This book examines the materiality of writing. It adopts a multimodal approach to argue that writing as we know it is only a small part of the myriad gestures we make, practices we engage in, and media we use in the process of trace-making. Taking a broad view of the act of writing, the volume features contributions from both established and up-and-coming scholars from around the world and incorporates a range of methodological and theoretical perspectives, from fields such as linguistics, philosophy, psychology of perception, design, and semiotics. This interdisciplinary framework allows readers to see the relationships between writing and other forms of "trace-making", including architectural drawings, graphic shapes, and commercial logos, and between writing and reading, with a number of illustrations highlighting the visual data used in the forms and studies discussed. The book also looks forward to the future, discussing digital media and new technology and their implications for trace-making. This pioneering volume will be of interest to scholars and researchers in multimodality, literacy, cognitive neuroscience, design theory, discourse analysis, and applied linguistics.

First published in Great Britain in 1935, this Routledge Revival reissues one of the most influential works ever published in the field of linguistics. Leonard Bloomfield's Language is both a masterpiece of textbook writing and a classic of academic scholarship, which examines the fundamentals of language and linguistics in a clear, precise manner. Intended as an introduction to the field of linguistics, for both the general reader and for students of linguistics, this detailed study covers a breadth of topics, ranging from: world languages, phonetic structure and syntax, through to morphology, semantics and dialectics.

In this study, Jennifer Riddle Harding presents a cognitive analysis of three figures of speech that have readily identifiable forms: similes, puns, and counterfactuals. Harding argues that when deployed in literary narrative, these forms have narrative functions-such as the depiction of conscious experiences, allegorical meanings, and alternative plots-uniquely developed by these more visible figures of speech. Metaphors, by contrast, are often "invisible" in the formal structure of a text. With a solid cognitive grounding, Harding's approach emphasizes the relationship between figurative forms and narrative effects. Harding demonstrates the literary functions of previously neglected figures of speech, and the potential for a unified approach to a topic that crosses cognitive disciplines. Her work has implications for the rhetorical approach to figures of speech, for cognitive disciplines, and for the studies of literature, rhetoric, and narrative.

The concern for the fast-disappearing language stocks of the world has arisen particularly in the past decade, as a result of the impact of globalization. This book appears as an answer to a felt need: to catalogue and describe those languages, making up the vast majority of the world's six thousand or more distinct tongues, which are in danger of disappearing within the next few decades.

Endangerment is a complex issue, and the reasons why so many of the world's smaller, less empowered languages are not being passed on to future generations today are discussed in the book's introduction. The introduction is followed by regional sections, each authored by a notable specialist, combining to provide a comprehensive listing of every language which, by the criteria of endangerment set out in the introduction, is likely to disappear within the next few decades. These languages make up ninety per cent of the world's remaining language stocks.

The Encyclopedia therefore provides in a single resource: expert analysis of the current language policy situation in every multilingual country and on every continent, detailed descriptions of little-known languages from all over the world, and clear alphabetical entries, region by region, of all the world's languages currently thought to be in danger of extinction.

The Encyclopedia of the World s Endangered Languages will be a necessary addition to all academic linguistics collections and will be a useful resource for a range of readers with an interest in development studies, cultural heritage and international affairs.

Although the grammatical expression of reciprocal (or 'mutual') situations in the languages of the world has received a surprising amount of attention in recent years, so far no comprehensive study specifically dealing with the historical development and synchronic structure of English reciprocal constructions has been published. This book takes into consideration insights from the three major research projects on reciprocity in the languages of the world as well as the rich literature on more specific aspects of reciprocity. Assuming a usage-based model of grammar, the development of the reciprocal strategies used in present-day English is described, with special attention paid to the periods following Middle English, where today's system began to take shape. The means of expressing reciprocity in today's English (e.g. the expressions each other and one another) are then analyzed as a system of competing constructions, the make-up and distribution of which can be related both to their history and subtle distinctions in meaning and use associated with the different constructions. Quantitative data from corpora of natural language provides evidence for the analyses put forward. Wherever possible, claims on the expression of reciprocity in present-day English are checked against what is known about the grammar of reciprocity in other languages.

Satire, according to Jonathan Swift, is a mirror where beholders generally discover everybody's face but their own. and over twenty-four centuries the mirror of satirical literature has taken on many shapes. Yet certain techniques recur continually, certain themes are timeless, and some targets are perennial. Politics (the mismanagement of men by other men) has always been a target of satire, as has the war between sexes.

The universality of satire as a mode and creative impulse is demonstrated by the cross-cultural development of lampoon and travesty. Its deep roots and variety are shown by the persistence of allegory, fable, aphorism, and other literary subgenres. Hodgart analyzes satire at some of its most exuberant moments in Western literature, from Aristophanes to Brecht. His analysis is supplemented by a selection and discussion of prints and cartoons.

Satire continues to help us make sense of the conventions that seem to have been almost genetically transmitted from their satiric ancestors to our digital contemporaries. This is especially evident in Hodgart's repeated references to satire's predilection for the ephemeral, for camouflaging itself among the everyday, for speaking to the moment, and thus for integrating itself as deeply as possible into society. Brian Connery's new introduction places Hodgart's analysis in its proper place in the development of twentieth-century criticism.

Choosing Success focuses on how good decision-making skills determine success in all aspects of life. From study skills to money management, Choosing Success applies active and service learning techniques as well as the 5C decision-making model to prepare students for success.By incorporating a decision-making focus into every chapter, Choosing Success emphasizes accountability and conveys to students how important they are in their own success. Students do not merely become successful, but rather they choose to be successful. Choice starts with the decision to acquire a secondary education, and from then on everything students do is based on their decision-making skills. The more they practice good decision making, the more control they have over their successes and failures. Choosing Success is unique in that it provides students with a process for decision making as well as numerous opportunities to think through the choices and decisions they face as a college student-and beyond.

Drawing on more than three hundred Hebrew roots, the author shows that Jewish thought employs Hebrew concepts and categories that are altogether distinct from those that characterize the Western speculative tradition. Among the key categories that shape Jewish thought are holiness, divinity, humanity, prayer, responsibility, exile, dwelling, gratitude, and language itself.
While the Hebrew language is central to the investigation, the reader need not have a knowledge of Hebrew in order to follow it. Essential reading for students and scholars of Judaism, this book will also be of value to anyone interested in the categories of thinking that form humanity's ultimate concerns.

The Celtic Languages describes in depth all the Celtic languages from historical, structural and sociolinguistic perspectives with individual chapters on Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Breton and Cornish.

This second edition has been thoroughly revised to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the modern Celtic languages and their current sociolinguistic status along with complete descriptions of the historical languages.

This comprehensive volume is arranged in four parts. The first part offers a description of the typological aspects of the Celtic languages followed by a scene setting historical account of the emergence of these languages. Chapters devoted to Continental Celtic, Old and Middle Irish, and Old and Middle Welsh follow. Parts two and three are devoted to linguistic descriptions of the contemporary languages. Part two has chapters on Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx, while Part three covers Welsh, Breton and Cornish. Part four is devoted to the sociolinguistic situation of the four contemporary Celtic languages and a final chapter describes the status of the two revived languages Cornish and Manx.

With contributions from a variety of scholars of the highest reputation, The Celtic Languages continues to be an invaluable tool for both students and teachers of linguistics, especially those with an interest in typology, language universals and the unique sociolinguistic position which the Celtic languages occupy.

Dr Martin J. Ball is Hawthorne-BoRSF Endowed Professor, and Director of the Hawthorne Research Center, at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Dr Ball has over 120 academic publications. Among his books are The Use of Welsh, Mutation in Welsh, and Welsh Phonetics.

Dr Nicole Muller is Hawthorne-BoRSF Endowed Professor at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Among her books are Mutation in Welsh, and Agents in Early Irish and Early Welsh.

Applied Linguistics Methods: A Reader presents the student with three contemporary approaches for investigating text, practices and contexts in which language-related problems are implicated. Divided into three parts, the reader focuses in turn on the different approaches, showing how each is relevant to addressing real world problems, including those relating to contemporary educational practices.

Part One introduces the reader to Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as an approach particularly well suited to the description of language and language-related problems in social contexts.

Part Two examines Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a means of uncovering the relationships between language use, power and ideology.

Part Three presents Ethnography (and linguistic ethnography) as a methodology for observing the use and significance of language in real-life events as they unfold.

The editors general introduction introduces the student to the tools of SFL, CDA and ethnography and explains how the three approaches each offer distinct as well as, in some cases, complementary perspectives on language in use. Each part is made up of one classic theoretical reading, one cutting-edge theoretical reading, and three problem-oriented readings and includes an introduction, which provides synopses of the individual readings making the book highly usable on courses.

Applied Linguistics Methods: A Reader is key reading for advanced level undergraduates and postgraduates on Applied Linguistics, English Language, and TESOL/TEFL courses.

This book explores speakers' intentions, and the structural and pragmatic resources they employ, in spoken Arabic - which is different in many essential respects from literary Arabic. Based on new empirical findings from across the Arabic world this book elucidates the many ways in which context and the goals and intentions of the speaker inform and constrain linguistic structure in spoken Arabic.

This is the first book to provide an in-depth analysis of information structure in spoken Arabic, which is based on language as it is actually used, not on normatively-given grammar. Written by leading experts in Arabic linguistics, the studies evaluate the ways in which relevant parts of a message in spoken Arabic are encoded, highlighted or obscured. It covers a broad range of issues from across the Arabic-speaking world, including the discourse-sensitive properties of word order variation, the use of intonation for information focussing, the differential role of native Arabic and second languages to encode information in a codeswitching context, and the need for cultural contextualization to understand the role of "disinformation" structure.

The studies combine a strong empirical basis with methodological and theoretical issues drawn from a number of different perspectives including pragmatic theory, language contact, instrumental prosodic analysis and (de-)grammaticalization theory. The introductory chapter embeds the project within the deeper Arabic grammatical tradition, as elaborated by the eleventh century grammarian Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani. This book provides an invaluable comprehensive introduction to an important, yet understudied, component of spoken Arabic.

Abraham and Sarah were presented with a paradox when God told them they would have a son in their old age. Paradox in the Old Testament plays an important part in the dialogue between God and the Jews. In the New Testament, paradox is prominent in Jesus' teaching and helps to explain the Christian understanding of salvation. Today paradox arises when religious meaning of traditional culture con icts with secular meaning of modern culture. Heddendorf argues that a subversive quality in humour gradually replaces traditional values with new cultural meanings. The resulting humour becomes a substitute for faith. As this secular humour becomes functional for society, it nds its way into many areas of the culture. This process of secularisation in humour moves from faith to fun and, nally, to fun as faith. The result of this secularisation could be called a fun culture'. Redemption of this culture, Heddendorf asserts, should be a continuing concern of the church. "From the Genesis account of God telling Abraham and Sarah they would have a son in old age to twenty-first century jokes about priests and rabbis, sacred and profane have been juxtaposed in jarring messages about the paradoxes of human life. Heddendorf has done a masterful job of tracing the changing meanings of this complex cultural lineage. This book offers a rich, thoughtful, and rewarding investigation." - Robert Wuthnow, author of 'America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity' Russell Heddendorf is on the faculty of the Oxford Graduate School in Dayton, Tennessee, and is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at Covenant College in Lookout Mountain, Georgia. He founded the Association of Christians Teaching Sociology, and is a former president of the American Scienti c Af liation. Heddendorf has published extensively on the interface of sociology and Christianity.

The frequency with which particular words are used in a text can tell us something meaningful both about that text and also about its author because their choice of words is seldom random. Focusing on the most frequent lexical items of a number of generated word frequency lists can help us to determine whether all the texts are written by the same author. Alternatively, they might wish to determine whether the most frequent words of a given text (captured by its word frequency list) are suggestive of potentially meaningful patterns that could have been overlooked had the text been read manually. This edited collection brings together cutting-edge research written by leading experts in the field on the construction of word-lists for the analysis of both frequency and keyword usage. Taken together, these papers provide a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the most exciting research being conducted in this subject.

Understanding Digital Literacies Second Edition provides an accessible and timely introduction to new media literacies. This book equips students with the theoretical and analytical tools with which to explore the linguistic dimensions and social impact of a range of digital literacy practices. Each chapter in the volume covers a different topic, presenting an overview of the major concepts, issues, problems, and debates surrounding it, while also encouraging students to reflect on and critically evaluate their own language and communication practices. Features of the second edition include: * expanded coverage of a diverse range of digital media practices that now includes Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok, Tinder, and WhatsApp; * two entirely new chapters on mobility and materiality, and surveillance and privacy; * updated activities in each chapter which engage students in reflecting on and analysing their own media use; * e-resources featuring a glossary of key terms and supplementary material for each chapter, including additional activities and links to useful websites, articles, and videos. This book is an essential textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying courses in new media and digital literacies.

This volume explores "performative linguistic space", namely a space which ushers or hinders linguistic practices. Space is made productive as a result of individuals who bring linguistic politics from diverse spaces into new ones. By moving away from the notions of discrete units of language and linguistic communities associated with a specific space, this volume suggests a fluid productive aspect of space. It goes beyond the assumed space-linguistic community association through ethnographic accounts that mediate linguistic anthropology, cultural geography, sociolinguistics, and deaf studies.

The Routledge Companion to Translation Studies brings together clear, detailed essays from leading international scholars on major areas in Translation Studies today.

This accessible and authoritative guide offers fresh perspectives on linguistics, context, culture, politics and ethics and contains a range of contributions on emerging areas such as cognitive theories, technology, interpreting and audiovisual translation.

Supported by an extensive glossary of key concepts and a substantial bibliography, this Companion is an essential resource for undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers and professionals working in this exciting field of study.

Jeremy Munday is Senior Lecturer in Spanish and Translation Studies at the University of Leeds. He is the author of Introducing Translation Studies, Translation: An Advanced Resource Book (with Basil Hatim) and Style and Ideology in Translation, all published by Routledge.

"An excellent all-round guide to translation studies taking in the more traditional genres and those on the cutting edge. All the contributors are known experts in their chosen areas and this gives the volume the air of authority required when dealing with a subject that is being increasingly studied in higher education institutions all over the world"

- Christopher Taylor, University of Trieste, Italy

The Routledge Companion to Translation Studies brings together clear, detailed essays from leading international scholars on major areas in Translation Studies today. This accessible and authoritative guide offers fresh perspectives on linguistics, context, culture, politics and ethics and contains a range of contributions on emerging areas such as cognitive theories, technology, interpreting and audiovisual translation. Supported by an extensive glossary of key concepts and a substantial bibliography, this Companion is an essential resource for undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers and professionals working in this exciting field of study. Jeremy Munday is Senior Lecturer in Spanish and Translation Studies at the University of Leeds. He is the author of Introducing Translation Studies, Translation: An Advanced Resource Book (with Basil Hatim) and Style and Ideology in Translation, all published by Routledge. "An excellent all-round guide to translation studies taking in the more traditional genres and those on the cutting edge. All the contributors are known experts in their chosen areas and this gives the volume the air of authority required when dealing with a subject that is being increasingly studied in higher education institutions all over the world" - Christopher Taylor, University of Trieste, Italy

In this comprehensive and pioneering volume, language scholars from around the world examine the linguistic landscape from multiple perspectives - theoretical, methodological, and critical. Written by widely recognized experts, the articles in Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery analyze linguistic landscapes in a range of international contexts. Dozens of photographs illustrate the use of language in the environment - the words and images displayed and exposed in public spaces. Suitable for graduate or advanced undergraduate students in applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, and language policy studies, Linguistic Landscape is a vital contribution to a burgeoning field.

An amusing, informative, controversial and utterly irreverent history of the world's favourite word. F, U, C and K - four letters that can cause outrage, scandal, embarrassment or instant relief if you hit your thumb with a hammer. In this wide-ranging and frequently hilarious history of the F-word, Rufus Lodge searches out the origins of our language's most popular obscenity, and chronicles its dramatic arrival in our everyday lives. As he discovers, the F-word can be heard among aristocrats and astronauts, rock stars and royals, poets and politicians, even in the company of Father Ted and Basil Brush. No-one is safe from the F-word's outrageous progress, as innocent animals, fragrant mothers and squeaky-clean TV hosts are dragged into the fray. The cast of characters includes Shakespeare, the Beatles, Andy Murray, T.S. Eliot, Elton, Camilla and everyone unfortunate enough to live in an Austrian town with a very embarrassing name. F*** is a cavalcade of priceless anecdotes, historical research, filthy jokes and definitions too devious for any decent dictionary - guaranteed to make you laugh, and broaden your vocabulary*. * The publisher takes no responsibility for any embarrassment caused when readers drop the F-bomb after reading this book.

Originally published between 1920-70, The History of Civilization was a landmark in early twentieth century publishing. It was published at a formative time within the social sciences, and during a period of decisive historical discovery. The aim of the general editor, C.K. Ogden, was to summarize the most up to date findings and theories of historians, anthropologists, archaeologists and sociologists. This reprinted material is available as a set or in the following groupings:
* Prehistory and Historical Ethnography
Set of 12: 0-415-15611-4: 800.00
* Greek Civilization
Set of 7: 0-415-15612-2: 450.00
* Roman Civilization
Set of 6: 0-415-15613-0: 400.00
* Eastern Civilizations
Set of 10: 0-415-15614-9: 650.00
* Judaeo-Christian Civilization
Set of 4: 0-415-15615-7: 250.00
* European Civilization
Set of 11: 0-415-15616-5: 700.00

Originally published in 1900. This volume is a compilation of the Jatki or Western Punjabi language. The compiler has worked entirely in the South of the Punjab, and the work does not pretend to be more than a contribution to a very widely spokn and full language. No one man could hope to complete a dictionary of dialects spread over so wide an area.

With the crisis of leadership in the western democracies, there has been a growth of interest in how leaders outside of the west emerge and consolidate their positions. This book analyses the communication strategies of six charismatic non-western leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Fidel Castro, Ayatollah Khomeini, Mohammed Mahathir and Lee Kuan Yew. The book addresses the following questions in order to arrive at a better understanding of communication and leadership: How do leaders communicate? Do leaders communicate more by words, or actions? Do leaders have unique communication strategies? Are leaders moral beings, or impostors? The book describes how each of these leaders designed a unique style that integrated verbal and non-verbal modes of communication. It argues that leadership style is performed through the cumulative interaction of non-verbal modes - dress, body language, physical possessions, symbols and symbolic actions - with verbal strategies for communicating visions, values and legitimacy. In order to understand how each of these leaders undertakes a dramatic 'performance' of leadership, Jonathan Charteris-Black uses Erving Goffman's notion of 'Front'. Noting the inherent similarities between the mutual dependency of actors with audiences and leaders with followers, the book suggests that leaders - like actors - use metaphors and symbols to satisfy followers' psychological and symbolic needs and that leadership is communicated through impression management, metaphor and media choices. A fascinating and well executed study, this book will interest students and academics working on leadership, applied linguistics, communication studies and politics.

"Language and Human Nature" exposes a century's worth of flawed thinking about language, exhibits some of the dangers it presents, and suggests a path to recovery. It begins by examining the causes of changes in the English vocabulary. These sometimes take the form of new words, but more often that of new senses for old words. In the course of this examination, Halpern discusses a wide variety of verbal solecisms, vulgarisms, and infelicities generally. His objective is not to deplore such things, but to expose the reasons for their existence, the human traits that generate them.

A large part of this book is devoted to contesting the claims of academic linguists to be the only experts in the study of language change. Language is too central to civilized life to be so deeply misunderstood without causing a multitude of troubles throughout our culture. We are currently experiencing such troubles, a number of which are examined here. The exposure of linguists' misunderstandings is not an end in itself, but a necessary first step in recovery from the confusion we are now enmeshed in.

The picture of the relationship between words and thoughts that is part of the attempt to deal with language "scientifically" is partly responsible for dangerous cultural developments. The attempt by linguists to treat their subject scientifically makes them view meaning as an irritating complication to be ignored if possible. It turns them into formalists who try to understand language by studying its physical representations, with a resort to semantics only when unavoidable. With words practically stripped of their role as bearers of meaning, it becomes easy to see them as unimportant. Halpern's book is a serious critique of such oversimplified theorizing.

"Mark Halpern" is a freelance editor and writer. He holds degrees in English Language and Literature from the City College of New York and Columbia University. His writings have appeared in "The Vocabula Review," "The Atlantic Monthly," "The American Scholar," and "The New Atlantis." He is the author of" Binding Time," a book about computer programming.