This first-person account by one of the pioneers of HIV/AIDS research chronicles the interaction among the pediatric HIV/AIDS community, regulatory bodies, governments, and activists over more than three decades. After the discovery of AIDS in a handful of infants in 1981, the next fifteen years showed remarkable scientific progress in prevention and treatment, although blood banks, drug companies, and bureaucrats were often slow to act. 1996 was a watershed year when scientific and clinical HIV experts called for treating all HIV-infected individuals with potent triple combinations of antiretroviral drugs that had been proven effective. Aggressive implementation of prevention and treatment in the United States led to marked declines in the number of HIV-related deaths, fewer new infections and hospital visits, and fewer than one hundred infants born infected each year. Inexplicably, the World Health Organization recommended withholding treatment for the majority of HIV-infected individuals in poor countries, and clinical researchers embarked on studies to evaluate inferior treatment approaches even while the pandemic continued to claim the lives of millions of women and children. Why did it take an additional twenty years for international health organizations to recommend the treatment and prevention measures that had had such a profound impact on the pandemic in wealthy countries? The surprising answers are likely to be debated by medical historians and ethicists. At last, in 2015, came a universal call for treating all HIV-infected individuals with triple-combination antiretroviral drugs. But this can only be accomplished if the mistakes of the past are rectified. The book ends with recommendations on how the pediatric HIV/AIDS epidemic can finally be brought to an end.

Telling the story of a clinical trial testing an innovative gel designed to prevent women from contracting HIV, Negotiating Pharmaceutical Uncertainty provides new insight into the complex and contradictory relationship between medical researchers and their subjects. Although clinical trials attempt to control and monitor participants' bodies, Saethre and Stadler argue that the inherent uncertainty of medical testing can create unanticipated opportunities for women to exercise control over their health, sexuality, and social relationships. Combining a critical analysis of the social production of biomedical knowledge and technologies with a detailed ethnography of the lives of female South African trial participants, this book brings to light issues of economic insecurity, racial disparities, and spiritual insecurities of Johannesburg's townships. Built on a series of tales ranging from strategy sessions at the National Institutes of Health to witchcraft accusations against the trial, Negotiating Pharmaceutical Uncertainty illuminates the everyday social lives of clinical trials. As embedded anthropologists, Saethre and Stadler provide a unique and nuanced perspective of the reality of a clinical trial that is often hidden from view.

This first-person account by one of the pioneers of HIV/AIDS research chronicles the interaction among the pediatric HIV/AIDS community, regulatory bodies, governments, and activists over more than three decades. After the discovery of AIDS in a handful of infants in 1981, the next fifteen years showed remarkable scientific progress in prevention and treatment, although blood banks, drug companies, and bureaucrats were often slow to act. 1996 was a watershed year when scientific and clinical HIV experts called for treating all HIV-infected individuals with potent triple combinations of antiretroviral drugs that had been proven effective. Aggressive implementation of prevention and treatment in the United States led to marked declines in the number of HIV-related deaths, fewer new infections and hospital visits, and fewer than one hundred infants born infected each year. Inexplicably, the World Health Organization recommended withholding treatment for the majority of HIV-infected individuals in poor countries, and clinical researchers embarked on studies to evaluate inferior treatment approaches even while the pandemic continued to claim the lives of millions of women and children. Why did it take an additional twenty years for international health organizations to recommend the treatment and prevention measures that had had such a profound impact on the pandemic in wealthy countries? The surprising answers are likely to be debated by medical historians and ethicists. At last, in 2015, came a universal call for treating all HIV-infected individuals with triple-combination antiretroviral drugs. But this can only be accomplished if the mistakes of the past are rectified. The book ends with recommendations on how the pediatric HIV/AIDS epidemic can finally be brought to an end.

Over the last several years the field of humanized mice has matured and developed into an essential component of translational research for HIV/AIDS. Humanized mice serve both as vehicles for discovery and as highly sophisticated platforms for biomedical research. In addition, humanized mice have demonstrated outstanding potential for the investigation of critical aspects of the infection and pathogenesis of the hepatitis and herpes viruses, as well as highly relevant microbial infections such as tuberculosis and malaria. Humanized Mice for HIV Research provides a comprehensive presentation of the history, evolution, applications, and current state of the art of this unique animal model. An expansion of twelve review articles that were published in Humanized Mice by Springer in 2008 (Eds: Nomura T, Watanabe T, Habu S), this book expertly captures the outstanding progress that has been made in the development, improvement, implementation, and validation of humanized mouse models. The first two parts of this book cover the basics of human-to-mouse xenotransplantation biology, and provide critical information about human immune cell development and function based on individual models created from different immunodeficient strains of mice. The third and fourth parts investigate HIV-1 biology, including different routes of transmission, prevention, treatment, pathogenesis, and the development of adaptive immunity in humanized mice. The fifth part shows the broad applicability of humanized mice for therapeutic development, from long-acting antiretroviral combinations to genetic manipulations with human cells and cell-based approaches. The sixth part includes liver tissue engineering and the expansion of humanized mice for many other human cell-tropic pathogens.

The Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention is pleased to present its Strategic Plan 2011-2015. The Plan encompasses all aspect of the Division's work and will serve as a practical guide to inform development of work plans to ensure DHAP activities and resources are aligned with its priorities.

A review of the life and accomplishments of Dr. MD Linda including developing a new urgent protocol on the first ever 1980's AIDS USA patient, the developed protocol is still used, to save lives.

How are we to appreciate and comprehend what it has been like to live with HIV and AIDS-related illness over the past three decades or more? When the AIDS pandemic began in the early 1980s, scientific knowledge and medical treatment had a limiting effect on quality of life and life expectancy for people living with HIV and AIDS-related illness. During this era the very idea of AIDS signified fear, panic, stigma, prejudice, acute chronic illness and the real threat of imminent death both within and outside of a UK context. As the global expansion of HIV scientific knowledge continues to develop, we observe a dramatic change in how the medical community defines HIV as a disease. The term AIDS has been largely discarded in the West and we resist the 'death sentence' scenario; instead we approach HIV as a chronic illness condition. With effective HIV combination therapies now available to those who can afford and access them, the successful management of HIV is perceived as within our reach. This story-of-stories brings together twenty eight long-term survivors all of whom were diagnosed between 1981 and 1994 prior to the advancement of HIV medicine; in some cases even before medical health checks for HIV, such as the CD4 count and viral load test were available. It is a passionate story-of-stories allowing the reader to become intimate with each story-teller who shared their personal experiences of living long-term with HIV and AIDS within a UK context: this is their gift We unearth how our story-tellers negotiated and managed everyday life living with this unpredictable illness condition based on in-depth interviews conducted during 2002. These poignant personal stories historically reflect upon long-term experiences of women and men living alongside HIV and AIDS-related illness; they show us how real people made sense of their lives and continued to 'live out' everyday life in the UK. It is a thorough and passionate portrayal of personal experiences revealed by the spirited women and men who took time out of their own lives to offer a valuable contribution to further public understanding of this stigmatised disease. By offering insights into different personal experiences of those who have lived long-term with an HIV-positive diagnosis, readers can appreciate and recognise the many ways of being HIV-positive. Chapter one explores how concepts such as health, illness and identity can be defined and how shared meanings differ between people who use these concepts on a daily basis. It also furnishes the reader with a brief history of HIV and AIDS to set the backdrop for how we should understand the potential dilemmas of living with a HIV-positive diagnosis during earlier more ignorant times. Chapter two reveals how story-tellers learned of their HIV-positive diagnosis. Chapter three examines the early years of living with HIV and explains how our story-tellers managed uncertainty. Chapter four discloses how sickness and health was negotiated and experienced before HIV medicine became more effective. In chapter five our story-tellers speak of how intimate and sexual relationships are experienced in the context of HIV. Chapters six and seven critically expose how long-term survivors experienced and negotiated complex and highly toxic combination therapies for the treatment of HIV in conjunction with relationships with the medical profession in earlier times. Chapter eight uncovers how networks of social support were negotiated and experienced over time. Following this, we reveal in chapter nine the positive and negative elements of living long-term with HIV or AIDS diagnoses. The final chapter delves into my own experiences as the researcher for the initial HIV study. The book offers an extensive glossary of medical terms at the back to assist readers in medical terms and words associated with HIV and AIDS.

The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program was borne of a movement that began with the onset of the AIDS epidemic in America. First by the tens, then by the hundreds, then by the thousands, brave and commit-ted people from all walks of life made a decision to get involved. Some were public health officials; others were activists. Some were community leaders, and others-at least until that time-were citizens quietly living their lives. In this sixth edition of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB) Progress Report, we celebrate the legacy of those first responders. We also celebrate the incredible journey we have taken since 1990, when the first Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act was passed into law. Who could have imagined in those early years that we would one day have treatments powerful enough to forestall the progression of HIV/AIDS? Who could have known that we would touch so many lives? This year alone, through scores of grantees and providers* in cities and towns across America, the Ryan White HIV/ AIDS Program will serve well over half a million people. We continue to face hurdles in our fight against the epidemic, but we have made enormous progress. Highlights from this year include the following: At $2.29 billion, FY 2010 appropriations for the Program were the largest in Program history; Our AIDS Education and Training Centers (AETCs) conducted more than 18,000 trainings; Under the AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP), we distributed medications to more than 175,000 clients; We treated the people most disproportionately affected by HIV: 73 percent of our clients were racial and ethnic minorities, and 88 percent of our clients had no private health insurance; We conducted research on innovative, replicable models of HIV care to reduce health disparities in women of color, improve access to oral health care, establish linkages between jail settings and HIV primary care, and expand health information technology and electronic medical systems; We have been involved in the Healthy People 2010 broad-based national collaborative to meet the Nation's most pressing health needs; We continue to set the standard for HIV/AIDS care using well-respected performance measures. This response to HIV/AIDS constitutes nothing less than a modern public health miracle. . . and within it lie other miracles, too-like that of an HIV-positive person living into old age, or the promising future that unfolds before the eyes of an HIV-positive adolescent. In this publication, you will read about many of the milestones we have encountered in our 20-year journey and the many qualities that make our team successful. We embarked on a quest that many would not. We stepped up to the plate when others stepped away. And today we constitute a powerful and cohesive force seldom seen in combating a single disease. Our rewards lie in victory after victory over isolation and disease and in the improved lives of our clients. It has been an amazing and empowering journey, and it is not over. We are trained. We are committed. We are full of resolve. And we will not stop. In this Progress Report, we remember and we honor the determination of those first responders and of Ryan White himself. It was the determination to go the distance for people living with HIV/AIDS, what-ever it took and whatever the cost. That determination has never been more alive than it is today.

Directs the reader to the authoritative guidance established in AR 600-110, Identification, Surveillance, and Administration of Personnel Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), pertaining to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), pertaining to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing prior to entry on active duty or active for training.

What ideas are overlooked in contemporary feminist politics? How do particular issues become part of the feminist agenda? Why do we need to think about how feminists imagine and actualize their political objectives?This book explores these questions through the notion of oversight—a concept used both to consider what has been overlooked and to examine how particular objects of feminist politics become visible in the first place. Through chapters that focus on realities lived by trans women, Viviane Namaste explores diverse case studies and facets of political life: women’s labour, the archiving of everyday life, the history of HIV, urban development and displacement, bisexualities, and the culture of feminist activists themselves.Oversight suggests that feminists need to engage in careful, deep reflection on how feminist knowledge comes into being. This book will be of interest to scholars in women’s and gender studies, community development, sociology, social work, geography, history, and sexuality studies. Its accessible tone, pedagogical questions, and suggested readings make it well suited to classroom use. Its exploration of activist culture will be of particular interest to advocates of social justice both inside and outside of the university.All royalties from the sale of this book will be donated to the Emergency Relief Fund of PASAN—Prisoners’ HIV/AIDS Support Action Network. This fund helps support individuals who are newly released from jail and who need financial resources for housing, food, medications, and the replacement of identity documents.

Preaching Prevention examines the controversial U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) initiative to "abstain and be faithful" as a primary prevention strategy in Africa. This ethnography of the born-again Christians who led the new anti-AIDS push in Uganda provides insight into both what it means for foreign governments to "export" approaches to care and treatment and the ways communities respond to and repurpose such projects. By examining born-again Christians' support of Uganda's controversial 2009 Anti-Homosexuality Bill, the book's final chapter explores the enduring tensions surrounding the message of personal accountability heralded by U.S. policy makers. Preaching Prevention is the first to examine the cultural reception of PEPFAR in Africa. Lydia Boyd asks, What are the consequences when individual responsibility and autonomy are valorized in public health initiatives and those values are at odds with the existing cultural context? Her book investigates the cultures of the U.S. and Ugandan evangelical communities and how the flow of U.S.-directed monies influenced Ugandan discourses about sexuality and personal agency. It is a pioneering examination of a global health policy whose legacies are still unfolding.

"Making a Difference " has been developed to help community members to become involved in local decision making that will determine what HIV services are available in their community. While this Consumer Digest may be helpful to many types of community members, its primary purpose is to support persons living with HIV disease to be effective participants on Ryan White planning bodies. Whether you already are involved in your planning body process or wish to learn more before Making the Commitment to get involved, Making a Difference can help you. The CARE Act (Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency) is the Federal law that provides money to cities, States, community-based organizations and other types of organizations to provide HIV services. The CARE Act specifically requires that HIV services planning bodies include persons living with HIV disease. These Title I planning councils and Title II planning bodies and consortia (collectively referred to as Ryan White planning bodies throughout this document) have a big impact on determining the types of HIV services - and which specific programs - are available in a community. In recent years, Congress has appropriated (or designated) funding in the range of $2 billion per year to support HIV health services through the CARE Act. Much of this money is distributed to States and local governments that rely on planning bodies to help them identify who is affected by the HIV epidemic, set priorities for the types of HIV services that are needed, and determine how best to allocate funding among multiple priorities. Persons living with HIV disease (PLWH) are critical to the success of these planning processes because they bring a perspective that is different from other members and know firsthand what services are needed. They also can help make sure that different groups of PLWH are included in the process and that their service needs are not overlooked. The Health Resources and Services Administration's (HRSA) HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB) is the Federal agency responsible for administering the CARE Act. HAB produced this Consumer Digest with the assistance of PLWH members of planning bodies and PLWH trainers at national HIV/AIDS organizations. This document provides new information regarding the CARE Act Amendments of 2000 related to PLWH involvement, and draws upon other publications and materials useful to PLWH on (or considering serving on) a planning body. This digest is intended to provide you with information and tools to help you Make a Difference by serving your community as an active and informed member of a Ryan White planning body.

Health of HIV Infected People: Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle with Antiretroviral Drugs provides basic and applied knowledge on the supportive roles of bioactive foods, exercise, and dietary supplements on HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral drugs. Approaches include the application of traditional herbs and foods aiming to define both the risks and benefits of such practices. Readers will learn how to treat or ameliorate the effects of chronic retroviral disease using readily available, cheap foods, dietary supplements, and lifestyle changes with specific attention to the needs of patients receiving antiretroviral drugs. This work provides the most current, concise, scientific appraisal of the efficacy (or lack thereof) of key foods, nutrients, dietary plants, and behavioral shifts in preventing and improving the quality of life of HIV infected infants and adults, while also giving the needed attention to these complex and important side effects.