern zunachst die mikrobiologischen und chemisch-physikalischen Grundlagen und gehen ausfuhrlich auf das Abbaupotential bei verschiedenen Schadstoffen ein. In der Folge wird die Sanierung kontaminierter Standorte anhand von Fallbeispielen Schritt fur Schritt durchgespielt. In diesem Zusammenhang werden u. a. auch Fragen zur Gefahrdungsabschatzung und Grenzwertproblematik, zu Emissions- und Arbeitsschutz sowie auch zu erforderlichen Tiefbaumassnahmen, Behandlungszeitraumen und Genehmigungsverfahren beantwortet. Ausserdem nehmen Wirtschaftlichkeitsvergleiche zu jeweils konkurrierenden Verfahren im Bereich der Boden- und Grundwasserreinigung (Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen) breiten Raum ein."

This book describes how psychiatric pharmaceuticals, namely antidepressants, anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics are among the most prescribed active substances due to the higher occurrence of psychiatric disorders throughout the world. It goes on to demonstrate how patients' excretion of the active compounds along with several metabolites is considered to be the main pathway for the occurrence of these emerging pollutants in wastewater treatment plant effluents, surface and drinking water, soils and sediments. Further chapters are devoted to an exploration of these pharmaceuticals' high persistence, toxicity and intrinsic biological activity, which can affect the nervous and endocrine systems of terrestrial and aquatic non-target organisms, the dissemination of these compounds in environment matrices and the growing number of associated problems and concerns. The remainder of the book describes how conventional wastewater treatment processes are generally inefficient when it comes to the removal of this type of pollutants, giving rise to the demand for implementing alternative or complementary treatment technologies. Extensive research studies on the efficiency of the degradation and/or removal of these pollutants are summarized, and adsorption, membrane and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are proposed. Given its content and structure, the book offers a concise summary of the most significant findings on psychiatric pharmaceutical removal in wastewater.

Contamination of aqueous environments by hazardous chemical compounds is the direct cause of the decline of safe clean water supply throughout the globe. The use of unconventional water sources such as treated wastewater will be a new norm. Emerging nanotechnological innovations have great potential for wastewater remediation processes. Applications that use smart nanomaterials of inorganic and organic origin improve treatment efficiency and lower energy requirements. This book describes the synthesis, fabrication, and application of advanced nanomaterials in water treatment processes; their adsorption, transformation into low toxic forms, or degradation phenomena, and the adsorption and separation of hazardous dyes, organic pollutants, heavy metals and metalloids from aqueous solutions. It explains the use of different categories of nanomaterials for various pollutants and enhances understanding of nanotechnology-based water remediation to make it less toxic and reusable.

Dross is waste: solid impurities that form on the surface of the smelting pot. While most is thrown away, some is reusable or recyclable. Hence 'DrossScape', a term conceived by land economist Alan Berger. Working off Berger's theories, this book explores the concept of waste-culture, where entire cities are built atop of mountains of their own refuse. Photographs depict wastelands as places removed from the urban sprawl, as well as islands within it - hidden away or in plain sight. But in all cases, these dilapidated landscapes have latent potential. Dross City works towards a new urban metabolism. It includes projects and research that interrogate the current and future city, its geographical structure, infrastructures, and forms of settlements. It looks at recycling strategies and multi-scalar design approaches, with the intention of encouraging interest in the DrossScape.

This publication suggests how Pakistan could strengthen solid waste management and in doing so reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It provides guidance on improving and expanding waste collection and disposal services for municipal, industrial, electronic, and hospital waste. It outlines waste management options and key considerations in setting up a waste management system. The publication also discusses consolidating data on the waste generated, calculating historical emissions from the waste sector and projections, and establishing an institutional framework.

"One smart book...delving deep into the history and implications of a daily act that dare not speak its name."--"Newsweek
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Bodily waste is common to all and as natural as breathing. We prefer not to talk about it, but we should--even those of us who take care of our business in pristine, sanitary conditions. Disease spread by bodily waste kills more people worldwide every year than any other single cause of death. Even in the United States, nearly two million people have no access to an indoor toilet, while the sewers of major cities worldwide are an infrastructure disaster waiting to happen. With razor-sharp wit and crusading urgency, mixing levity with gravity, "The Big Necessity" breaks the silence, turning the taboo subject into a cause with the most serious of consequences.

Ecosystem services provide benefits to humans, including--provisioning services (food, water, timber, fibre and genetic resources), regulating services (regulation of climate, floods, diseases and water quality), cultural services (recreational, aesthetic and spiritual), and support services (soil formation, pollination and nutrient cycling). Promoting the concept of ecosystem services reveals the potential of its contribution to environmental wellbeing for conservation and sustainability. Humans, as users of the provided services, benefit from ecosystem services, fostering dependency on nature. The use of ecosystem services may lead to unintended environmental consequences throughout the supply chain. Hence, this book will focus on the services provided for human wellbeing and a multilayer association with human problems worldwide when supply chains are disturbed. Carbon emissions from city areas are responsible for 75% of world carbon dioxide emissions, making them a significant contributor to climate change. Urban populations are early responders to the impacts of climate change. In addition, ecosystem services are influenced by human activities. Domestic and industrial water pollution has led to the contamination of drinking water in many parts of the world. Waste management, such as solid waste management and biomedical waste management, is considered crucial for balancing ecosystem services as a consequence of human activities. In addition, air pollution has become part of ecosystem service disturbance, as it has become a worldwide problem and a major threat to the surrounding environment and human health. The major sources of air pollutants are mobile sources and stationary and transboundary emissions. Human activities, such as mining and exploration, have brought naturally occurring radioactive elements, such as gamma rays, which are present at relatively low concentrations in many geologic formations and earth materials, to the surface and have become a threat to human health. Among others, loud noise exposure in occupational settings has been found to be hazardous to hearing organs. Environmental stressors that lead to ecosystem changes have been shown to trigger noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne diseases, such as Zika, Dengue and Malaria, are rapidly influenced by changes in ecosystem services. Many studies have been conducted to develop effective vaccines to combat such diseases. New drugs have been developed from natural resources with the aim of combating drug resistance, enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity. In addition, a health education programme (HEP) is also being developed to improve the quality of life of patients. A broad spectrum of research is reported in this book covering environmental monitoring, modelling, molecular research, natural product discovery and health education programmes, showing the importance of support from ecosystem services that must be preserved for future wellbeing.

This publication guides users on applying the Screening Tool for Energy Evaluation of Projects (STEEP), which is designed to support efforts to improve energy use efficiency in water and wastewater treatment systems. The publication provides a detailed overview of STEEP and explains how to navigate the tool's various interfaces when conducting energy use assessments of proposed or existing water supply and wastewater treatment systems. Since 2017, STEEP has been under continuous development based on pilot assessments carried out in various projects financed by the Asian Development Bank. STEEP is available online and can be downloaded for free.