The use of refrigeration, either directly or as part of an air-conditioning system, is essential to almost every branch of industry.

There is a need for practitioners to familiarise themselves with the general principles and methods of refrigeration and air conditioning, and the types of plant and operation currently in use.
This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration and air-conditioning for the uninitiated student and a general overview of the industry for the practitioner. The fundamentals of the subject are introduced without involving the reader too deeply in theory and the content is presented in a logical order.
This fully revised and updated third edition has a new chapter on Refrigerants that deals with the many changes in this area over the last 10 years, including the phase out of CFC and HCFC refrigerants in line with Ozone depletion and Global Warming. New, replacement refrigerants are described, together with Codes of Practice introduced for maintenance and servicing of refrigeration plants. The increased use of Ammonia and Propane are included, with the relevant Health and Safety aspects, and the move towards Absorption refrigeration equipment as more environmentally friendly.
This new edition of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning is a valuable reference source for practising engineers and essential reading for students.

Written by a team of experts, Advances in Flowmeter Technology surveys the full range of modern flowmeters for product managers, strategic planners, engineers, distributors, and students. The origins, principles of operation,controls and instrumentation, and the relative advantages of each major flowmeter type are thoroughly explained. Extensive coverage of new types that employ cutting-edge technologies - such as coriolis, magnetic, ultrasonic, vortex, thermal flowmeters - is provided. The text includes comparative examples, placing these new types of meters in the context of more traditional ones, such as differential pressure, turbine, and positive displacement flowmeters.

This Approved Document provides guidance on how to comply with Part F to Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations covering ventilation and applies to dwellings only, and takes effect on 15 June 2022. It does not apply to work subject to a building notice, full plans application or initial notice submitted before that date, provided the work is started on site before 15 June 2023. ADF1: Dwellings (2021 edition) contains the following sections: Ventilation provision Minimising the ingress of external pollutants Work on existing dwellings Commissioning and providing information Key terms Performance-based ventilation Completion checklist and commissioning sheet Checklist for ventilation provision in existing dwellings The guidance in this Approved Document only relates to England and applies to dwellings only. In a mixed-use building, Approved Document F, Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings should be consulted for building work in parts of the building that are not dwellings.

Reliability and Failure Analysis of High-Power LED Packaging provides fundamental understanding of the reliability and failure analysis of materials for high-power LED packaging, with the ultimate goal of enabling new packaging materials. This book describes the limitations of the present reliability standards in determining the lifetime of high-power LEDs due to the lack of deep understanding of the packaging materials and their interaction with each other. Many new failure mechanisms are investigated and presented with consideration of the different stresses imposed by varying environmental conditions. The detailed failure mechanisms are unique to this book and will provide insights for readers regarding the possible failure mechanisms in high-power LEDs. The authors also show the importance of simulation in understanding the hidden failure mechanisms in LEDs. Along with simulation, the use of various destructive and non-destructive tools such as C-SAM, SEM, FTIR, Optical Microscopy, etc. in investigation of the causes of LED failures are reviewed. The advancement of LEDs in the last two decades has opened vast new applications for LEDs which also has led to harsher stress conditions for high-power LEDs. Thus, existing standards and reliability tests need to be revised to meet the new demands for high-power LEDs.

This Approved Document provides guidance on how to comply with Part O to Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations covering overheating mitigation requirements and applies to new residential buildings only. It takes effect on 15 June 2022 but does not apply to work subject to a building notice, full plans application or initial notice submitted before that date, provided the work is started on site before 15 June 2023. ADO: Overheating contains the following sections: Simplified method Dynamic thermal analysis Ensuring the overheating mitigation strategy is usable Providing information Key terms Compliance checklist Areas at a high risk of buildings overheating The guidance in this Approved Document only relates to England.

Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook, Volume 2: Engineering Design and Applications brings together researchers, engineers (both design and plants), and scientists to develop a fundamental scientific understanding of ventilation to help engineers implement state-of-the-art ventilation and contaminant control technology. Now in two volumes, this reference contains extensive revisions and updates as well as a unique section on best practices for the following industrial sectors: Automotive; Cement; Biomass Gasifiers; Advanced Manufacturing; Industrial 4.0); Non-ferrous Smelters; Lime Kilns; Pulp and Paper; Semiconductor Industry; Steelmaking; Mining.

Heat Storage Systems for Buildings provides a unique resource for researchers, scientists, engineers, students, sectoral professional and people who work in the area of heat storage systems and applications for buildings. This book will further provide theoretical and practical materials, systems, applications, case studies and examples about various potential options for buildings. The primary focus is on thermodynamic analyses, performance evaluation, lifecycle assessment, environmental impact assessment and sustainability development criteria.

The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting the pollutants originating in the building and removing the pollutants from it. Building ventilation plays a strong role for the good health, comfort, security and productivity of inhabitants, workers and visitors. Many new challenges with energy and pollution implications have arisen, including the identification and control of contaminant sources, fast building design requirements, online demand, sustainability and climate change adaptation. This comprehensive research reference covers state of the art research starting with ventilation systems including duct network and fluid machinery, air cleaning technologies, air distribution in mechanical ventilation systems, air distribution in natural ventilation system, and heating and cooling systems. The authors then present innovating methods for the design, control and testing including system design, numerical methods, fast predictions methods, testing methods and maintenance. The book concludes with applications in industrial buildings, high-rise buildings and urban areas. Handbook of Ventilation Technology for the Built Environment is a complete guide to the field, providing invaluable information for scientists, researchers and engineers from academia and industry who are looking to broaden or update their knowledge. It is also a useful resource for policy makers, facility managers, regulators and standards bodies in the field.

Steam Generation from Biomass: Construction and Design of Large Boilers provides in-depth coverage of steam generator engineering for biomass combustion. It presents the design process and the necessary information needed for an understanding of not only the function of different components of a steam generator, but also what design choices have been made. Professor Vakkilainen explores each particular aspect of steam generator design from the point-of-view of pressure part design, mechanical design, layout design, process design, performance optimization, and cost optimization. Topics such as fuels and their emissions, steam-water circulation, auxiliary equipment, availability and reliability, measurements and control, manufacture, erection, and inspection are covered. Special attention is given to recovery boilers and fluidized bed boilers, and automated design and dimensioning calculation spreadsheets are available for download at the book's companion website. This book is intended for both design engineers and steam boiler operators, as well as those involved in plant management and equipment purchasing.

Advanced District Heating and Cooling (DHC) Systems presents the latest information on the topic, providing valuable information on the distribution of centrally generated heat or cold energy to buildings, usually in the form of space heating, cooling, and hot water. As DHC systems are more efficient and less polluting than individual domestic or commercial heating and cooling systems, the book provides an introduction to DHC, including its potential contribution to reducing carbon dioxide emissions, then reviews thermal energy generation for DHC, including fossil fuel-based technologies, those based on renewables, and surplus heat valorization. Final sections address methods to improve the efficiency of DHC.

Small wind turbines utilize wind energy to produce power with rated capacities of 100 kilowatts and less. With this increasingly popular technology, individual businesses, farms, and homes can generate their own electricity, potentially cutting their energy bills drastically, while generating power in an environmentally sound manner. The challenges facing the engineers who are tasked with planning and developing these small wind systems are multifaceted, from choosing the best site and accurately estimating likely power output, to obtaining proper permitting and troubleshooting operational inefficiencies. Optimization of project development for small wind applications is a necessity. "Small Wind" "Planning and Building Successful Installations" provides a cohesive guide to achieving successful small wind installations from an informed expert. It is a comprehensive information resource from one of the world s most experienced small wind professionals, covering all the key issues for small wind system development, from site and machine selection to international standards compliance.
Establishes technical guidelines for the growing number of engineers called upon to plan small wind projects Identifies and explains the critical issues for small wind installations, including siting, turbine choice, applications and permitting, economics, load management, and grid integration Examples from real projects demonstrate key considerations for success, complete with template spreadsheets and measurements needed to support project planning efforts Includes reports on the most commonly used turbines and designs and synthesizes and clarifies relevant wind industry documentation, saving readers endless hours of research
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This book, based on the research experience and outcomes of a group of international contributors, addresses a range of advanced energy efficiency technologies and their applications in solar heating, cooling and power generation, while also providing solutions for tackling recurring low efficiency problems in today's systems. It highlights the latest technologies and methods, which can significantly improve the performance of solar systems, enabling readers to design, construct and apply high-performance solar systems in or for their own projects. The contributors provide a systematic introduction to state-of-the-art energy efficiency technologies that demonstrates how to implement innovative solar systems. These technologies include: * heat pipes and loop heat pipes; * phase change materials (PCMs) and PCM slurries; * micro-channel panels; * desiccant/adsorption cycling; * ejector cooling and heat pumps; and * solar concentration and thermoelectric units. The book shows how innovative solar systems applicable to rural and urban buildings can be analysed and demonstrates the successful implementation of these advanced technologies. It delivers the design principles and associated energy performance assessment methods for a range of selected solar heating, cooling and power generation projects. This book offers a valuable source of information for final-year undergraduate students, as well as graduate students and academic lecturers, as it promotes the widespread deployment of advanced solar heating, cooling and power generation technologies applicable for buildings across the globe. The book is also a good point of reference for design engineers and energy consultants who wish to extend their knowledge of advanced technologies used to achieve energy efficiency.

The need for clean air has probably never been greater. Many industrial employees need to avoid exposure to airborne particulates, while certain industrial processes demand clean air of exceptional quality. Medical and biological fields rely on sterile air, while filtration can improve air quality in offices, homes and all types of transport. Filters act in a variety of complex and subtle ways. Each chapter introduces its subject matter simply, before tackling the problem in greater depth. The book therefore provides an excellent basis for detailed study, but is also invaluable to anyone needing an overview of the subject. Essential reading for industrial hygienists and engineers requiring an understanding of filtration, and for anyone whose work involves the maintenance or monitoring of air quality.

Featuring a detailed analysis and presentation of innovative researches, methods, algorithms and technologies that deal with integrated intelligent systems for the efficient management of energy and indoor environment in buildings, this book encompasses the regulations, directives and standards regarding the energy and the indoor environment of buildings as well as a literature review and discussion on the current state-of-the-art for buildings' energy efficiency classification. Maximizing reader insight into this topic with the aid of simulation models for buildings and energy audits at office buildings are presented including tables and figures with the detailed information regarding the parameters, inputs, outputs and the outcomes of the surveys. This book also outlines the development of a Virtual Building Dataset (VBD) of office buildings as an innovative benchmarking and classification tool. The proposed methodology overcomes the difficulties and time required for collecting the necessary massive building constructional and energy bills data by creating them virtually using efficient stochastic simulation and by taking into account all parameters that may affect the energy performance and indoor thermal comfort of office buildings. The knowledge and ideas conveyed by the book are supported with equations and algorithms and 137 colored figures and 55 tables, and features a rich bibliography, references and web sources. The book contains the basic knowledge undergraduate and especially postgraduate courses on the emergent subject of energy management and saving in buildings. The innovative aspects and guides of the book give serious opportunities to the postgraduate students in this scientific area to further develop their research skills and capabilities.

Refrigeration Equipment is a clear, practical guide to the installation, testing and servicing of industrial and domestic refrigeration equipment. Refrigeration technicians, who are poorly provided with good reference material, will welcome the author's hands-on approach. Other readers will include trainees on in-plant industry courses, building service engineers and maintenance staff in the frozen food industry, supermarkets, hotels and hospitals. It also provides a text from NVQs (C&G 6007) and other vocational courses). This revised edition has been updated throughout, and includes a new section on the topical subject of alternative refrigerants and, for the first time, a chapter on the principles of air conditioning.

Heating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Moderate and Cold Climates, Two-Volume Set focuses on the use of very low-temperature geothermal energy for heating and cooling residential, institutional, and industrial buildings, and aims to increase the design community's awareness and knowledge of the benefits, design, and installation requirements of commercial/institutional building ground-source heat pumps (GSHP). This set helps readers assess applicability, select a GSHP system type, and estimate building thermal load to ensure proper size for ground-source subsystems, appropriate brine and groundwater flow rates, and apt design of building closed-loops with distributed or central geothermal heat pumps. The first volume addresses fundamentals and design principles of vertical and horizontal indirect and direct expansion closed-loop, as well as ground- and surface-water ground-source heat pump systems. It explains the thermodynamic aspects of mechanical and thermochemical compression cycles of geothermal heat pumps, as well as the energetic, economic, and environmental aspects associated with the use of ground-source heat pump systems for heating and cooling residential and commercial/institutional buildings in moderate and cold climates. The second volume focuses on applications and cases studies of ground-source heat pumps in moderate and cold climates. It details technical aspects, as well as the most common and uncommon application fields of basic system configurations. The principles of system integrations and applications in moderate and cold climates are also presented, each followed by case studies. This comprehensive work is aimed at designers of HVAC systems, as well as geological, mechanical, and chemical engineers implementing environmentally-friendly heating and cooling technologies for buildings.

This leading-edge volume on advances in photovoltaic technology features diverse contributions from experts in every major geographic PV market. It examines emerging applications such as electricity grid load-balancing and demand- response, PV storage systems, photovoltaic/thermal solar collectors and carbon-offset in buildings. Engineers, researchers, developers and students alike will find new avenues for exploration and fresh insights into this continually evolving field. Highlights the most recent advances in Photovoltaics, from Next-Gen Storage Systems to Bifacial PV/T Solar Collectors; Provides expert insights on the recent evolution and near future of PV markets around the globe; Covers applications from grid-tied storage and power generation to green buildings.

Overview: The Various Passive Cooling Systems and Their Applicability to Different Climates and Building Types.

Minimizing Cooling Needs by Building Design.

Ventilative Cooling.

Radiant Cooling.

Evaporative Cooling Systems.

The Earth as a Cooling Source for Buildings.

Cooling of Attached Outdoor Spaces.

Index.

Small and micro combined heat and power (CHP) systems are a form of cogeneration technology suitable for domestic and community buildings, commercial establishments and industrial facilities, as well as local heat networks. One of the benefits of using cogeneration plant is a vastly improved energy efficiency: in some cases achieving up to 80-90% systems efficiency, whereas small-scale electricity production is typically at well below 40% efficiency, using the same amount of fuel. This higher efficiency affords users greater energy security and increased long-term sustainability of energy resources, while lower overall emissions levels also contribute to an improved environmental performance.
Small and micro combined heat and power (CHP) systems provides a systematic and comprehensive review of the technological and practical developments of small and micro CHP systems.
Part one opens with reviews of small and micro CHP systems and their techno-economic and performance assessment, as well as their integration into distributed energy systems and their increasing utilisation of biomass fuels. Part two focuses on the development of different types of CHP technology, including internal combustion and reciprocating engines, gas turbines and microturbines, Stirling engines, organic Rankine cycle process and fuel cell systems. Heat-activated cooling (i.e. trigeneration) technologies and energy storage systems, of importance to the regional/seasonal viability of this technology round out this section. Finally, part three covers the range of applications of small and micro CHP systems, from residential buildings and district heating, to commercial buildings and industrial applications, as well as reviewing the market deployment of this important technology.
With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Small and micro combined heat and power (CHP) systems is an essential reference work for anyone involved or interested in the design, development, installation and optimisation of small and micro CHP systems.
Reviews small- and micro-CHP systems and their techno-economic and performance assessmentExplores integration into distributed energy systems and their increasing utilisation of biomass fuelsFocuses on the development of different types of CHP technology, including internal combustion and reciprocating engines

This long-awaited reference guide provides a complete overview of low energy cooling systems for buildings, covering a wide range of existing and emerging sustainable energy technologies in one comprehensive volume. An excellent data source on cooling performance, such as building loads or solar thermal chiller efficiencies, it is essential reading for building services and renewable energy engineers and researchers covering sustainable design.

The book is unique in including a large set of experimental results from years of monitoring actual building and energy plants, as well as detailed laboratory and simulation analyses. These demonstrate which systems really work in buildings, what the real costs are and how operation can be optimized - crucial information for planners, builders and architects to gain confidence in applying new technologies in the building sector.

Inside you will find valuable insights into: the energy demand of residential and office buildings;facades and summer performance of buildings;passive cooling strategies;geothermal cooling;active thermal cooling technologies, including absorption cooling, desiccant cooling and new developments in low power chillers;sustainable building operation using simulation.

Supporting case study material makes this a useful text for senior undergraduate students on renewable and sustainable energy courses. Practical and informative, it is the best up-to-date volume on the important and rapidly growing area of cooling.