People who inject drugs (PWID) are at higher risk for acquiring HIV infection than the general population in many countries. Injecting drug use is present in 148 countries including a wide array of low and middle income countries where HIV incidence is growing in recent years - even as it declines elsewhere. This study was undertaken as the third of a series of three economic analyses examining the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS in vulnerable populations. Informed by a critical review of epidemiological evidence and the most recent analyses of intervention efficacy, this work modelled the costs and impact of addressing the needs of PWID at scale in various epidemic contexts. These particular research questions were addressed: What are the modelled epidemic impact and costs of implementing a minimum adaptable package of evidence-based and human rights affirming services for prevention, treatment, and care of HIV/AIDS in PWID in globally representative epidemic scenarios? What are the estimated returns on investment and costs of inaction of addressing these epidemics? Taken together, the findings indicate: Service coverage levels for ART and key harm reduction interventions with HIV prevention benefits are generally inadequate. Allocative decisions for HIV/AIDS should better reflect the burden of transmission and disease. HIV transmission dynamics can be significantly reduced by scaling up a package of four key harm reduction interventions specific to PWID: Needle and Syringe Programs, Medically Assisted Therapy and HIV Counseling and Testing, as well as proportionate access in ART scale-up. Evidence-based and effective interventions for PWID should be funded and implemented - in the context of HIV prevention services for the general population, such as condom promotion. Interventions for PWID - particularly in combination with treatment services - are cost effective or highly cost effective investment choices across the breadth of the global epidemic. The study presents compelling evidence for the most cost-effective approaches to minimising the transmission and impacts of HIV in this key population. This evidence may guide both operational design and policy dialogue in World Bank operations.

This document is provided as an information resource for physicians and other health care professionals to guide them in the appropriate treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS. Recommendations for care and treatment change rapidly, and opinions can be controversial; therefore, physicians and other health care professionals are encouraged to consult other sources, especially manufacturers' package inserts, and confirm the information contained in these tables. The individual physician or other health care professional should use his/her best medical judgment in determining appropriate patient care or treatment because no single reference or service can take the place of medical training, education, and experience. Determination of appropriate treatment is the responsibility of the treating physician

On February 23, 2009, a consultation meeting was held to examine the use of peers in HIV interdisciplinary care settings. The meeting was convened by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), HIVAIDS Bureau (HAB). Participants included HRSA representatives, Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program grantees, researchers, technical assistance providers, health care professionals, program managers and HIV positive peers. Participants heard about the ways in which peers were being used in the fields of HIV, cancer and diabetes to facilitate access to care, treatment and health-related services. The purpose of the meeting, explained Steven Young, HAB's Director of Training and Technical Assistance, was to gain greater insight into the benefits and challenges of having peers on health care teams, to identify the major components of an ideal peer program, and to make recommendations regarding ways in which peer interventions could be funded and sustained within HIV systems of care. Young explained that in the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program, peers are HIV positive individuals who share identifying characteristics with individuals or population groups receiving care or services. Peers and clients share similar experiences and challenges related to class, race, age, gender, language, culture and recovery from substance abuse and/or trauma. These common characteristics often provide peers with deep insight into the feelings and behaviors of clients, and help them forge both personal credibility and trusting relationship with clients. In the field, said Young, peers are also called coaches, community health workers and patient navigators, among other titles. HAB's particular interest is in examining the role of peers on interdisciplinary health care teams, whose focus in the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program is to engage and retain clients in high quality, HIV care. Young emphasized the important role that peers (also called consumers) have played in the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program since its inception. Peers participate in program planning activities, serve as grant reviewers, participate on program advisory committees and boards, and hold positions as volunteers and staff at local health clinics and community-based organizations (CBOs). They serve as faculty of the AIDS Education and Training Centers program. HAB cooperative agreements and grants have supported leadership development for peers to promote their involvement in HIV/AIDS programs. "On an individual level, we have heard from peers that involvement in our programs helps them feel less isolated and gives them an increased sense of purpose," said Young. He added that peers can help improve HIV health care delivery and assessment of client needs, as well as reduce cultural and linguistic barriers, and stigma. Despite widespread acknowledgement within Ryan White that peers play a beneficial role, their function has not been well documented or codified. As a result, HAB is seeking guidance on: Training and support needs of peers; Ideal roles for peers (i.e., staff, volunteers, etc); Financial support for the peer role (grants, reimbursement, etc.); Identification of reasonable client and organizational outcomes related to the use of peers; and Suggestions on how peers might be integrated into specific, legislatively identified core services, such as medical case management and adherence support.

People with HIV/AIDS can live longer, healthier lives because of advances in treatment of HIV infection. However, longer lives are associated with increased prevalence of 1) adverse effects of HIV infection, 2) adverse effects of the drugs used to treat HIV, and 3) concurrent medical conditions that would occur in the absence of HIV. These long-term complications have put HIV infection in the realm of chronic diseases rather than of infectious diseases, which usually respond to short-term clinical interventions. Effective management of chronic diseases in the primary care setting requires the coordination of interventions that occur at the level of the clinical services, the community supports for those clinical services, and the individual patient. While clinical services begin in the primary care clinic, community supports are needed, and the patient must be engaged to enhance self-management. The coordinated interventions together contribute to the desired clinical outcomes. The Chronic Care Model, which is used in the design and quality improvement activities of clinical services, conceptualizes how these factors impact the clinical outcome of chronic disease management. This book addresses several important aspects of HIV/AIDS care and treatment in a concise, accessible format; it is not meant to be a comprehensive reference book. Recommended references and citations are provided for the reader to be able to access in-depth information on topics that are particularly important and/or controversial. Appropriate use of antiretroviral drugs, treatment of opportunistic infections, symptom management, treatment of concurrent medical conditions, and other specific interventions to treat HIV disease and its complications are addressed. The format of this guide is designed to provide practical information for the common questions that arise in the care of patients with HIV infection. Recognizing the broader array of best practices that contribute to effective clinical outcomes among patients with a complex array of service needs, the authors also address patient evaluation, adherence, mental health, substance abuse, overall clinic management, and other factors that lead to improved patient outcomes according to the Chronic Care Model. Last, because the authors recognize the challenges of maintaining clinical practices in the face of rapidly changing and ever more complex treatment interventions, a chapter on sources for updated and in-depth clinical information is provided. Pediatric HIV/AIDS treatment is not addressed in this book.

Journeys Through Darkness is a biography which tells the story of AIDS and related blindness through AIDS warrior and long-term survivor, award-winning legally blind photographer Kurt Weston. The book includes several of his photographs that match the powerful prose of Alina Oswald.

AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) have complex health and societal determinants with large impacts. World-wide, the burden of these infectious diseases are huge, especially in the 22 countries with a high TB burden, where more than 80% of TB world-wide occurs and in sub-Saharan Africa, where 67% of the world's HIV/AIDS cases occurred. Despite different ways of transmission and the fact that several separate national programs often exist, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS are linked. They are often affecting similar population groups (e.g. vulnerable and other minorities groups) and HIV is the most potent risk factors in increasing the risk of progression from latent TB infection (LTBI) to disease among the two billions individuals estimated with LTBI world-wide, while the relative risk of HIV is over 20. Therefore, it is crucial to combine and co-ordinate the efforts when addressing TB and HIV issues. Diverse responses have been developed, both at international and country levels for tackling the different health and social components of these diseases.

The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services has as its mission the improvement of access to health care and services for underserved and vulnerable populations. HRSA accomplishes this mission by partnering with community-based organizations in the delivery of health and social services, with academic health centers in the education of health professionals, and with State and local health departments in the areas of prevention, public health promotion and health care delivery. Improved quality of care and quality of life are the goals of the programs and initiatives of HRSA. To that end HRSA's HIV/AIDS Bureau has embarked on the publication of A Clinical Guide to Supportive and Palliative Care for HIV/AIDS. Through the work of visionaries in the fields of HIV/AIDS and palliative care, we conclude that excellent HIV care can be provided by integrating the principles and framework of palliative care into the delivery of care and services to people living with HIV/AIDS, throughout the continuum of illness. This integration of services holds the promise of patient and family-centered care that is proactive in addressing the multitude of issues with which patients are challenged. With this volume we seek to expand the definition of palliative care and to realize palliative care's full potential to improve the quality of care and the quality of life of those living with HIV/AIDS. The HIV/AIDS Bureau, through its Working Group on Palliative Care in HIV, has set forth the following working definition: Palliative care is patient- and family-centered care. It optimizes quality of life by active anticipation, prevention, and treatment of suffering. It emphasizes use of an interdisciplinary team approach throughout the continuum of illness, placing critical importance on the building of respectful and trusting relationships. Palliative care addresses physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual needs. It facilitates patient autonomy, access to information, and choice. Palliative care is complementary care, not alternative care, and therefore should not be provided only when disease-directed therapy fails or is unavailable. It is a mistake to adopt a palliative perspective and approach only at the last stages of illness. One need only reflect on the pain associated with receiving a first HIV diagnosis or upon the psychological and spiritual suffering that are the substrates of substance abuse and other behaviors exposing individuals to HIV, to realize the importance of using palliative care principles at all points along the course of this illness. Providers should focus their attention on comfort, relief of suffering, and quality of life throughout the course of HIV disease. The central role of medication adherence is not to be underestimated in stabilizing the course of disease, but other factors can be equally important in optimizing clinical outcomes. These factors include a wide range of hard-to-control socioeconomic as well as personal characteristics: an understanding of the disease process; empowerment in relation to personal health; a safe place to live; freedom from pain and distressing symptoms; adequate nutrition; treatment for substance abuse, depression and other mental illness; hope; adequate help of friends, family and other caregivers, especially when functional status is diminished and disease progression is ongoing. These challenges can be met successfully by using a palliative care framework to approach the patient, providers, caregivers, family, loved ones, and the health care system. This manual is organized to address the many aspects of palliative care that are key in caring for the person living with HIV and AIDS. A wealth of expertise and experience in the areas of HIV and palliative care has provided a unique document that expands the realms of both disciplines.

Few people realize that the familiar HIV/AIDS global statistics are actually estimates. For example, UNAIDS estimated that the Republic of South Africa (RSA) had 140,000 HIV/AIDS deaths in 1997. However, after tabulating all deaths for 1997, the Republic of South Africa attributed only 6,635 deaths to HIV/AIDS. Such discrepancies are rarely noted. The Republic of South Africa (RSA) stands as the exemplar of these discrepancies. It is reputed to have the world's largest AIDS epidemic with an estimated 5.6 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) in 2008. Such PLWH estimates, as with the estimates of HIV/AIDS deaths, are highly questionable. HIV/AIDS in South Africa: The Facts and the Fiction clarifies the reasons behind these discrepancies by describing two common misunderstandings of HIV infection that contribute to poor mathematical modeling outcomes. Fully referenced, HIV/AIDS in South Africa: The Facts and the Fiction presents and compares raw numerical data on: ? the tabulated number of HIV/AIDS deaths in the RSA; ? the number of AIDS cases detected by RSA disease surveillance systems; ? UNAIDS/WHO estimates for AIDS deaths in the RSA; and ? UNAIDS/WHO estimates for the number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the RSA. The total cumulative numbers of HIV/AIDS cases in the United States and the cumulative totals for the continent of Africa are also presented for purposes of comparison, and to place the African and RSA data within appropriate epidemiological context. Overall, these data span from 1981 to 2009. Altogether, these data, plus additional information detailing the nature of HIV infection and heterosexual HIV transmission rates, explain why the hyperbolic mathematical estimates and HIV antibody test surveys the primary sources of HIV/AIDS data in Africa are simply implausible. Contents: 118 pages, 20 tables, several side boxes, and 240 references.

"The theory that AIDS originated in African monkeys arose from an incident of laboratory contamination." ? The scientific literature is clear: (1) New York City is the epicenter of the AIDS epidemic; (2) the theory that HIV came from monkeys is a fallacy; the theory that AIDS originated in African monkeys arose from an incident of laboratory contamination; and (3) the African AIDS epidemic-as-holocaust never manifested. "The first Africans diagnosed with AIDS were residents of Belgium." ? Fully referenced, based on a forensic review of over 3000 scientific and medical journal articles, this book redefines global concepts for the prevalence and distribution of HIV infection. For many readers, each page contains a revelation as the Author not only deconstructs many myths and misconceptions, but also describes how the current misconceptions arose. "The first documented case of international HIV transmission occurred between New York City and Copenhagen." ? This book redefines global concepts for the prevalence and distribution of HIV infection, and has powerful implications for HIV/AIDS funding, research prerogatives, and global health care interventions. Chris Jennings (Harvard, B.A., Biology 1976/77) excels at writing scientific books that fulfill the needs of professionals while rendering the science accessible to the average reader. His prior book, Understanding and Preventing AIDS: A Book for Everyone, was favorably reviewed by the New England Journal of Medicine ? adopted for staff education by Massachusetts General Hospital, the hospital affiliated with Harvard Medical School; the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS); the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); and Walter Reed Army Medical Institute ? sold in medical bookstores ? purchased by innumerable city and state health agencies ? and utilized as a textbook at colleges, nursing schools, and public health schools. Contents: 218 pages, 20 tables, innumerable side boxes, and 500 references.

"In this original and interdisciplinary book, Chase illuminates the unequal treatment faced by the Puerto Rican women she studied and creates compassion for the hardships they faced." -Michele Tracey Berger, author of The Intersectional Approach Surviving HIV/AIDS in the Inner City explores the survival strategies of poor, HIV-positive Puerto Rican women by asking four key questions: Given their limited resources, how did they manage an illness as serious as HIV/AIDS? Did they look for alternatives to conventional medical treatment? Did the challenges they faced deprive them of self-determination, or could they help themselves and each other? What can we learn from these resourceful women? Based on her work with minority women living in Newark, New Jersey, Sabrina Marie Chase illuminates the hidden traps and land mines burdening our urban health care system. For the women she studied, alliances with doctors, nurses, and social workers could literally mean the difference between life and death. By applying the theories of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu to the day-to-day experiences of HIV-positive Latinas, Chase explains why some struggled and even died while others flourished and occasionally thrived under difficult conditions. These gripping, true-life stories reveal the strategies utilized by the chronically ill among us who depend on the health care "safety net." Through her exploration of life and death among Newark's resourceful women, Chase provides the groundwork for transforming our ailing urban health care system. SABRINA MARIE CHASE is a medical anthropologist specializing in family medicine and racial and ethnic health care disparities. She is a health care researcher at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. A volume in the Studies in Medical Anthropology series, edited by Mac Marshall

Written by three experts with extensive experience helping people with HIV/AIDS, this trusted resource is the complete guide to better physical and emotional health for women living with HIV or AIDS. It covers the full range of health and emotional issues faced by people with HIV while also addressing topics of special interest to women, including gynecologic disorders, reproductive choices, contraception, and pregnancy. The world of HIV/AIDS diagnosis and therapy is changing dramatically. At-home testing is now available, people exposed to the virus may be able to get immediate treatment, and the number of dominant classes of HIV treatment has increased from four to six. This new edition of "A Woman's Guide to Living with HIV Infection" includes the latest information on diagnosis and treatments as well as recent findings about pregnancy and HIV, starting treatments when you have HIV-related complications, liver health and hepatitis, and sexual health.

Throughout history, communicable diseases have devastated armies and weakened the capacity of state institutions to perform core security functions. Today, the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa has prompted many of the affected countries to initiate policies aimed at addressing its impact on their armed forces, police, and prisons. This volume explores the dynamics of how the security sectors of selected African states have responded to the complex and multifaceted challenges of HIV/AIDS.

Current and impending African HIV/AIDS policies address a range of security-related issues:

- The role of peacekeepers in the spread or control of HIV

- The dilemma of public health (the need to control HIV) versus human rights (protection against mandatory medical testing) needs

- The gender dimensions of HIV in the armed forces

- The impact of HIV on the police and prisons

The chapters in "HIV/AIDS and the Security Sector in Africa" are written by African practitioners, including commissioned officers who are currently serving in the armed forces, medical officers and nurses working in the military, and African policy and academic experts. While the book does not comprehensively address all aspects of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the security sector, the contributors nonetheless highlight the potentials and limits of existing policies.

There are various reasons for taking an interest in the treatment for HIV/AIDS. Unfortunately, AIDS has no cure at the moment. But in the absence of a cure, medical science resorts to available treatment options. In seven chapters, this handy book has been designed to help people seek information about treatment strategies for HIV/AIDS. These include: a general introduction to HIV/AIDS antiretroviral therapy (ART) dynamics of ARV drugs merits and demerits of ARV drugs revival of immune systems in HIV infection foundations of immunosuppression hints for the HIV-positive. The book also includes details of websites for further research, review questions for those preparing for coursework or examinations, a glossary of terms and an index. By explaining a complex disease as one that can be understood and managed, HIV/AIDS Treatment Strategies provides clear and useful information about this important subject area. S D Browne-Umar was born on 16 July 1947 in Axim, Ghana. He worked in Ghana and Nigeria as a science educationist prior to being engaged by UNICEF in north-west Nigeria. He was a consultant field investigator for the Ghana AIDS Commission. Currently, Browne-Umar consults on global HIV education and vaccinology.

Compelled by his own 2005 HIV diagnosis, journalist John-Manuel Andriote revisits his acclaimed chronicle of the AIDS epidemic in this updated and expanded edition of the University of Chicago Press 1999 hardcover original. Andriote examines the impact of AIDS on individuals and on the gay civil rights movement, from the coming-out revelry of the 1970s to the post-AIDS gay community of the twenty-first century's first decade. Victory Deferred looks at how AIDS has changed both individual lives and national organizations. It tells the story of how a health crisis pushed a disjointed jumble of local activists to become a national visible and politically powerful civil rights movement, a full-fledged minority group challenging the authority of some of the nation's most powerful institutions. Based on hundreds of interviews with those at the forefront of the medical, political, cultural, civic, and national responses to the epidemic, Victory Deferred artfully blends personal narratives with institutional histories and organizational politics to show how AIDS forced gay men from their closets and ghettos into the hallways of power to lobby and into the streets to protest.

The Invisible People is a revealing and at times shocking look inside the United States's response to one of the greatest catastrophes the world has ever known -- the global AIDS crisis. A true story of politics, bureaucracy, disease, internecine warfare, and negligence, it illustrates that while the pandemic constitutes a profound threat to U.S. economic and security interests, at every turn the United States has failed to act in the face of this pernicious menace. During the past twenty years, more than 65 million people across the globe have become infected with HIV. Already 25 million around the world have died -- more than all of the battle deaths in the twentieth century combined. By decade's end there will be an estimated 25 million AIDS orphans. If trends continue, by 2025, 250 million global HIV-AIDS cases are a distinct possibility. Beyond the ineffable human toll, the pandemic is reshaping the social, economic, and geopolitical dimensions of our world. Eviscerating national economies, creating an entire generation of orphans, and destroying military capacity, the disease is generating pressures that will lead to instability and possibly even state failure and collapse in sub-Saharan Africa. Poised to explode in Eastern Europe, Russia, India, and China, AIDS will have devastating and destabilizing effects of untold proportions that will reverberate throughout the global economy and the international political order. In this gripping account that draws on more than two hundred interviews with key political insiders, policy makers, and thinkers, Greg Behrman chronicles the red tape, colossal blunders, monumental egos, power plays, and human pain and suffering that comprise America's woeful response to the AIDS crisis. Behrman's unprecedented access takes you inside the halls of power from seminal White House meetings to tumultuous turf battles at World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva, heated debates in the United Nations, and chilling discoveries at the Centers for Disease Control. Behrman also brings us into the field to meet the people who live in the midst of AIDS devastation in places like a school yard in Namibia, the red-light district in Bombay, and an orphanage in South Africa. Intensely researched and vividly detailed, The Invisible People is a groundbreaking and compellingly readable account of the appalling destruction caused by more than two decades of American abdication in the face of the defining humanitarian catastrophe of our time.

With improvements in the treatment of HIV disease, gay men in great numbers are surviving--and thriving--into middle and older age. While increased longevity brings new hope, it also raises unanticipated challenges, particularly for gay men who never thought they would live this long: How do I deal with all the physical changes? Who can I rely on as I get older? Is a relationship still in the cards for me? What about sex? How should I prepare for old age?
A one-of-a-kind guide for gay men aging with HIV, Aging with HIV offers an upbeat, down-to-earth approach for adapting to change, whether driven by age, AIDS, or both. Psychotherapist James Masten and physician James Schmidtberger shed light on the many common assumptions and fears of aging with HIV. Aging with HIV provides concrete solutions for facing midlife with a positive outlook, offering a wealth of advice for breaking unhealthy habits and coping mechanisms. The book describes the nine changes common to gay men as they age with HIV, discusses the four challenges of aging, and offers a unique ten-step path to optimal aging with HIV, helping the reader to tailor the book's suggestions to the realities of their lives. Woven throughout the book are first-person narratives from men who recount what worked--and did not work--for them. In addition, Rapid Research, Fast Fact, and Self-Reflection boxes highlight the latest research and challenge readers to take stock of the present--and plan for the future.
An invaluable tool to keep handy and to refer to often, Aging with HIV is an inviting, confident companion to navigating midlife and beyond with HIV.

Today over 40 million adults and children worldwide are infected with HIV, however knowledge of the disease has increased greatly and the prognosis is now good for those with access to anti-retroviral treatment. For many, HIV is now a long-term chronic condition and with decreased mortality, patient requirements and disease patterns have changed, making it increasingly apparent to health care professionals that the treatment of HIV should include optimum nutrition and healthy lifestyle interventions to help sufferers lead long and healthy lives. In this essential new book an international team of authors under the editorship of Specialist HIV Dietitian Vivian Pribram bring together the latest research to provide the practicing dietitian and nutritionist with a practical guide to the nutritional care of the HIV and AIDS patient. Students and other health care professionals working and studying this area will also find Nutrition and HIV an important and valuable resource.

At the age of twenty-nine, Sizwe Magadla is among the most handsome, well-educated, and richest of the men in his poverty-stricken village. Dr. Hermann Reuter, a son of old South West African stock, wants to show the world that if you provide decent treatment, people will come and get it, no matter their circumstances.

Sizwe and Hermann live at the epicenter of the greatest plague of our times, the African AIDS epidemic. In South Africa alone, nearly 6 million people in a population of 46 million are HIV-positive. Already, Sizwe has watched several neighbors grow ill and die, yet he himself has pushed AIDS to the margins of his life and associates it obliquely with other people's envy, with comeuppance, and with misfortune.

When Hermann Reuter establishes an antiretroviral treatment program in Sizwe's district and Sizwe discovers that close family members have the virus, the antagonism between these two figures from very different worlds -- one afraid that people will turn their backs on medical care, the other fearful of the advent of a world in which respect for traditional ways has been lost and privacy has been obliterated -- mirrors a continent-wide battle against an epidemic that has corrupted souls as much as bodies.

A heartbreaking tale of shame and pride, sex and death, and a continent's battle with its demons, Steinberg's searing account is a tour-de-force of literary journalism.

Although overall HIV prevalence in South Asia is low, the widespread stigma attached to HIV and AIDS impedes efforts to reach people most in need of prevention, care, and treatment services. To address this challenge, the 2008 South Asia Region Development Marketplace partnership, led by the World Bank, launched a competitive grants program to support innovative community approaches. 'Tackling HIV-Related Stigma and Discrimination in South Asia' summarizes the monitoring, evaluation, and case study data and documents successful community innovations. Twenty-six community groups in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka received funds. The initiatives involved a broad spectrum, including vulnerable groups as well as people living with HIV, the media, local government authorities, health workers, and religious leaders. The interventions used traditional cultural and media approaches to discuss taboo subjects. The reach of the initiatives was amplifi ed by involving opinion leaders. The strategies engaged marginalized groups to design and lead the interventions and to facilitate contact between groups experiencing stigma and the general public to reduce fears and misconceptions about transmission. Projects that combined economic and stigma reduction interventions helped the marginalized populations to overcome the internalized stigma and become empowered to advocate for their rights. 'Tackling HIV-Related Stigma and Discrimination in South Asia' identifies effective strategies to raise awareness and reports on shifts--albeit slow--of attitudes, norms, and behaviors. Through its recommendations for successful interventions to reduce barriers to effective HIV prevention, care, and treatment programs, the book provides a strong foundation on which to build stigma reduction efforts in the region and world.

The Association Of Nurses In AIDS Care (ANAC) Presents The Essential Information Needed By Every Nurse Working With HIV/AIDS Patients In Any Setting. The Text Provides An Educational Framework For HIV/AIDS Clinical Content And Serves Those Preparing For Specialty Certification In HIV/AIDS Training. The Text Covers: A) Infection, Transmission, And Prevention B) Clinical Management Of A Variety Of Patient Types C) Symptomatic Conditions And Symptom Management D) Special Populations E) Psychosocial Concerns For Patients. ANAC's Core Curriculum For HIV/AIDS Nursing, Third Edition Includes The Following New Topics: Updates To The Evidence Basis Underlying The Nursing Care Of Persons With HIV/AIDS. New Issues And Challenges Including The Care For Pediatric Patients And Adults With Giardia, Syphilis And Bipolar Disease. New Text Features Including Case Studies And Quizzes.

HIV/AIDS reverses life expectancy gains, erodes productivity, consumes savings and dilutes growth efforts, threatening the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa.The report is the result of an extensive analytical and consultative process begun in 2006, that engaged more than 1,000 people from over 30 countries and many institutions mostly in Africa, as well as UN agencies, multilateral and bilateral donors, and foundations. The report reaffirms the Bank's commitment to combating HIV/AIDS in Africa, moving from its initial emergency response to the next phase, including the goal to provide at least US $250 million annually and to create an Africa HIV/AIDS Incentive Fund to enhance the evidence base, promote the multisectoral response and provide technical support, analysis and policy advice to countries.

Since 1984, the world has been spending, on the average, over $700 million annually in a futile effort at developing safe and effective HIV vaccines. During this period, over 25 million people have perished from the HIV/AIDS scourge, 90 per cent of them in the poor developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The socio-economic wreck caused by the HIV/AIDS pandemic is mind-boggling. The years of wayward search for safe and effective HIV vaccines since 1984 should have shown the world that the recipe for HIV vaccines that they have been following religiously without success should be appraised. That has not been done up till today. Instead, the entire world has persisted with the unscientific, unreasonable, bizarre, and ridiculous dogmas and established knowledge. Globally, the world has deceitfully been made to believe that these vaccines, if ever they would be developed, are at least a decade away. The author expects this book to be of immense interest to all mankind especially international Institutions/Agencies like the UN, UNAIDS and WHO, Governments and their Health Ministries/Departments, the world's major or leading Pharmaceutical Companies, Universities/Research Institutes, leading media houses such as the CNN, the BBC, VOA, AFP and the CBS, virologists, HIV vaccine researchers and developers, medical practitioners and students, medical laboratory scientists and students, registered and student nurses, epidemiologists, ethicists, HIV-infected persons and all those that are involved or interested in HIV vaccine research and development.