In this collection of essays, Lawrence O. Gostin, an internationally recognized scholar of AIDS law and policy, confronts the most pressing and controversial issues surrounding AIDS in America and around the world. He shows how HIV/AIDS affects the entire population - infected and uninfected - by influencing our social norms, our economy, and our country's role as a world leader. Now in the third decade of this pandemic, the nation and the world still fail to respond to the needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS and continue to tolerate injustice in their treatment, Gostin argues. AIDS, both in the United States and globally, deeply affects poor and marginalized populations, and many U.S. policies are based on conservative moral values rather than public health and social justice concerns. Gostin tackles the hard social, legal, political, and ethical issues of the HIV/AIDS pandemic: privacy and discrimination, travel and immigration, clinical trials and drug pricing, exclusion of HIV-infected health care workers, testing and treatment of pregnant women and infants, and needle-exchange programs. This book provides an inside account of AIDS policy debates together with incisive commentary. It is indispensable reading for advocates, scholars, health professionals, lawyers, and the concerned public.

A review of the life and accomplishments of Dr. MD Linda including developing a new urgent protocol on the first ever 1980's AIDS USA patient, the developed protocol is still used, to save lives.

Most of the HIV/AIDS caregivers in Kenya live in various parts of the country and share many of the trials and tribulations associated with providing care to someone suffering from a terminal illness. Some have been forced into the role due to the death of their love one, while others may have voluntarily taken on the responsibility on a firm belief that the care they provide will make a difference. The experiences shared in this book capture some of day-to-day political, social, economic, cultural challenges and obstacles encountered by the HIV/AIDS caregivers in Nairobi, Kenya. Caregiver challenges are reviewed and recommendations are offered on the way forward. It also explores the role of the church and international social work in addressing international issues. ___________________________________ Dr Charnetta Gadling-Cole is an Assistant Professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in the College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Sociology and Social Work. She holds an appointment as a Scientist in the Center on Aging and a Scholar in the Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Center. Her research interest is in the areas of gerontology, care-giving and international social work. Dr. Sandra Edmonds Crewe is the Director of the Multidisciplinary Center for Social Gerontology at Howard University, Washington, DC. She is also associate Dean for academic & student affairs and equally serves as a member of the faculty of the School of Social Work's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Crewe's primary research interests are in the areas of aging, care-giving, and kinship care. Professor Mildred C. Joyner is Chair of the Undergraduate Social Work Department at West Chester University. Professor Joyner currently also serves as the President of the Council on Social Work Education. She is equally a member of the CSWE Gero-Ed Center (gerontological education) as well as a member of the National Association of Social Workers. Her research interests include child abuse, diversity issues and gerontology.

A Cure Too Far takes the reader back to the bleak time in Africa when doctors stood by helplessly and watched in horror as their distraught patients were hijacked by a ragtag army of cocky healers. It describes an obstacle-strewn struggle to stop peddlers of fake AIDS drugs and other detractors while trying to find a scientifically proven solution to alleviate the carnage. This story is informed by incredible personal accounts of individuals who played different roles in the war for survival, and of those who found the agony too much to bear, as the relentless scourge ripped apart thousands of years of cultural practices. Even when hope appeared in January 2003, through the President's Emergancy Programme for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), a devastating financial crunch hit, threatening to undo all that had been achieved

This book explains what HIV/AIDS is and how to take good care of yourself in order to rebuild your immune system, to prevent opportunist infections and to stay healthy despite your status. As you know, HIV is just a chronic disease and it may be very well controlled like other chronic diseases are.

Speech and Song at the Margins of Global Health tells the story of a unique Zulu gospel choir comprised of people living with HIV in South Africa, and how they maintained healthy, productive lives amid globalized inequality, international aid, and the stigma that often comes with having HIV. By singing, joking, and narrating about HIV in Zulu, the performers in the choir were able to engage with international audiences, connect with global health professionals, and also maintain traditional familial respect through the prism of performance. The focus on gospel singing in the narrative provides a holistic viewpoint on life with HIV in the later years of the pandemic, and the author's musical engagement led to fieldwork in participants' homes and communities, including the larger stigmatized community of infected individuals. This viewpoint suggests overlooked ways that aid recipients contribute to global health in support, counseling, and activism, as the performers set up instruments, waited around in hotel lobbies, and struck up conversations with passersby and audience members. The story of the choir reveals the complexity and inequities of global health interventions, but also the positive impact of those interventions in the crafting of community.

The Confessions and Diaries of a New York Veteran of the Stonewall Inn Raid of June 28, 1969 is a true story which chronicles the life of one of the oldest survival of the historic raid and riots at this Gay Dancing Bar Forty-two years ago. This was the beginning of the Gay Rights Movement, and the Gay Revolution when Gays resisted Police arrests and assaults. A year later, Gay Demonstrators celebrated the anniversary of the riots with the first Gay Pride March by, openly, walking from Greenwich Village to the Sheep Meadows in Central Park. The founders of the Gay Liberation Front and the LGBT Communities united to sponsored a Gay Rights Parade annually in June to commemorate this momentous event. This was the first instance in American History when people in the homosexual community fought back against a governmental system that persecuted the Gay minorities, who have since become the defining force behind this event and, who is credited for the beginning of the Gay Uprising and Revolution in the United States and around the World.

The Deep South has seen a 36 percent increase in AIDS cases while the rest of the nation has seen a 2 percent decline. Many of the underlying reasons for the disease's continued spread in the region-ignorance about HIV, reluctance to get tested, non-adherence to treatment protocols, resistance to behavioural changes-remain unaddressed by policymakers. In this extensively revised second edition, Kathryn Whetten and Brian Wells Pence present a rich discussion of twenty-five ethnographic life stories of people living with HIV in the South. Most importantly, they incorporate research from their recent quantitative study, "Coping with HIV/AIDS in the Southeast" (CHASE), which includes 611 HIV-positive patients from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana. This new edition continues to bring the participants' voices to life while highlighting how the CHASE study confirmed many of the themes that originally emerged from the life histories. This is the first cohesive compilation of up-to-date evidence on the unique and difficult aspects of living with HIV in the Deep South.

The Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention is pleased to present its Strategic Plan 2011-2015. The Plan encompasses all aspect of the Division's work and will serve as a practical guide to inform development of work plans to ensure DHAP activities and resources are aligned with its priorities.

Investing in Communities Achieves Results fills an important gap in the global knowledge on community level results and resources related to HIV and AIDS. While communities, in spite of their limited resources, have played a key role in the HIV/AIDS response, their contributions and innovative approaches to prevention, treatment, care, and support have not always been the focus of systematic and rigorous evaluations. To address this deficit, a series of studies-including evaluations in Burkina Faso, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, and Zimbabwe-were undertaken over a three-year period (early 2009 to early 2012), helping to build a robust pool of evidence on the effects of community-based activities and programmes. A unique feature of this multicountry evaluation was the collaboration between two international organisations (the World Bank and the United Kingdom's Department for International Development) and a major civil society network (the U.K. Consortium on AIDS and International Development). Other attributes that contributed to the successful outcome were the sustained consultation process with civil society and stakeholders at the local, national, and global levels, and the collaboration among high-calibre, multi-disciplinary researcher teams. The book's findings are promising. At varying levels, depending on the country context, the HIV response in communities was shown to improve knowledge and behaviour and increase the use of health services- and even decrease HIV incidence. Evidence on social transformation was more mixed, with community groups found to be effective only in some settings. Each study in the evaluation provides a partial view of how communities shape the local response; however, taken together they constitute a significant pool of rigorous evidence on the contributions of communities, community groups, and civil society to the national and global HIV and AIDS response. The studies suggest that communities have produced significant results at the local level, which contribute to outcomes at the national level.

People who inject drugs (PWID) are at higher risk for acquiring HIV infection than the general population in many countries. Injecting drug use is present in 148 countries including a wide array of low and middle income countries where HIV incidence is growing in recent years - even as it declines elsewhere. This study was undertaken as the third of a series of three economic analyses examining the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS in vulnerable populations. Informed by a critical review of epidemiological evidence and the most recent analyses of intervention efficacy, this work modelled the costs and impact of addressing the needs of PWID at scale in various epidemic contexts. These particular research questions were addressed: What are the modelled epidemic impact and costs of implementing a minimum adaptable package of evidence-based and human rights affirming services for prevention, treatment, and care of HIV/AIDS in PWID in globally representative epidemic scenarios? What are the estimated returns on investment and costs of inaction of addressing these epidemics? Taken together, the findings indicate: Service coverage levels for ART and key harm reduction interventions with HIV prevention benefits are generally inadequate. Allocative decisions for HIV/AIDS should better reflect the burden of transmission and disease. HIV transmission dynamics can be significantly reduced by scaling up a package of four key harm reduction interventions specific to PWID: Needle and Syringe Programs, Medically Assisted Therapy and HIV Counseling and Testing, as well as proportionate access in ART scale-up. Evidence-based and effective interventions for PWID should be funded and implemented - in the context of HIV prevention services for the general population, such as condom promotion. Interventions for PWID - particularly in combination with treatment services - are cost effective or highly cost effective investment choices across the breadth of the global epidemic. The study presents compelling evidence for the most cost-effective approaches to minimising the transmission and impacts of HIV in this key population. This evidence may guide both operational design and policy dialogue in World Bank operations.

This document is to help the CARE Act1 community conduct needs assessments so that they can better plan on how to use CARE Act resources to fill gaps in care. It describes the process of needs assessment and provides "how-to" information about tasks ranging from developing an epidemiologic profile to estimating the need for services. The Guide provides: Legislative requirements and HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB) expectations for each CARE Act title; Types of needs assessment information; Steps in conducting a comprehensive needs assessment; Practical guidance on how to: Prepare an epidemiologic profile; Collect and use surrogate markers for HIV/AIDS, such as co-morbidity data; Collect information from people living with HIV disease (PLWH) and other community representatives through focus groups, surveys, interviews, and community forums; Prepare a resource inventory; Conduct an assessment of provider capacity/capability, and Assess service needs. Ways to use needs assessment results in decision making; The experiences of CARE Act Titles I, II, III, and IV grantees nationwide, and; Information on special HAB needs assessment initiatives (i.e., preparing a joint epidemiologic profile with an HIV prevention community planning body, developing a framework for estimating unmet need). The Needs Assessment Guide was designed for use by all CARE Act titles and can provide a common approach to needs assessment that facilitates cross-title collaboration. Input on its content was provided by HAB staff and a Field Review Group. Title I and Title II needs assessments typically involve planning bodies-Title I HIV services planning councils and Title II regional consortia or Statewide planning entities. Therefore, the roles of planning bodies are described throughout. For Title III or Title IV, the planning body may be an agency's planning committee or executive committee. Many programs also establish advisory bodies that include community and PLWH participation-or there may be no planning body involvement.

This document is provided as an information resource for physicians and other health care professionals to guide them in the appropriate treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS. Recommendations for care and treatment change rapidly, and opinions can be controversial; therefore, physicians and other health care professionals are encouraged to consult other sources, especially manufacturers' package inserts, and confirm the information contained in these tables. The individual physician or other health care professional should use his/her best medical judgment in determining appropriate patient care or treatment because no single reference or service can take the place of medical training, education, and experience. Determination of appropriate treatment is the responsibility of the treating physician

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates within living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. Today, around 5,000 viruses have been reported in detail, although there are potentially millions. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology. "Virology" has two volumes. Volume 1 mainly discusses the latest research related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Chapter 1 explores HIV epidemics throughout the world, examining transitions from injected related transmission to heterosexual transmission of the HIV virus. The authors explain factors that influence the transitions in countries with high prevalence HIV infection among their injecting drug use populations.

Chapter 2 discusses the association between HIV and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). In the current post-combination antiretroviral therapy era, HL ranks among the most frequent non-AIDS defining cancers (NADCs) and is an emerging and challenging entity in sub-Saharan Africa.

Chapter 3 seeks to outline some PMTCT and child survival issues pertinent to resource limited settings that are to be considered in achieving the WHO strategic plan of reduction of pediatric HIV infection by 2015.

Chapter 4 reviews the morphological, physiological and behavioral changes observed in corn earworm moths, (Helicoverpa zea) infected with the sexually transmitted, sterilizing virus HzNV-2. These pathological effects as well as viral persistence and genes responsible for these features of the virus are presented along with the potential HzNV-2 holds for use in controlling this agriculturally important insect pest.

Chapter 5 describes the main features of lentivirus derived vectors and the results obtained in the transduction of the airway epithelium in "in vitro" and "in vivo" models as well as their usefulness in the stem cells field. The primary focus of this chapter is on the main applications of lentiviral vectors relative to the gene therapy of respiratory diseases.

Chapter 6 characterizes the anti-HIV-1 response by looking at the ability of IFNbeta-induced genes to restrict HIV-1 particle production. The authors identified a potential novel HIV-1 restriction factor called HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5 (HERC5) that targets a unique late stage of HIV-1 replication.

Chapter 7 summarizes seminal findings that have revealed dual implication of the RNAi machinery in virus biology and discusses their implications for cell biology.

In Chapter 8, a novel RNA-based immune system against viruses is being established, which has emerged as a fundamental regulator of potent antiviral defense system. The mechanism for Dicer pathway is presented, which would be a future goal for many virus research scientists.

Chapter 9 proposes an overview of the genetic diversity of Epstein-Baar virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) and provides a new classification system of LMP1 variants based on selected polymorphisms and functional features.

Chapter 10 reviews our current knowledge of the effect of pathogen infection on thymic physiology.

Journeys Through Darkness is a biography which tells the story of AIDS and related blindness through AIDS warrior and long-term survivor, award-winning legally blind photographer Kurt Weston. The book includes several of his photographs that match the powerful prose of Alina Oswald.

The Deep South has seen a 36 percent increase in AIDS cases while the rest of the nation has seen a 2 percent decline. Many of the underlying reasons for the disease's continued spread in the region-ignorance about HIV, reluctance to get tested, non-adherence to treatment protocols, resistance to behavioral changes-remain unaddressed by policymakers. In this extensively revised second edition, Kathryn Whetten and Brian Wells Pence present a rich discussion of twenty-five ethnographic life stories of people living with HIV in the South. Most importantly, they incorporate research from their recent quantitative study, "Coping with HIV/AIDS in the Southeast" (CHASE), which includes 611 HIV-positive patients from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana. This new edition continues to bring the participants' voices to life while highlighting how the CHASE study confirmed many of the themes that originally emerged from the life histories. This is the first cohesive compilation of up-to-date evidence on the unique and difficult aspects of living with HIV in the Deep South.

The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services has as its mission the improvement of access to health care and services for underserved and vulnerable populations. HRSA accomplishes this mission by partnering with community-based organizations in the delivery of health and social services, with academic health centers in the education of health professionals, and with State and local health departments in the areas of prevention, public health promotion and health care delivery. Improved quality of care and quality of life are the goals of the programs and initiatives of HRSA. To that end HRSA's HIV/AIDS Bureau has embarked on the publication of A Clinical Guide to Supportive and Palliative Care for HIV/AIDS. Through the work of visionaries in the fields of HIV/AIDS and palliative care, we conclude that excellent HIV care can be provided by integrating the principles and framework of palliative care into the delivery of care and services to people living with HIV/AIDS, throughout the continuum of illness. This integration of services holds the promise of patient and family-centered care that is proactive in addressing the multitude of issues with which patients are challenged. With this volume we seek to expand the definition of palliative care and to realize palliative care's full potential to improve the quality of care and the quality of life of those living with HIV/AIDS. The HIV/AIDS Bureau, through its Working Group on Palliative Care in HIV, has set forth the following working definition: Palliative care is patient- and family-centered care. It optimizes quality of life by active anticipation, prevention, and treatment of suffering. It emphasizes use of an interdisciplinary team approach throughout the continuum of illness, placing critical importance on the building of respectful and trusting relationships. Palliative care addresses physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual needs. It facilitates patient autonomy, access to information, and choice. Palliative care is complementary care, not alternative care, and therefore should not be provided only when disease-directed therapy fails or is unavailable. It is a mistake to adopt a palliative perspective and approach only at the last stages of illness. One need only reflect on the pain associated with receiving a first HIV diagnosis or upon the psychological and spiritual suffering that are the substrates of substance abuse and other behaviors exposing individuals to HIV, to realize the importance of using palliative care principles at all points along the course of this illness. Providers should focus their attention on comfort, relief of suffering, and quality of life throughout the course of HIV disease. The central role of medication adherence is not to be underestimated in stabilizing the course of disease, but other factors can be equally important in optimizing clinical outcomes. These factors include a wide range of hard-to-control socioeconomic as well as personal characteristics: an understanding of the disease process; empowerment in relation to personal health; a safe place to live; freedom from pain and distressing symptoms; adequate nutrition; treatment for substance abuse, depression and other mental illness; hope; adequate help of friends, family and other caregivers, especially when functional status is diminished and disease progression is ongoing. These challenges can be met successfully by using a palliative care framework to approach the patient, providers, caregivers, family, loved ones, and the health care system. This manual is organized to address the many aspects of palliative care that are key in caring for the person living with HIV and AIDS. A wealth of expertise and experience in the areas of HIV and palliative care has provided a unique document that expands the realms of both disciplines.

Few people realize that the familiar HIV/AIDS global statistics are actually estimates. For example, UNAIDS estimated that the Republic of South Africa (RSA) had 140,000 HIV/AIDS deaths in 1997. However, after tabulating all deaths for 1997, the Republic of South Africa attributed only 6,635 deaths to HIV/AIDS. Such discrepancies are rarely noted. The Republic of South Africa (RSA) stands as the exemplar of these discrepancies. It is reputed to have the world's largest AIDS epidemic with an estimated 5.6 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) in 2008. Such PLWH estimates, as with the estimates of HIV/AIDS deaths, are highly questionable. HIV/AIDS in South Africa: The Facts and the Fiction clarifies the reasons behind these discrepancies by describing two common misunderstandings of HIV infection that contribute to poor mathematical modeling outcomes. Fully referenced, HIV/AIDS in South Africa: The Facts and the Fiction presents and compares raw numerical data on: ? the tabulated number of HIV/AIDS deaths in the RSA; ? the number of AIDS cases detected by RSA disease surveillance systems; ? UNAIDS/WHO estimates for AIDS deaths in the RSA; and ? UNAIDS/WHO estimates for the number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the RSA. The total cumulative numbers of HIV/AIDS cases in the United States and the cumulative totals for the continent of Africa are also presented for purposes of comparison, and to place the African and RSA data within appropriate epidemiological context. Overall, these data span from 1981 to 2009. Altogether, these data, plus additional information detailing the nature of HIV infection and heterosexual HIV transmission rates, explain why the hyperbolic mathematical estimates and HIV antibody test surveys the primary sources of HIV/AIDS data in Africa are simply implausible. Contents: 118 pages, 20 tables, several side boxes, and 240 references.

"The theory that AIDS originated in African monkeys arose from an incident of laboratory contamination." ? The scientific literature is clear: (1) New York City is the epicenter of the AIDS epidemic; (2) the theory that HIV came from monkeys is a fallacy; the theory that AIDS originated in African monkeys arose from an incident of laboratory contamination; and (3) the African AIDS epidemic-as-holocaust never manifested. "The first Africans diagnosed with AIDS were residents of Belgium." ? Fully referenced, based on a forensic review of over 3000 scientific and medical journal articles, this book redefines global concepts for the prevalence and distribution of HIV infection. For many readers, each page contains a revelation as the Author not only deconstructs many myths and misconceptions, but also describes how the current misconceptions arose. "The first documented case of international HIV transmission occurred between New York City and Copenhagen." ? This book redefines global concepts for the prevalence and distribution of HIV infection, and has powerful implications for HIV/AIDS funding, research prerogatives, and global health care interventions. Chris Jennings (Harvard, B.A., Biology 1976/77) excels at writing scientific books that fulfill the needs of professionals while rendering the science accessible to the average reader. His prior book, Understanding and Preventing AIDS: A Book for Everyone, was favorably reviewed by the New England Journal of Medicine ? adopted for staff education by Massachusetts General Hospital, the hospital affiliated with Harvard Medical School; the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS); the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); and Walter Reed Army Medical Institute ? sold in medical bookstores ? purchased by innumerable city and state health agencies ? and utilized as a textbook at colleges, nursing schools, and public health schools. Contents: 218 pages, 20 tables, innumerable side boxes, and 500 references.

"In this original and interdisciplinary book, Chase illuminates the unequal treatment faced by the Puerto Rican women she studied and creates compassion for the hardships they faced." -Michele Tracey Berger, author of The Intersectional Approach Surviving HIV/AIDS in the Inner City explores the survival strategies of poor, HIV-positive Puerto Rican women by asking four key questions: Given their limited resources, how did they manage an illness as serious as HIV/AIDS? Did they look for alternatives to conventional medical treatment? Did the challenges they faced deprive them of self-determination, or could they help themselves and each other? What can we learn from these resourceful women? Based on her work with minority women living in Newark, New Jersey, Sabrina Marie Chase illuminates the hidden traps and land mines burdening our urban health care system. For the women she studied, alliances with doctors, nurses, and social workers could literally mean the difference between life and death. By applying the theories of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu to the day-to-day experiences of HIV-positive Latinas, Chase explains why some struggled and even died while others flourished and occasionally thrived under difficult conditions. These gripping, true-life stories reveal the strategies utilized by the chronically ill among us who depend on the health care "safety net." Through her exploration of life and death among Newark's resourceful women, Chase provides the groundwork for transforming our ailing urban health care system. SABRINA MARIE CHASE is a medical anthropologist specializing in family medicine and racial and ethnic health care disparities. She is a health care researcher at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. A volume in the Studies in Medical Anthropology series, edited by Mac Marshall