Joseph Larmour (1857-1942) was a theoretical physicist who made important discoveries in relation to the electron theory of matter, as espoused in his 1900 work Aether and Matter. Originally published in 1929, this is the second part of a two-volume set containing Larmour's collected papers. The papers are presented in chronological order across the volumes, enabling readers to understand their theoretical development and framing them in an accessible form for 'future historical interests'. Authorial notes and appendices are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the word of Larmour, mathematics physics and the history of science.

This is the first comprehensive monograph on the mathematical theory of the solitaire game "The Tower of Hanoi" which was invented in the 19th century by the French number theorist Edouard Lucas. The book comprises a survey of the historical development from the game's predecessors up to recent research in mathematics and applications in computer science and psychology. Apart from long-standing myths it contains a thorough, largely self-contained presentation of the essential mathematical facts with complete proofs, including also unpublished material. The main objects of research today are the so-called Hanoi graphs and the related Sierpinski graphs. Acknowledging the great popularity of the topic in computer science, algorithms and their correctness proofs form an essential part of the book. In view of the most important practical applications of the Tower of Hanoi and its variants, namely in physics, network theory, and cognitive (neuro)psychology, other related structures and puzzles like, e.g., the "Tower of London", are addressed. Numerous captivating integer sequences arise along the way, but also many open questions impose themselves. Central among these is the famed Frame-Stewart conjecture. Despite many attempts to decide it and large-scale numerical experiments supporting its truth, it remains unsettled after more than 70 years and thus demonstrates the timeliness of the topic. Enriched with elaborate illustrations, connections to other puzzles and challenges for the reader in the form of (solved) exercises as well as problems for further exploration, this book is enjoyable reading for students, educators, game enthusiasts and researchers alike.

Abraham Adrian Albert (1905-72) was an American mathematician primarily known for his groundbreaking work on algebra. In this book, which was originally published in 1938, Albert provides a detailed exposition of 'modern abstract algebra', taking into account numerous discoveries in the field during the preceding ten years. A glossary is included. This is a highly informative book that will be of value to anyone with an interest in the development of algebra and the history of mathematics.

This open access book brings together for the first time all aspects of the tragic life and fascinating work of the polymath Robert Leslie Ellis (1817-1859), placing him at the heart of early-Victorian intellectual culture. Written by a diverse team of experts, the chapters in the book's first part contain in-depth examinations of, among other things, Ellis's family, education, Bacon scholarship and mathematical contributions. The second part consists of annotated transcriptions of a selection of Ellis's diaries and correspondence. Taken together, A Prodigy of Universal Genius: Robert Leslie Ellis, 1817-1859 is a rich resource for historians of science, historians of mathematics and Victorian scholars alike. Robert Leslie Ellis was one of the most intriguing and wide-ranging intellectual figures of early Victorian Britain, his contributions ranging from advanced mathematical analysis to profound commentaries on philosophy and classics and a decisive role in the orientation of mid-nineteenth century scholarship. This very welcome collection offers both new and authoritative commentaries on the work, setting it in the context of the mathematical, philosophical and cultural milieux of the period, together with fascinating passages from the wealth of unpublished papers Ellis composed during his brief and brilliant career. - Simon Schaffer, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge

With the unifying theme of abstract evolutionary equations, both linear and nonlinear, in a complex environment, the book presents a multidisciplinary blend of topics, spanning the fields of theoretical and applied functional analysis, partial differential equations, probability theory and numerical analysis applied to various models coming from theoretical physics, biology, engineering and complexity theory. Truly unique features of the book are: the first simultaneous presentation of two complementary approaches to fragmentation and coagulation problems, by weak compactness methods and by using semigroup techniques, comprehensive exposition of probabilistic methods of analysis of long term dynamics of dynamical systems, semigroup analysis of biological problems and cutting edge pattern formation theory. The book will appeal to postgraduate students and researchers specializing in applications of mathematics to problems arising in natural sciences and engineering.

This is the first volume of a collection of papers in honor of the fiftieth birthday of Jean-Yves Beziau. These 25 papers have been written by internationally distinguished logicians, mathematicians, computer scientists, linguists and philosophers, including Arnon Avron, John Corcoran, Wilfrid Hodges, Laurence Horn, Lloyd Humbertsone, Dale Jacquette, David Makinson, Stephen Read, and Jan Wolenski. It is a state-of-the-art source of cutting-edge studies in the new interdisciplinary field of universal logic. The papers touch upon a wide range of topics including combination of logic, non-classical logic, square and other geometrical figures of opposition, categorical logic, set theory, foundation of logic, philosophy and history of logic (Aristotle, Avicenna, Buridan, Schroeder, MacColl). This book offers new perspectives and challenges in the study of logic and will be of interest to all students and researchers interested the nature and future of logic.

An important figure in the development of modern mathematical logic and abstract algebra, Augustus De Morgan (1806-71) was also a witty writer who made a hobby of collecting evidence of paradoxical and illogical thinking from historical sources as well as contemporary pamphlets and periodicals. Based on articles that had appeared in The Athenaeum during his lifetime, this work was edited by his widow and published in book form in 1872. It parades all varieties of crackpot, from circle-squarers to inventors of perpetual motion machines, all for the reader's entertainment and education. Filled with anecdotes, personal opinions and 'squibs' of every kind, the book remains enjoyable reading for those who are amused rather than appalled by the human condition. Also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection are the Memoir of Augustus De Morgan (1882), prepared by his wife, and his ambitious Formal Logic (1847).

Newton's Principia paints a picture of the earth as a spinning, gravitating ball. However, the earth is not completely rigid and the interplay of forces will modify its shape in subtle ways. Newton predicted a flattening at the poles, yet others disagreed. Plenty of books have described the expeditions which sought to measure the shape of the earth, but very little has appeared on the mathematics of a problem which remains of enduring interest even in an age of satellites. Published in 1874, this two-volume work by Isaac Todhunter (1820-84), perhaps the greatest Victorian historian of mathematics, takes the mathematical story from Newton, through the expeditions which settled the matter in Newton's favour, to the investigations of Laplace which opened a new era in mathematical physics. Volume 1 traces developments from Newton up to 1780, including coverage of the work of Maupertuis, Clairaut and d'Alembert.

Newton's Principia paints a picture of the earth as a spinning, gravitating ball. However, the earth is not completely rigid and the interplay of forces will modify its shape in subtle ways. Newton predicted a flattening at the poles, yet others disagreed. Plenty of books have described the expeditions which sought to measure the shape of the earth, but very little has appeared on the mathematics of a problem, which remains of enduring interest even in an age of satellites. Published in 1874, this two-volume work by Isaac Todhunter (1820-84), perhaps the greatest Victorian historian of mathematics, takes the mathematical story from Newton, through the expeditions which settled the matter in Newton's favour, to the investigations of Laplace which opened a new era in mathematical physics. Volume 2 is largely devoted to the work of Laplace, tracing developments up to 1825.

Originally published in 1946, this book explains important aspects of the world through the lens of mathematics. McKay discusses important questions such as time, the size of the earth and 'numbers that mean too much' in language that is enthusiastic and easily accessible to non-mathematicians. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of mathematics.

Originally published in 1911 as number thirteen in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book presents a general survey of the problem of the 27 lines upon the cubic surface. Illustrative figures and a bibliography are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in cubic surfaces and the history of mathematics.

First published in 1930, as the third edition of a 1907 original, this book forms number six in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics Series. The text gives a concise account of the theory of equations according to the ideas of Galois. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in algebra and the history of mathematics.

Originally published in 1910 as number eleven in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book deals with differential calculus and its underlying structures. Appendices on further reading and clarification of certain points are also included. This tract will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of mathematics or calculus.

Originally published in 1910 as number twelve in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book provides an up-to-date version of Du Bois-Reymond's Infinitarcalcul by the celebrated English mathematician G. H. Hardy. This tract will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of mathematics or the theory of functions.

Originally published in 1946 as number thirty-nine in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book provides a concise account regarding linear groups. Appendices are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in linear groups and the history of mathematics.

Originally published in 1913 as number fourteen in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book provides a concise account regarding the properties of the twisted cubic. A bibliography and appendix section are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the twisted cubic and the history of mathematics.

Originally published in 1932 as number twenty=seven in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book provides a concise account of the theory of modular invariants as embodied in the work of Dickson, Glenn and Hazlett. Appendices are included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in modular invariants and the history of mathematics.

First published in 1913, as the second edition of a 1905 original, this book is the first volume in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics Series. The text provides a concise account regarding volume and surface integrals used in physics. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in integrals and physics.

Originally published in 1915 as number eighteen in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, and here reissued in its 1952 reprinted form, this book contains a condensed account of Dirichlet's Series, which relates to number theory. This tract will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of mathematics or in the work of G. H. Hardy.

Originally published in 1908 as number nine in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book provides a concise account regarding the invariant theory connected with a single quadratic differential form. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in quadratic differential forms and the history of mathematics.

Originally published in 1914 as number sixteen in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book provides a concise account regarding the theory of linear associative algebras. Textual notes are incorporated throughout. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in algebra and the history of mathematics.

Originally published in 1914 as number fifteen in the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book provides a concise proof of Cauchy's Theorem, along with some applications of the theorem to the evaluation of definite integrals. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of mathematics.

Originally published in 1936 as part of the Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics series, this book provides a concise account regarding the rational quartic curve in space of three and four dimensions. Textual notes are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in rational curves and the history of mathematics.

Originally published in 1915, this book contains an English translation of a reconstructed version of Euclid's study of divisions of geometric figures, which survives only partially and in only one Arabic manuscript. Archibald also gives an introduction to the text, its transmission in an Arabic version and its possible connection with Fibonacci's Practica geometriae. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Greek mathematics, the history of science or the reconstruction of ancient texts.

After studying both classics and mathematics at the University of Cambridge, Sir Thomas Little Heath (1861-1940) used his time away from his job as a civil servant to publish many works on the subject of ancient mathematics, both popular and academic. First published in 1926 as the second edition of a 1908 original, this book contains the first volume of his three-volume English translation of the thirteen books of Euclid's Elements, covering Books One and Two. This detailed text will be of value to anyone with an interest in Greek geometry and the history of mathematics.