Natural heating and cooling of buildings helps to improve energy efficiency in the built environment. This book considers the principles of roof design and specific systems and cooling techniques. The authors explain the fundamental principles of roof cooling and describe in detail the relevant components, applications, built precedents, recent experimental work and key design considerations. Specific systems and techniques are examined, including the main advantages and disadvantages of each strategy.Environmental functions are considered in terms of protective strategies and selective strategies. Protective strategies include solar control, thermal insulation, heat storage and thermal inertia. Selective strategies include radiative, evaporative and convective cooling and planting of roofs. Traditional and current roof construction practices are described, exemplified by case studies from across Europe. Including downloadable resources with software that enables readers to evaluate their own designs, this book will be invaluable for architects and engineers who wish to create buildings that are more energy-efficient.

This guide to the fundamentals of stage lighting includes a series of projects to allow experimentation, discussion and analysis. The necessary equipment is described in relation to its purpose, along with checklists and hints for practical use.
The practical handling of light, with observation of the relationship of cause to effect, is central to the study of stage lighting. Rehearsal pressures usually restrict the time available for experimenting with lighting for a performance, but laboratory-style projects can be used to enable specific lighting problems to be solved.
The core of this book is a series of 'discovery' projects using minimal resources, to explore the use of light in the theatre, with particular emphasis on the interaction of conflicting visual aims. The projects cover all the major scenarios likely to be encountered by lighting students and have been tried and tested by the author, who has taught lighting students all over the world for over 30 years.
The book has been updated to include more on safety and the latest technology including:
- fixed instruments using the new lower wattage high efficiency lamps in combination with dichronic reflectors
- an increase in the availability, reliability, range and usage of 'moving light' technology based on remotely controlled instruments.
New lighting projects have also been added.
If you are studying the art and craft of stage lighting this book is an excellent working manual that will provide you with the technical knowledge and skill to cope with a range of lighting situations.
*Includes a series of projects to allow experimentation, discussion and analysis
*Provides checklists and hints forpractical use
*Now fully updated to include the latest technology

The industrial hygienist is actively involved with the engineering community, particularly where the subject of industrial ventilation is concerned. While engineers concentrate on methods and techniques necessary to ensure maximum efficiency of a given system, the industrial hygienist concentrates on human health.
Ventilation is one of the most widely used methods of controlling environmental eontaminates, and for this reason, industrial hygienists must have specific knowledge of the design of equipment and the principles which it operates.
This informative text, written in easily understood language, will allow those without a mechanical engineering background to understand air calculation and ventilation problems. Industrial Hygiene Ventilation provides the industrial hygienist with a handy reference containing the equations, constants, conversions, and formulae that they will encounter in their day to day duties.

This work seeks to introduce the reader to the principles of managing and conserving energy consumption in a variety of buildings occupied by people going about their daily work or leisure. It considers energy consumption in the provision of space heating, hot water supply ventilation and air conditioning and it discusses the use and application of Degree Days and the determination of heat gains within the building. The volume introduces the use of performance indicators, consumption yardsticks and carbon dioxide emission yardsticks. Following an introduction to the preparation of the energy audit, monitoring and targeting techniques are investigated and analyzed. The reader is not expected to have prior knowledge of the design of building services. Each chapter of the book is set out with the nomenclature used, an introduction, worked examples and case studies and data and text appropriate to the topic; it concludes with a chapter closure which identifies the skills and competences acquired.

This practical book covers all of the fundamentals for obtaining air quality permits for new sources of air pollutant emissions and Title V operating permits for operating sources. Written for facility environmental managers, consultants, and air quality regulatory staff, Air Quality Permitting provides a thorough discussion on the strategies of successfully permitting a facility.

This volume examines the current major issues in research design for arts teachers. It aims to answer two key questions: how do researchers design their studies? What research methods are appropriate for specific investigative questions?

Overview: The Various Passive Cooling Systems and Their Applicability to Different Climates and Building Types.

Minimizing Cooling Needs by Building Design.

Ventilative Cooling.

Radiant Cooling.

Evaporative Cooling Systems.

The Earth as a Cooling Source for Buildings.

Cooling of Attached Outdoor Spaces.

Index.

The Indoor Air Temperature Standards conference brought people together from 14 countries to discuss new approaches to the setting of standards in thermal comfort that are appropriate for all climates cultures. Currently accepted international standards tend to be inappropriate for many regions of the world. Designers are being pushed to use increasingly highly serviced buildings to achieve these standards to the detriment of local and global environments.

This book presents the comprehensive results of experimental and numerical investigations of glass facade breakage behavior under fire conditions. First of all, full-scale frame and point-supported glass facades, incorporating single, double and coated glazing, were tested under pool fire conductions. The results determined the effects of different glass frames, types of glass, and thermal shocks on breakage behavior. Small-scale tests, using the Material Testing System (MTS) 810, Netzsch Dilatometer and FE-SEM, were also performed at different temperatures to determine the basic mechanical properties of glazing. In addition, a three-dimensional dynamic model was developed to predict stress distribution, crack initiation and propagation, and has since been employed to identify the breakage mechanisms of different types of glass facade. The numerical results showed very good agreement with the experimental results and verified the model's ability to accurately predict breakage. Lastly, a theoretical model based on incident heat flux was developed to predict the breakage time and heat transfer in glazing, which served to reveal the nature of interactions between fire and glass.

Hailed instantly as the definitive field reference, the first edition of Metallurgical Failures in Fossil Fired Boilers provided a comprehensive catalog of the types of metallurgical failures common to boilers. Using actual case histories of boiler shutdowns, the book documented, as no existing text did, the full range of causes of boiler tube failure - providing a blueprint for cutting maintenance costs and upgrading the efficiency and reliability of any power plant operation. Reflecting the heightened focus throughout the industry on boiler-tube failure analysis, this expanded Second Edition sheds light on the latest innovative insights and solutions highlighting the field. The new edition now features material on fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and stress calculations, essential requirements of boiler design. For added relevance, this edition includes important information on making material-condition and end-of-life assessments for plant equipment being used beyond its original design expectations. Also included is up-to-date information on the higher temperature ranges now experienced by boilers. An expanded listing of boiler equipment as well as new case studies examining an even wider, more current range of problems makes the book more useful than ever. Yet, the Second Edition retains the structure and practical tone of its successful forerunner. Readers will again find detailed and expert analysis of the full range of metallurgical failures common to boilers - from corrosion, high-temperature related phenomena, welding problems, fabrication defects, to changes in microstructure, oxidation, exfoliation, decarburization, and more. Specific real-world examples of each of the causesof failure are provided, along with full operating details of the particular unit at the time of rupture. In addition, the fundamentals of elementary metallurgy are clearly presented, enabling even non metallurgists to fully grasp the analyses of the examples given. Not only is the significance of metallurgy in boiler design made clear, the new updated edition also illustrates the key mechanical engineering aspects of the design process as well. Underscoring, with practical specifics, the importance of preventative design techniques, the Second Edition is an incomparable handbook to building more failure-resistant boiler and heat-transfer equipment. Basic to the maintenance and success of any power plant operation in the 1990s, Metallurgical Failures in Fossil Fired Boilers, Second Edition is destined to become the undisputed staple of the professional's library or drafting board.

Heat Conversion Systems develops the underlying concepts of advanced Rankine-based absorption and compression cycles and introduces the Building Block Approach as a general concept. The Building Block Approach identifies all cycle configurations for a given application to ensure that system designers have available all important alternatives. The book features numerous examples of advanced cycles and includes single- and multi-stage absorption heat pumps and heat transformers and combined systems. The book also discusses single- and multi-stage vapor compression systems with multiple solution circuits, multiple compressors, and cascades. Aspects of working fluid selection and their influence on cycle options, performance evaluation, and estimating procedures for the Coefficient of Performance (COP) are addressed. Cycle analysis based on the Second Laws of Thermodynamics is examined.
Heat Conversion Systems will be an important source for engineers in air-conditioning, heat pumping, refrigeration, and waste heat utilization. It can be used as text in courses on thermodynamics, efficient use of energy, and environmental protection.

The fundamental function of buildings is to provide safe and healthy shelter. For the fortunate they also provide comfort and delight. In the twentieth century comfort became a 'product' produced by machines and run on cheap energy. In a world where fossil fuels are becoming ever scarcer and more expensive, and the climate more extreme, the challenge of designing comfortable buildings today requires a new approach. This timely book is the first in a trilogy from leaders in the field which will provide just that. It explains, in a clear and comprehensible manner, how we stay comfortable by using our bodies, minds, buildings and their systems to adapt to indoor and outdoor conditions which change with the weather and the climate. The book is in two sections. The first introduces the principles on which the theory of adaptive thermal comfort is based. The second explains how to use field studies to measure thermal comfort in practice and to analyze the data gathered. Architects have gradually passed responsibility for building performance to service engineers who are largely trained to see comfort as the product , designed using simplistic comfort models. The result has contributed to a shift to buildings that use ever more energy. A growing international consensus now calls for low-energy buildings. This means designers must first produce robust, passive structures that provide occupants with many opportunities to make changes to suit their environmental needs. Ventilation using free, natural energy should be preferred and mechanical conditioning only used when the climate demands it. This book outlines the theory of adaptive thermal comfort that is essential to understand and inform such building designs. This book should be required reading for all students, teachers and practitioners of architecture, building engineering and management for all who have a role in producing, and occupying, twenty-first century adaptive, low-car

How to Light a historic interior appropriately—or create a realistic period look—can be a perplexing problem. Few people want to return to the days when light came mainly from candles, kerosene, gas or available sunlight. But acceptable ways of re-creating old lighting do exist, and Lighting for Historic Buildings shows how to find them. This invaluable guide provides both a history of lighting in America and a catalog of 481 suitable reproductions available today. Noted historian Roger Moss shows how interiors from the 1620s to the 1930s can be well lighted yet still maintain their character. Reproductions are organized by lighting source (candles, burning fluids, kerosene, gas and electricity) and fixture type (chandeliers, wall brackets and hall lights). Also included are chapters on street lighting and specialty items, a glossary and a reading list.

Tall buildings are not the only solution for achieving sustainability through increased density in cities but, given the scale of current population shifts, the vertical city is increasingly being seen as the most viable solution for many urban centers. However, the full implications of concentrating more people on smaller plots of land by building vertically - whether for work, residential or leisure functions - needs to be better researched and understood. It is generally accepted that we need to reduce the energy equation in both operating and embodied terms of every component and system in the building as an essential element in making it more sustainable. Mechanical HVAC systems (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning) in tall office buildings typically account for 30-40 percent of overall building energy consumption. The increased efficiency (or possibly even elimination) of these mechanical systems through the provision of natural ventilation could thus be argued to be the most important single step we could make in making tall buildings more sustainable. This guide sets out recommendations for every phase of the planning, construction and operation of natural ventilation systems in these buildings, including local climatic factors that need to be taken into account, how to plan for seasonal variations in weather, and the risks in adopting different implementation strategies. All of the recommendations are based on analysis of the research findings from richly-illustrated international case studies. Tried and tested solutions to real-life problems make this an essential guide for anyone working on the design and operation of tall buildings anywhere in the world. This is the first technical guide from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat s Tall Buildings and Sustainability Working Group looking in depth at a key element in the creation of tall buildings with a much-reduced environme

In this book academics and practitioners from a wide range of disciplines provide a survey of research into buildings, epidemiology and medical issues, followed by an assessment of the tools available to the practitioner. The book goes on to provide clear guidance on putting theory into practice.This will be a powerful reference source and a compelling read for a wide range of built environment and health professionals from surveyors to environmental health officers.

Passive House Details introduces the concepts, principles, and design processes of building ultralow-energy buildings. The objective of this book is to provide design goals, research, analysis, systems, details, and inspiring images of some of the most energy-efficient, carbon-neutral, healthy, and satisfying buildings currently built in the region. Other topics included: heat transfer, moisture management, performance targets, and climatic zones. Illustrated with more than 375 color images, the book is a visual catalog of construction details, materials, and systems drawn from projects contributed from forty firms. Fourteen in-depth case studies demonstrate the most energy-efficient systems for foundations, walls, floors, roofs, windows, doors, and more.

Passive House Details introduces the concepts, principles, and design processes of building ultralow-energy buildings. The objective of this book is to provide design goals, research, analysis, systems, details, and inspiring images of some of the most energy-efficient, carbon-neutral, healthy, and satisfying buildings currently built in the region. Other topics included: heat transfer, moisture management, performance targets, and climatic zones. Illustrated with more than 375 color images, the book is a visual catalog of construction details, materials, and systems drawn from projects contributed from forty firms. Fourteen in-depth case studies demonstrate the most energy-efficient systems for foundations, walls, floors, roofs, windows, doors, and more.

Completely revised and updated, this Second Edition of the critically acclaimed referenceprovides the very latest theoretical and practical data on filtration of gases and liquids.Filtration: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded features severalall-new chapters which detail filtration in the mineral industry, high-efficiency air filtration,cartridge filters, and ultrafiltration.The most authoritative and comprehensive guide to essential, state-of-the-art data, Filtration:Principles and Practices, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded is an indispensable referencefor industrial process and chemical engineers and scientists engaged in research, development,and production in the chemical, mineral, food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. Itis also a valuable reference for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in chemicalengineering courses in unit operations.

This new edition of A Guide to Energy Management in Buildings begins by asking why we need to control energy use in buildings and proceeds to discuss how the energy consumption of a building can be assessed or estimated through an energy audit. It then details a range of interventions to reduce energy use and outlines methods of assessing the cost-effectiveness of such measures. Topics covered include: where and how energy is used in buildings energy audits measuring and monitoring energy use techniques for reducing energy use in buildings legislative issues. And new in this edition: the cooling of buildings fuel costs and smart metering and education and professional recognition. It provides a template for instigating the energy-management process within an organization, as well as guidance on management issues such as employee motivation, and gives practical details on how to carry the process through. This book should appeal to building and facilities managers and also to students of energy management modules in FE and HE courses.

A unique and revolutionary text which explains the principles behind the LT Method (2.1), a manual design tool developed in Cambridge by the BRE. The LT Method is a unique way of estimating the combined energy usage of lighting, heating, cooling and ventilation systems, to enable the designer to make comparisons between options at an early, strategic stage. In addition,Energy and Environment in Architecture the book deals with other environmental issues such as noise, thermal comfort and natural ventilation design. A variety of case studies provide a critique of real buildings and highlight good practice. These topics include thermal comfort, noise and natural ventilation.

Ensuring optimum ventilation performance is a vital part of building design. Prepared by recognized experts from Europe and the US, and published in association with the International Energy Agency's Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC), this authoritative work provides organized, classified and evaluated information on advances in the key areas of building ventilation, relevant to all building types. Complexities in airflow behaviour, climatic influences, occupancy patterns and pollutant emission characteristics make selecting the most appropriate ventilation strategy especially difficult. Recognizing such complexities, the editors bring together expertise on each key issue. From components to computer tools, this book offers detailed coverage on design, analysis and performance, and is an important and comprehensive publication in this field. Building Ventilation will be an invaluable reference for professionals in the building services industry, architects, researchers (including postgraduate students) studying building service engineering and HVAC, and anyone with a role in energy-efficient building design.

By reading this book, you will develop the skills to perceive a space and its contents "in light," and be able to devise a layout of luminaires that will provide that lit appearance.

Written by renowned lighting expert Christopher (Kit) Cuttle, the book:

• explains the difference between vision and perception, which is the distinction between providing lighting to make things visible, and providing it to influence the appearance of everything that is visible;
• demonstrates how lighting patterns generated by three-dimensional objects interacting with directional lighting are strongly influential upon how the visual perception process enables us to recognize object attributes, such as lightness, colourfulness, texture and gloss;
• reveals how a designer who understands the role of these lighting patterns in the perceptual process may employ them either to reveal, or to subdue, or to enhance the appearance of selected object attributes by creating appropriate spatial distributions of light;
• carefully explains calculational techniques and provides easy-to-use spreadsheets, so that layouts of lamps and luminaires are derived that can be relied upon to achieve the required illumination distributions.

Practical lighting design involves devising three-dimensional light fields that create luminous hierarchies related to the visual significance of each element within a scene. By providing you with everything you need to develop a design concept - from the understanding of how lighting influences human perceptions of surroundings, through to engineering efficient and effective lighting solutions Kit Cuttle instills in his readers a new-found confidence in lighting design. "

There has been widespread dissatisfaction with accepted models for predicting the conditions that people will find thermally comfortable in buildings. These models require knowledge about clothing and activity, but can give little guidance on how to quantify them in any future situation. This has forced designers to make assumptions about people's future behaviour based on very little information and, as a result, encouraged static design indoor temperatures. This book is the second in a three volume set covering all aspects of Adaptive Thermal Comfort. The first part narrates the development of the adaptive approach to thermal comfort from its early beginnings in the 1960s. It discusses recent work in the field and suggests ways in which it can be developed and modelled. Such models can be used to set dynamic, interactive standards for thermal comfort which will help overcome the problems inherited from the past. The second part of the volume engages with the practical and theoretical problems encountered in field studies and in their statistical analysis, providing guidance towards their resolution, so that valid conclusions may be drawn from such studies.

For over 70 years, Faber & Kell's has been the definitive reference text in its field. It provides an understanding of the principles of heating and air-conditioning of buildings in a concise manner, illustrating practical information with simple, easy-to-use diagrams, now in full-colour. This new-look 11th edition has been re-organised for ease of use and includes fully updated chapters on sustainability and renewable energy sources, as well as information on the new Building Regulations Parts F and L. As well as extensive updates to regulations and codes, it now includes an introduction that explains the role of the building services engineer in the construction process. Its coverage of design calculations, advice on using the latest technologies, building management systems, operation and maintenance makes this an essential reference for all building services professionals.

Cooling buildings is a major global energy consumer and the energy requirement is growing year by year. This guide to solar cooling technology explains all you need to know about how solar energy can be converted into cooling energy. It outlines the difference between heat-driven and photovoltaic-driven systems and gives examples of both, making clear in what situations solar cooling technology makes sense. It includes chapters on:

solar thermal collectors

solar cooling technologies

cold distribution

storage components

designing and sizing

installation, operation and maintenance

economic feasibility

potential markets

case studies.

Solar Cooling is for engineers, architects, consultancies, solar thermal technology companies, students and anyone who is interested in getting involved with this technology."