William Desborough Cooley (1795 1883) was a geographer and historian, the author of a collection of influential texts on the development of geographical study, and a key founding member of the Hakluyt Society. First published as a complete set in 1831 as part of Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, this is the history in three volumes of the development of the geographical sciences through travel and exploration. Each volume is divided chronologically by historical era, tracing the pursuit of geographical discovery by both land and sea from the Roman Empire to the Himalayan expeditions of the early nineteenth century. Featuring a comprehensive index, this expertly compiled reference text will aid any study of the history of travel and exploration. This third volume includes a detailed section on scholarly contributions to contemporary geographical study. It also features accounts of the voyages of Captain Cook and Alexander von Humboldt.

William Desborough Cooley (1795 1883) was a geographer and historian, the author of a collection of influential texts on the development of geographical study, and a key founding member of the Hakluyt Society. First published as a complete set in 1831 as part of Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, this is the history in three volumes of the development of the geographical sciences through travel and exploration. Each volume is divided chronologically by historical era, tracing the pursuit of geographical discovery by both land and sea from the Roman Empire to the Himalayan expeditions of the early nineteenth century. Featuring a comprehensive index, this expertly compiled reference text will aid any study of the history of travel and exploration. This second volume includes an account of the expeditions of Columbus, along with information on the settlement of North America and the first circumnavigation of the Earth in 1522.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume, first published in 1877, contains four contemporary accounts of the voyages of Sir James Lancaster (c. 1555 1618) between 1591 and 1600 together with the journal of Captain John Knight from his 1606 voyage to discover the 'North-West Passage'. Sir James Lancaster was one of the leading traders and explorers of the Elizabethan era, whose first voyage to India in 1591 was instrumental in establishing the East India Company in 1600.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This 1881 volume contains accounts by William Baffin (1584 1622) and others of Baffin's voyages exploring the coasts of Greenland and Spitsbergen, and his search for the North-West Passage. Although he did not find a route east, he got considerably further north than previous navigators, and provided much useful information on the conditions and natural resources of the area. His meticulous chart making and record keeping, and his use of lunar observations to calculate longitude, were groundbreaking and remarkably accurate, as later explorers found.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Volumes 53, 55, 62 and 69 of the series contain the English translation of The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, translated and edited by Walter de Grey Birch. Afonso de Albuquerque (1453 1515) was a Portuguese naval officer and nobleman whose successful military campaigns helped establish Portugal's colonies in India. Volume 1, published in 1875, contains an account of de Albuquerque's expeditions to India from 1503 to 1509 and his first conquest of Ormuz (modern Hormuz Island, Iran).

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Volumes 88-89 (1884) contain accounts of two captains' searches for a North-West Passage to Asia in 1631. Their explorations were beset by bad weather. Foxe circumnavigated Hudson's Bay before retreating, while James became ice-bound for the winter, losing several members of his crew before retuning to England a year after Foxe. No new attempts were made for another century, as their accounts of the harrowing conditions they endured discouraged further voyages of exploration for the desired trade route.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume, first published in 1880, translates the first detailed description of the geography and indigenous culture of South America, written by Joseph de Acosta (1540 1600) and published in Spanish in 1590. Acosta was one of the first explorers to record and analyse the geophysical phenomena of the 'New World' and attempt to explain them scientifically. Volume 2 contains Books 5 7 of Acosta's work, describing the life of the indigenous population and including a brief history of the end of the Inca empire.

The Clyde is arguably the most evocative of Scottish rivers. Its mention conjures up a variety of images of power, productivity and pleasure from its 'bonnie banks' through the orchards of south Lanarkshire to its association with shipbuilding and trade and the holiday memories of thousands who fondly remember going 'doon the watter'. Its story reflects much of the history of the lands it flows through and the people who live on its banks. This book looks at the maps which display the river itself from its source to the wide estuary which is as much a part of the whole image. It discusses how the river was mapped from its earliest depictions and includes such topics as navigation, river crossings, war and defence, tourism, sport and recreation, industry and power and urban development.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. The two-volume account by Juan Gonz lez de Mendoza of the history and geography of China was translated into English in 1588. It was the first detailed description of China available in English, though the introduction to this 1853 edition reviews several earlier reports by western travellers. Mendoza did not himself visit China; his second volume concludes the account based on de Rada's writings and also describes the missionary travels of the Franciscan friar Pedro de Alfaro.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Volume 1 of this 1869 English translation contains Books 1-4 of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas by Garcilaso de la Vega (1539 1616), the son of a Spanish soldier and an Inca princess. Brought up to speak Quechua as well as Spanish, Garcilaso had access through his mother's family to the history and traditions of the Incas, which he recorded in Part 1 of the Royal Commentaries. The posthumously-published Part 2, on the Spanish conquest of Peru, is not included here.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This 1861 volume contains a translation, preceded by an introductory essay, of a narrative by Pedro Sim n (b. 1565) describing perhaps the most notorious of the many sixteenth-century expeditions of European soldiers of fortune into the unexplored areas of South America. A band of quarrelling and murderous booty-hunters, motivated by reports of the fabulous wealth of the Inca empire and legends of the golden land of El Dorado, was led by Lope de Aguirre, whose cruelty and treachery themselves became legendary.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This 1866 volume contains an English translation of a Spanish manuscript version of a document originally written in Portuguese about 1514. The supposed author, Duarte Barbosa, who may have been a relative of Magellan, is said to have spent sixteen years exploring the Indian Ocean. The complex history of this manuscript narrative is given in detail in the translator's preface, and the book has explanatory notes and an index.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume, published in 1862, contains a sixteenth-century Portuguese text first published in translation by Hakluyt himself in 1601; both the original Portuguese and a modified version of Hakluyt's translation are given on each page. The author, Ant nio Galvano (1503 1557), distinguished himself as Governor of the Moluccas, but fell out of favour on his return to Portugal and died in poverty. His book traces the history of exploration from 'the time of the Flood' to 1555.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume, first published in 1897, contains the first English translation of the Greek monk Cosmas Indicopleustes' description of the universe and of his voyages to India, written c.550 C.E. His vivid descriptions of India, Sri Lanka and Ethiopia provide invaluable information on vanished monuments and cultures, though his book also insistently proposes that the earth is flat and denounces the 'Pagans' (mainstream ancient philosophers including Ptolemy) who, like most of Cosmas' Christian contemporaries, argued in favour of a spherical earth.

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Volumes 88-89 (1884) contain accounts of two captains' searches for a North-West Passage to Asia in 1631. Their explorations were beset by bad weather. Foxe circumnavigated Hudson's Bay before retreating, while James became ice-bound for the winter, losing several members of his crew before retuning to England a year after Foxe. No new attempts were made for another century, as their accounts of the harrowing conditions they endured discouraged further voyages of exploration for the desired trade route.

The fragile Antarctic environment consists of a closely linked system of the lithosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Changes in this system have influenced global climate, oceanography and sea level for most of Cenozoic time. The geological history of this region therefore provides a special record of important interactions among the various components of the Earth System. Antarctic Marine Geology is the first comprehensive single-authored book to introduce students and researchers to the geological history of the region and the unique processes that occur there. Research literature on the region is widely disseminated, and until now no single reference has existed that provides such a summary. The book is intended as a reference for all scientists working in Antarctica, and will also serve as a textbook for graduate courses in Antarctic marine geology.

The Domesday Book has long been used as a source of information about legal and economic matters, but its bearing upon the geography of medieval England has been comparatively neglected. The extraction of geographical information involves problems of interpretation, since it necessitates an analysis into elements and their subsequent reconstruction on a geographical basis. But when this has been done, new materials for making a general picture of the relative prosperity of different areas are available as well as data for the comparative study of varying geographic and economic factors. The complete work, The Domesday Geography of England, consists of seven volumes. This volume covers Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland and Northamptonshire. It is the second edition of the second of the Domesday Geographies. First published in 1954, the text has been considerably revised to take account of recent research and new place-name identification. The treatment of statistics for boroughs has been brought into line with that of the other volumes of the series and a large number of maps has been altered.

The Domesday Book has long been used as a source of information about legal and economic matters, but its bearing upon the geography of medieval England has been comparatively neglected. The extraction of geographical information involves problems of interpretation, since it necessitates an analysis into elements and their subsequent reconstruction on a geographical basis. But this process makes available otherwise unobtainable evidence for forming a general picture of the relative prosperity of different areas, as well as data for the comparative study of varying geographic and economic factors. This volume contains chapters on Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devonshire, Cornwall and a concluding chapter on the south-western counties.

Parks were prominent and, indeed, controversial features of the medieval countryside, but they have been unevenly studied and remain only partly understood. Stephen Mileson provides the first full-length study of the subject, examining parks across the country and throughout the Middle Ages in their full social, economic, jurisdictional, and landscape context.
The first half of the book investigates the purpose of these royal and aristocratic reserves, which have been variously claimed as hunting grounds, economic assets, landscape settings for residences, and status symbols. An emphasis on the aristocratic passion for the chase as the key motivation for park-making provides an important challenge to more recent views and allows for a deeper appreciation of the connection between park-making and the expression of power and lordship.
The second part of the book examines the impact of park creation on wider society, from the king and aristocracy to peasants and townsmen. Instead of the traditional emphasis on the importance of royal regulation, greater attention is paid to the effects of lordly park-making on other members of the landed elite and ordinary people. These widespread enclosures interfered with customary uses of woodland and waste, hunting practices, roads and farming; not surprisingly, they could become a focus for aristocratic feud, popular protest and furtive resistance.
Combining historical, archaeological, and landscape evidence this ground-breaking study provides fresh insight into contemporary values and how they helped to shape the medieval landscape.

Underdraining has been recognized as one of the major capital-intensive agricultural improvements of the nineteenth century. Over half the agricultural area of England is subject to waterlogging and is in need of some form of underdraining, rendering the improvement both technically and economically basic to much of English agriculture. By removing excess soil water, the object of underdraining was to reproduce as far as possible the conditions of free-draining land, which was workable all year round, and to create an optimum soil-moisture content for both plant growth and cultivation. Despite the necessity for the improvement, a wide-ranging debate exists in the literature on the extent, effectiveness and agricultural importance of underdraining in the nineteenth century. The present study attempts to resolve this debate. By examining the evidence of draining loans under the Public Money Draining Acts and of the various land improvement companies and the accounts of estates in Devon, Northamptonshire and Northumberland, a precise record has been provided for the, first of the spread of underdraining in England in the nineteenth century, of the factors involved in its adoption and of its impact on agricultural practice in that period.

This book, like its companion volume, An Historical Geography of Europe 450 BC AD 1330, seeks to examine the complex of natural and man-made features that have influenced the course of history and have been influenced by it. It follows the general pattern of the earlier volume and spans the period from the early sixteenth century to the eve of the Industrial Revolution in continental Europe, approximately 1500 to 1840. It first presents a picture of the geography of Europe - political, social and economic - in the early sixteenth century, and it ends with a similar picture of continental Europe in the early nineteenth. The intervening period of about three centuries is too short to be presented in a series of cross-sections. Instead, between these two horizontal pictures a series of vertical studies has been inserted. These trace the development of the main facets of European geography during this period. There are chapters on population, urban development, agriculture, manufacturing and trade and transport. As in the earlier volume, no attempt has been made to include either the British Isles or Russia, and these are referred to only incidentally.

This Gazetteer is intended to supplement the other volumes of The Domesday Geography of England by providing an index of place-names together with maps showing their location. The number of separate places named in the Domesday Book amounts to over 13,400. They are often mentioned more than once in different spellings, with the result that the number of entries in the index exceeds 36,000. Both Domesday names and their modern equivalents are given, thus showing how the various Domesday names have been identified. The arrangement is intended to be useful to those who approach the Gazetteer either from the point of view of modern names or from that of Domesday names. The 65 pages of maps show the distribution of Domesday places against a background of relief and rivers. Although designed primarily for readers of The Domesday Geographies, the Gazetteer will also be of use to others who work in the field of English medieval history and geography.

The Domesday Book has long been used as a source of information about legal and economic matters, but its bearing upon the geography of medieval England has been comparatively neglected. The extraction of geographical information involves problems of interpretation, since it necessitates an analysis into elements and their subsequent reconstruction on a geographical basis. But this process makes available new materials for forming a general picture of the relative prosperity of different areas, as well as for data for the comparative study of varying geographic and economic factors. This volume on the northern counties of England contains chapters on Yorkshire by I. S. Maxwell, Nottinghamshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire by I. B. Terrett, Derbyshire by Dr Holly and the Northern Counties by H. C. Darby.