First published in 1982, this title grew from a series of essays on various aspects of narrative style; the result is a finished product that melds literary theory with linguistic methodology. It is argued that, where linguistic theory intersects with literary theory, it is narrative that provides the crucial 'experiment' for deciding between a communication and a non-communication theory of language and, by extension, of literature. Chapters discuss such areas as subjectivity in direct and indirect speech, the absence of the narrator, and the development of narrative style. With a detailed introduction to the subject, this reissue will be of value to students of linguistics and literature with a particular interest in narrative style and linguistic theory.

George Abraham Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India is one of the most complete sources on South Asian languages. This book is the first detailed examination of the Survey. It shows how the Survey collaborated with Indian activists to consolidate the regional languages in India. By focusing on India as a linguistic region, it was at odds with the colonial state's conceptualisation of the subcontinent, in which religious and caste differences were key to its understanding of Indian society. A number of the Survey's narratives are detachable from its rigorous linguistic imperatives, and together with aspects of Grierson's other texts, these contributed to the way in which Indian nationalists appropriated and reshaped languages, making them religiously charged ideological symbols of particular versions of the subcontinent. Thus, the Survey played an important role in the emergence of religious nationalism and language conflict in the subcontinent in the 20th century. This volume, like its companion volume Colonialism and Knowledge in Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India, will be a great resource for scholars and researchers of linguistics, language and literature, history, political studies, cultural studies and South Asian studies.

This book provides evidence for the importance of auditory properties of speech sounds in phonology.

In hierdie boek- wat in twee dele gepubliseer is en gedeeltelik gebaseer is op E.H. Raidt se Afrikaans en sy Europese verlede – word opnuut gekyk na Afrikaans se veelkantige herkoms: die Europese geskiedenis van Afrikaans (grondig vernuwe en beduidend aangevul) én veral Afrikaans se Afrikaherkoms – oor die opbouproses sedert die 17de eeu om Afrikaans in 1925 as amptelike taal erken te kry, Afrikaans se ontwikkeling as volwaardige standaardtaal in die 20ste eeu en veral die aanneem van die funksies wat hiermee gepaard gaan, Afrikaans se ongelukkige apartheidsverlede en die bevrydings- en versoeningsprosesse wat hierna nodig was. Die wit verlede van Afrikaans word aangevul met die bruin en swart verlede sodat ʼn gedeelde verlede van die sprekers van Afrikaans na vore kom.

Die storie van Afrikaans is die biografie van Afrikaans soos dit op drie kontinente ontwikkel het: in Europa (waar die ontwikkeling van Nederlands as die basisvorm van Afrikaans gedokumenteer en uitgebeeld word), in Afrika (waar die 17de-eeuse Hollandse dialek met verloop van tyd onder eiesoortige omstandighede en onder invloed van verskeie faktore uiteindelik volwaardig Afrikaans geword het) en vanuit Asië (waar die impak van die taal van die slawe die wordende Afrikaans beïnvloed het tot die vorm wat dit wel geword het). Die outeurs gee aan die hand van talle illustrasies ’n nuwe, meer volledige en inklusiewe blik op Afrikaans se ingewikkelde verlede.

In Deel 1 is die Europese verlede van Afrikaans weergegee. In Deel 2 kom die Afrikaverlede van Afrikaans aan bod. Die boek verken paaie wat nog nie voorheen ontgin is nie en dit sal ʼn besliste bydrae tot die debat oor Afrikaans se verlede wees.

For Roy Harris, the fundamental problem about linguistics is that it has been led astray by the fact that we are capable intellectually of 'decontextualising' our own verbal behaviour. A whole interlocking system of doctrines about forms, meanings and communication has arisen designed to support the idea that one particular kind of decontextualising analysis is a prerequisite for, rather than a retrospective reflection on, that behaviour. Against this, in 13 essays collected here for the first time, Harris argues for a fresh start, which recognises that we create language 'as we go', both as individuals and as communities, just as we create our social structures, forms of artistic expression, moral values, and everything else we call civilisation. If Harris's thought can be put in a nutshell, it is that all utterances (whether written or spoken) have to appear in a context, and that context is an integral part of the utterance. There is no such thing as a contextless utterance.

First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The rapid increase of interest in disordered speech and language among linguists over the past decade or so has resulted in many books of practical help to speech pathologists in terms of assessment and remediation. Little, however, has appeared to examine the theoretical implications of the interaction between these two fields. This book aims to fill this gap, by showing how speech pathology can inform linguistic theory and vice versa.

Semiotics offers a systematic approach to analysing the stylistic structure of film. When this study was originally published in 1983 this was a recent addition to the methods of film study and it presents an explanation of film semiotics with direct application to comparative film research. It takes as its representative subject one trilogy of films and applies semiology, with careful textual analysis. The book begins with a basic introduction to semiotics and the ideas of Christian Metz on cinesemiotics. It then presents a syntagmatic analysis of each of the three Dollars films, with an outline of autonomous segments for each and a discussion of the findings before undertaking a wider analysis of the trilogy as a whole with commentary on the stylistic unity of the director's work. This book, an enduring detailed study of these three films, also outlines clearly this method of classifying the formal structuring codes of film communication.

This book provides an introduction to the aims, theories and practices of critical discourse analysis (CDA). It is mainly concerned with the linguistic aspects of CDA. It provides an introduction to the different types of language analysis that are employed in CDA (frequency analysis, coversation, transitivity and reference, and figurative language, for example) and seeks to provide readers with the skills to apply them in different contexts to various types of texts: political speeches, marketing pieces, literary works, advertising, multimedia persuasive texts, discourses on race, gender, and politics.

This simple introduction to the history of the German language seeks to provide students who have some knowledge of modern German, but no knowledge either of its development or of linguistic theories, with a short account of the essential factors - chronological, geographical and linguistic - and their interrelation. The material is arranged in three parts. The first traces the history of the German language from its origins in Indo-European through the pre-documentary Germanic period and the Middle Ages to the present day. In the second part the development of the German vocabulary is described, including word formation, borrowing, and change in meaning; and the book concludes with a section on changes in sounds, grammatical forms, and syntax. Emphasis is placed on the development of the standard literary language in its historical and social context, while such topics as dialects and the relationship of German to other Germanic and European languages are treated very briefly as the need arises. The inclusion of maps, some specimen passages of German its early stages, suggestions for further reading after each chapter, and an extensive classified bibliography also contribute to making this a useful introduction to the subject and a reliable foundation for more advanced work.

The central concern of this book is the analysis of verbal interaction or discourse. This first six chapters report and evaluate major theoretical advances in the description of discourse. The final chapters demonstrate how the findings of discourse analysis can be used to investigate second-language teaching and first-language acquisition and to analyse literary texts.

This book defends in part a particular elaboration of the stylistic rule component of the grammatical model first presented in Chomsky and Lasnik (1977). It is argued that stylistic rules share a number of fundamental properties, most significantly that they characterize noncanonical focusing constructions and that they make no contribution to the logical forms (LFs) of sentences they apply to in particular regard to truth conditional interpretation. The work includes a discussion of Auxiliary Inversion constructions in English, arguing that these constructions also sometimes involve focusing, though not stylistic. An approach to the interpretation of these sentences is suggested, employing a concept of interpretative templates: rules relating S-structure and LF for which some independent evidence is suggested.

Basing his arguments on the developments in theoretical linguistics as well as his own experience in teaching and research, the author proposes a model of learning which could resolve differences which have for centuries divided thinkers in philosophy and linguistics, between extreme and modified views of the way that language and thought interact, one determining the other; and in language teaching between proponents of contending methodologies. He shows that such distinctions as those between language learners and language users, first language learners and foreign language learners are misleading.

There are fewer distinctions in any language than there are distinct things in the universe. If, therefore, languages are ways of representing the universe, a primary function of their elements must be to allow the much more varied kinds of elements out of which the universe is made to be categorized in specific ways. A prototype approach to linguistic categories is a particular way of answering the question of how this categorization operates. It involves two claims. First, that linguistic categorization exploits principles that are not specific to language but characterize most, if not all, processes of cognition. Secondly, that a basic principle by which cognitive and linguistic categories are organized is the prototype principle, which assigns elements to a category not because they exemplify properties that are absolutely required of each one of its members, but because they exhibit, in varying degrees, certain types of similarity with a particular category member which has been established as the best example (or: prototype) of its kind. The development of the prototype approach into a satisfactory body of theory obviously requires both that its empirical base be enriched, and that its conceptual foundations be clarified. These are the areas where this volume, in its 26 essays, makes original contributions. The first two parts contain discussions in which various kinds of linguistic phenomena are analysed in ways that make essential use of prototype notions. The last two parts contain discussions in which prototype notions themselves become the object, rather than the instrument, of analytical scrutiny.

This book explores several topics in Cree morphology, syntax and discourse structure. Cree, an Algonquian language, is non-configurational: the grammatical relations of subject and object are not expressed by word order or other constituent structure relations, as they are in a configurational language like English. Instead, subjects and objects are expressed by means of the inflection on the verb. Cree is typical of non-configurational languages in allowing a great deal of word order variation. This study examines in detail aspects of the Plains Cree dialect, giving a valuable insight into the structure of this endangered language.

The first edition of this major introduction to linguistics rapidly established itself as an important student textbook, and a reference tool for those who already have some acquaintance with linguistics. This second edition has been updated and revised and includes new chapters on syntax and on current developments in generative grammar, as well as new material on the nature of language and on morphology. This book first provides a comprehensive critical review of the analytic tools and theories of linguistics and systematically surveys major concepts in phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Having established the basic nature and structure of language, the final part of the book engages some of the wider issues concerning the use of language in speaking and understanding (psycholinguistics), language development in children, social aspects of language (sociolinguistics), and historical language choice.

The academic discipline of linguistics is at a critical stage of development. Whatever consensus there may have been fifteen or even ten years ago is fast disappearing. A process of redefinition is underway, and it is the aim of this volume to contribute to that process, explain why a redefinition is needed, and how it should proceed. In the case of linguistics the subject is also the subject matter. Many linguists have ignored the problem of definition, simply regarding linguistics as the 'science of language itself'. What, though, is 'language itself'? Is it a language, ie English, Swahili? Or, language in a more general sense? The primary goal of a redefinition of linguistics should be to demonstrate that language is not an objective matter. Linguistics is, and should be, the study of whatever is linguistically pertinent. A linguistics redefined would look at how we interpret and construct our day-to-day communication acts, what views of language are shared by and opposed by societies, and the source and roles that these views play in our living and learning experience. These papers argue the case for such a redefinition more explicitly than has ever been done before in modern linguistic theory. Such a redefined perspective, precisely because it is a perspective, subject to 'outside' influence, and in constant dialogue with the perspective of the other human sciences, must be endlessly redefined.

Dr Keith Allan presents a coherent, consistent and comprehensive account of linguistic meaning, centred around an informally presented theory of meaning. It is intended for graduate and undergraduate students of linguistics, or any linguist curious about what a theory of meaning should seek to accomplish and the way to achieve that aim. The work assumes that the primary task of a theory of linguistic meaning is to describe the meaning of speech acts. This in turn presupposes a theory of semantics and a theory of prosodic meaning, as well as a proper treatment of the co-operative principle, context and background information. These matters are dealt with in detail. The second task of a theory of linguistic meaning is to identify what meaning is, to explain the relationships between sense and denotation, and to explicate the nature of meaningful properties and meaning relations. These matters are fully covered, and the work concludes with a summary of the principle arguments presented.

This book offers a workbook approach to linguistics and provides guidelines for the study of language. It aims to give basic information and to indicate something of the background and development of the more important trends in the subject. Each chapter includes exercises which lead the reader outwards from the information given in the text. A list of suggested further reading and references follows each chapter so that each aspect of the subject may be followed up in greater depth if so desired. The book will be of particular use to first-year university students and to students in polytechnics, technical colleges, colleges of education and further education, and, the authors also hope, to many sixth-formers in secondary schools. It will also be of interest to the general reader who wishes to learn about linguistics.

Computers play a crucial and rapidly evolving role in education, particularly in the area of language learning. Far from being a tool mimicking a textbook or teacher, Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has the power to transform language learning through the pioneering application of innovative research and practices. Technological innovation creates opportunities to revisit old ideas, conduct new research and challenge established beliefs, meaning that the field is constantly undergoing change. This fully revised second edition brings teachers and researchers up-to-date by offering: A comprehensive overview of CALL and current research issues Step-by-step instructions on conducting research projects in CALL Extensive resources in the form of contacts, websites and free software references A glossary of terms related to CALL Closely linked to other branches of study such as autonomy in language learning and computer science, CALL is at the cutting edge of current research directions. This book is essential reading for all teachers and researchers interested in using CALL to make language learning a richer, more productive and more enjoyable task. Ken Beatty has taught at colleges and universities in Canada, Asia and the Middle East. His publications include more than 100 textbooks for learning English as a Second Language, as well as various websites, CD-ROMs and educational videos.

This book addresses the shape of English studies beyond the 'center' by analyzing how the discipline has developed, and by considering how lessons from this analysis relate to the discipline as a whole. The book aims to open a cross-disciplinary conversation about the nature of the English major in both non-Anglophone and Anglophone countries by addressing the tensions between language and literature pedagogy, the relevance of a focus on hyper-canonical Anglophone literature in a world of global Englishes, world literature, and multilingual students, and by reflecting on the necessary contingency and cross-purposes of blended literature and language classrooms. Many of the book's points of discussion arise from the author's experience as an English professor in Japan, where the particularities of English language and literature pedagogy raise significant challenges to Anglo-centric critical and pedagogical assumptions. English Studies Beyond the 'Center': Teaching Literature and the Future of Global English therefore argues that English literature must make a case for itself by understanding its place in a newly configured discipline. Issues discussed in the book include: English language and literature pedagogy in Japan The modes through which EFL and English literary studies converge and diverge Globalized English beyond the Anglo-American perspective English classroom practices, particularly in Japan

The History of English provides an accessible introduction to the changes that English has undergone from its Indo-European beginnings to the present day. The text looks at the major periods in the history of English, and provides for each a socio-historical context, an overview of the relevant major linguistic changes, and also focuses on an area of current research interest, either in sociolinguistics or in literary studies. Exercises and activities that allow the reader to get 'hands-on' with different stages of the language, as well as with the concepts of language change, are also included. By explaining language change with close reference to literary and other textual examples and emphasising the integral link between a language and its society, this text is especially useful for students of literature as well as linguistics.

Noam Chomsky has been described as 'arguably the most important intellectual alive'. His revolutionary work in linguistics has aroused intense scholarly interest, while his trenchant critique of United States foreign policy and his incisive analysis of the role of intellectuals in modern society have made him a prominent public figure. Raphael Salkie's timely book introduces the two parts of Chomsky's work and explores the connections between them. He provides an accessible and up-to-date introduction to Chomsky's linguistics, laying out his basic assumptions and aims - in particular, his consistent drive to make linguistics a science - and looking at a sample of Chomsky's recent work. He examines the implications for other fields such as philosophy and psychology, as well as the main challenges to Chomsky's position. Raphael Salkie also sets out the key themes in Chomsky's political writings and his libertarian socialist views. He contrasts the 'official line' on US foreign policy - the view that the US is a 'well-meaning, blundering giant' - with Chomsky's carefully argued alternative view. By focusing on Chomsky's conception of human nature and human freedom the author draws out the links between the two sides of Chomsky's work, in the belief that both sides raise issues which can profitably be explored. The author also provides a carefully annotated guide to further reading. As an experienced teacher of linguistics with a commitment to political activism, Raphael Salkie is uniquely qualified to present this introduction to one of the seminal thinkers of our time. First published in 1990.

We all recognise how important first impressions are, something often formed by how well we speak and write. Language for Life shows how language can be mastered by children and how what they have learned can be carried throughout their lives. This indispensable guidebook for teachers arms pupils with the mental skill of thinking about language. This in turn helps children learn much more easily from the language around them. This book delivers explicit, step-by-step English language instruction via lessons in syntax, grammar, morphology, etymology and punctuation. Language for Life is a proven programme that is built upon years of experience. Lyn Stone's pragmatic and modern approach is supported by feedback from teachers and pupils alike who have attended her numerous classes and workshops. Language for Life turns important research findings into evidence-based, effective classroom practice. This book helps teachers: learn more about language structure guide the development of skills to write accurately and in increasing volume support the emergence of clear and organised thinking for writing help pupils reach their full potential as readers and writers. Brimming with vital information suitable for both basic and advanced level students, this book is an essential tool for all teachers wishing to give their pupils the best preparation possible to meet the demands of the modern world. Photocopiable worksheets throughout the book put teachers in the position of linguistic expert, guiding pupils through an enriching journey of language discovery and creativity.

An Introduction to Korean Linguistics is a valuable and comprehensive text for those with an interest in Korean linguistics. This book provides an in-depth introduction to the basics of Korean linguistics, and modern linguistic theory, in an accessible style. It features a step-by-step approach designed to lead the reader through the linguistic make-up of the language, from the basics of its sound system and sentence structure to the semantics of modern spoken Korean. Features include: Detailed chapters covering the core areas in the field of linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, morphology and syntax Clear and accessible explanations which effectively demonstrate the intricacies and subtleties of the Korean language Suggested readings for those interested in expanding their knowledge of a specific topic Exercises designed to complement the factual and analytical issues covered in each chapter A comprehensive glossary of central terms and a companion website offering a wealth of additional materials. Korean is an invaluable language for the study of theoretical and comparative linguistics as it provides important examples and counter-examples to key issues, making An Introduction to Korean Linguistics an essential text for students and professional linguists alike.