It's been likened to a plague, but AIDS was never just a health crisis. The second of a series on grieving the death of a friend, Grief and AIDS: Thirty Years of Burying Our Friends, revisits a time when people with AIDS were also victims of bigotry and discrimination. In stories about Ryan White, ACT UP, the Names Project, red ribbons and more, you'll learn why friends made all the difference: not just caregiving or memorializing, but changing the way society confronts the medical establishment and government to demand action.

This Training Guide was developed to assist Title I HIV planning councils and Title II care consortia in ensuring that all members have the information and skills for full participation in Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act planning and implementation activities, with special emphasis on PLWH members . Successful implementation of the CARE Act depends upon the work of planning bodies in communities throughout the nation, and requires that members be diverse, active, and well informed. PLWH involvement in such planning bodies is both a legislative requirement and a practical necessity . The CARE Act, enacted in 1990 and reauthorized in 1996, requires planning councils and consortia to include members from affected communities, including people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHs). The Division of HIV Services (DHS), which administers Title I and Title II of the CARE Act, believes that effective programs and services must be developed based on the input and perspectives of those for whom the services are intended. The Training Guide was initiated to address the need for orientation and training for planning body members who were people living with HIV disease . A consultant to DHS developed the initial outline. Subsequently, DHS staff and participants in the third Community Discussion Group meeting in October 1995 reviewed, revised, and expanded it. The resulting content outline became the basis for this guide, prepared by MOSAICA: The Center for Nonprofit Development and Pluralism through an interactive process with the PLWH Response Committee of DHS and with John Snow, Inc., the Ryan White Technical Assistance Contractor. Following review of the draft guide, DHS decided that a Training Guide was needed not just for PLWHs but for all planning body members. The guide therefore provides information that can be used for providing orientation and ongoing training to all planning body members, including people living with HIV disease.

The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB), Division of Service Systems (DSS), is pleased to offer this manual to Ryan White CARE Act Title II grantees and planning bodies. This publication replaces the Ryan White CARE Act Title II Manual that was distributed after the CARE Act was first reauthorized in 1996. On October 20, 2000 Public Law 106-345, reauthorized the Ryan White CARE Act for a second time, with provisions that affect all CARE Act programs. This manual has incorporated all new provisions affecting the Title II program. This manual is intended for the use of grantees, planning bodies and people living with HIV disease. However, we encourage you to share it with colleagues and peers involved in all aspects of the Ryan White Title I program in your area. The manual is designed to encourage local photocopying and distribution: each section has its own cover and chapters that deal with specific topics in depth. Each section, and chapters within them, can be copied and circulated as standalone documents. This manual contains nine sections. Section One, General Information, contains information that is useful to all readers, such as an overview of the CARE Act, CARE Act 2000 legislation, summary of changes to the Title II program, a description of DSS, and an overview of technical assistance for grantees and planning bodies. Section Two, Grants Administration, includes updated information on local administration of the CARE Act as well as guidance on Maintenance of Effort. Section Three, Reporting Requirements, is new for this manual and provides in-depth history and instructions on reports that HAB/DSS requires of grantees, including allocations reports; budgeting, contracting, and fiscal reports; Minority AIDS Initiative (MAI) reports; and the new CARE Act Data Report (CADR). Sample repot forms are included. Section Four, Policies, is a complete list of Program Policy Guidance and Policy Notes that have been issued by HAB and DSS since the inception of the CARE Act. Section Five, Title II Program Categories, outlines program areas under Title II, which are designed to give States flexibility in meeting their needs. Section Six, Planning Bodies, provides materials to help Title II planning entities function more effectively. Section Seven, Coordination, reviews the various ways that Title II can coordinate in planning, funding of services, and service delivery. Section Eight, Program Guidance, presents updated legislation, DSS expectations and implementation suggestions on issues such as: needs assessment, comprehensive planning, quality management, early intervention services, and priority setting and resource allocation. Section Nine, Chief Elected Official Guide, is new for this manual and gives the reader a better understanding of the relationship of the CEO to the grantee and planning bodies. It covers both Title I and Title II CEO duties. Section Ten contains definitions and acronyms and a listing of approved service category definitions. Section Eleven is a listing of HRSA/HAB offices and Title II grantees. Points to Remember: This manual provides a practical, "how to" guide for many aspects of the Title II program. While the hope is that the manual will be a stand alone document, there are other manuals and resources such as the: Title I Manual, CARE Act Needs Assessment Guide, Training Guide: Preparing Planning Body Members, and Self Assessment Modules, as well as other HRSA publications that will supplement the information presented here; A reference list is included at the end of each chapter in the manual. Another excellent source of information and guidance for grantees and planning councils is the HAB website that is continually updated (see http: //hab.hrsa.gov); There will be continual updates and inserts sent to the Title II CARE Act community to keep your manuals as up to date as possible.

State ADAPs function as important components of Title II service systems, yet most State ADAPs are also large and complex enough to merit their own staff resources. As of January 2002, 78 percent of the States have separate individuals (or groups of individuals) administering the Title II program and the State ADAP. Given the unique role of ADAPs in the Ryan White service delivery system, HRSA prepared the ADAP Manual to assist ADAPs with their distinct issues and requirements. The ADAP Manual is meant to complement the information provided in the Ryan White CARE Act Title II Manual. ADAP-specific information from the Title II Manual has been reproduced and, in most cases, has been expanded upon and enhanced. Other areas, such as the Section 340B Drug Discount Program, are unique to the ADAP Manual. All of the information contained in this manual is designed to assist State ADAP coordinators, Title II directors, and others involved with improving access to HIV medications for low-income individuals. Some chapters of the ADAP Manual are taken directly from the Title II Manual. For a comprehensive understanding of the Title II program, however, the two manuals should be used together. Each chapter begins with a chapter summary for quick reference. In addition, each chapter includes a list of sources used and a reference list for further information.

This document is to help the CARE Act1 community conduct needs assessments so that they can better plan on how to use CARE Act resources to fill gaps in care. It describes the process of needs assessment and provides "how-to" information about tasks ranging from developing an epidemiologic profile to estimating the need for services. The Guide provides: Legislative requirements and HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB) expectations for each CARE Act title; Types of needs assessment information; Steps in conducting a comprehensive needs assessment; Practical guidance on how to: Prepare an epidemiologic profile; Collect and use surrogate markers for HIV/AIDS, such as co-morbidity data; Collect information from people living with HIV disease (PLWH) and other community representatives through focus groups, surveys, interviews, and community forums; Prepare a resource inventory; Conduct an assessment of provider capacity/capability, and Assess service needs. Ways to use needs assessment results in decision making; The experiences of CARE Act Titles I, II, III, and IV grantees nationwide, and; Information on special HAB needs assessment initiatives (i.e., preparing a joint epidemiologic profile with an HIV prevention community planning body, developing a framework for estimating unmet need). The Needs Assessment Guide was designed for use by all CARE Act titles and can provide a common approach to needs assessment that facilitates cross-title collaboration. Input on its content was provided by HAB staff and a Field Review Group. Title I and Title II needs assessments typically involve planning bodies-Title I HIV services planning councils and Title II regional consortia or Statewide planning entities. Therefore, the roles of planning bodies are described throughout. For Title III or Title IV, the planning body may be an agency's planning committee or executive committee. Many programs also establish advisory bodies that include community and PLWH participation-or there may be no planning body involvement.

This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, guest edited by Dr. Paul Hruz, is devoted to HIV and Endocrine Disorders. Articles in this issue include: Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk in HIV infection; Changes in nutritional concerns in HIV/AIDS; HIV Lipodystrophy: Lessons learned about adipose tissue and metabolic disorders; Hypogonadism in the HIV infected male; Gonadal function and reproductive health in women with HIV; Osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fracture risk with HIV infection and treatment; HIV-associated calcium and vitamin D abnormalities; Alterations in pancreatic islet function in HIV; Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and diabetes in HIV; Thyroid abnormalities in HIV; HPA axis/adrenal pathology in HIV; and Endocrinopathies in HIV-infected children.

Speech and Song at the Margins of Global Health tells the story of a unique Zulu gospel choir comprised of people living with HIV in South Africa, and how they maintained healthy, productive lives amid globalized inequality, international aid, and the stigma that often comes with having HIV. By singing, joking, and narrating about HIV in Zulu, the performers in the choir were able to engage with international audiences, connect with global health professionals, and also maintain traditional familial respect through the prism of performance. The focus on gospel singing in the narrative provides a holistic viewpoint on life with HIV in the later years of the pandemic, and the author's musical engagement led to fieldwork in participants' homes and communities, including the larger stigmatized community of infected individuals. This viewpoint suggests overlooked ways that aid recipients contribute to global health in support, counseling, and activism, as the performers set up instruments, waited around in hotel lobbies, and struck up conversations with passersby and audience members. The story of the choir reveals the complexity and inequities of global health interventions, but also the positive impact of those interventions in the crafting of community.

Though more than 150,000 AIDS-related deaths have been reported worldwide and between 5 and 10 million people are now infected with its precursor, HIV-1, the deadly and relatively new AIDS virus is still a mystery. AIDS and the Social Sciences: Common Threads, an enlightening examination of the AIDS epidemic from the viewpoints of various social sciences, provides us with clues to that mystery. The essays' original research and firsthand accounts from social scientists offer an excellent overview of the research agendas and directions for a disease that is an increasing presence in our society. Sociologists, geographers, anthropologists, psychologists, social workers, and people in government agencies converge in this book to discuss the social, political, economic, legal, moral, and ethical issues related to AIDS. Their methods of approaching the study of AIDS range from a case study approach to survey research to participant observation. Among the topics examined in this distinctive collection are the geographic origins of AIDS, the psychosocial aspects of AIDS, the impact of AIDS on women and children, and the federal funding patterns of AIDS-related research. One chapter traces the diffusion of the pandemic in major urban areas, smaller cities, and finally rural America. Another documents the devastating impact the disease has had on central and East Africa, some areas of which have as many as one in four adults who are HIV-infected. AIDS and the Social Sciences could serve as a primary or supplemental text for college courses and is an important resource for anyone interested in social science or public health.

AIDS: The Real Cause
This ground-breaking new book by Thomas A. Patterson provides the first comprehensive, scientific explanation of what really causes AIDS. It includes the results of more than 30 years of AIDS research and for the first time combines key findings of both proponents and critics of the standard HIV-AIDS explanation.
But Patterson goes one step further and adds the crucial, missing piece of the puzzle: a disease known as "The Great Imitator" to historians of medicine, as it has been misleading doctors repeatedly over the centuries by causing symptoms that imitate other illnesses. A disease that is caused by a microbe known to clinicians as the "stealth pathogen," because it subverts the immune system, evades detection by many standard testing procedures, survives treatment by most standard antibiotics, and may strike unexpectedly even years or decades after infection. A disease known as: syphilis.
By connecting the dots, a bigger picture emerges: it turns out that syphilis explains all aspects of AIDS conclusively, including modes of transmission, immunological characteristics, clinical symptoms, epidemiology both in developed and developing countries, and historical timing of the AIDS epidemic.
Historical documents reveal that a small group of pioneering researchers and doctors suspected chronic syphilis as the true cause of AIDS from the very beginning. At the time, they couldn't prove their case, hence they were ignored and soon forgotten - almost. Yet modern research shows that they may have been right all along.
Based on these insights, Patterson proposes a radically new and yet simple medical treatment scheme that may finally put an end to the 30-year epidemic of AIDS.
A real game changer.
130 scientific references. 20 illustrations and high-resolution micrographs.

Journeys Through Darkness is a biography which tells the story of AIDS and related blindness through AIDS warrior and long-term survivor, award-winning legally blind photographer Kurt Weston. The book includes several of his photographs that match the powerful prose of Alina Oswald.

AIDS was the perfect storm due to several events that converged in the early 1980's. For 30 years, we have been living with the flawed theory of HIV causing AIDS without valid scientific proof. Learn the truth about AIDS; HIV has never been proven to cause AIDS; there isn't a test for the actual virus; "viral load" test does not measure a virus; HIV has never been properly isolated or validated; there isn't any proof that HIV is sexually transmitted; AIDS medicines can cause AIDS; HIV has never been found in anyone's blood; thousands have died due to AIDS medicines; and don't let faulty HIV tests ruin your life. Discover that AIDS in Africa is mainly inflated statistics; HIV positive does not mean active infection; HIV does not kill t-cells; HIV violates Koch's Postulates; and toxic and black-box warning drugs harm people, especially pregnant women and the fetus. AIDS is a multifactorial disease which can be defeated by restoring the immune system. Many have learned the truth about AIDS, have stopped the toxic medicines, and are living healthy lives.

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates within living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. Today, around 5,000 viruses have been reported in detail, although there are potentially millions. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology. "Virology" has two volumes. Volume 1 mainly discusses the latest research related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Chapter 1 explores HIV epidemics throughout the world, examining transitions from injected related transmission to heterosexual transmission of the HIV virus. The authors explain factors that influence the transitions in countries with high prevalence HIV infection among their injecting drug use populations.

Chapter 2 discusses the association between HIV and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). In the current post-combination antiretroviral therapy era, HL ranks among the most frequent non-AIDS defining cancers (NADCs) and is an emerging and challenging entity in sub-Saharan Africa.

Chapter 3 seeks to outline some PMTCT and child survival issues pertinent to resource limited settings that are to be considered in achieving the WHO strategic plan of reduction of pediatric HIV infection by 2015.

Chapter 4 reviews the morphological, physiological and behavioral changes observed in corn earworm moths, (Helicoverpa zea) infected with the sexually transmitted, sterilizing virus HzNV-2. These pathological effects as well as viral persistence and genes responsible for these features of the virus are presented along with the potential HzNV-2 holds for use in controlling this agriculturally important insect pest.

Chapter 5 describes the main features of lentivirus derived vectors and the results obtained in the transduction of the airway epithelium in "in vitro" and "in vivo" models as well as their usefulness in the stem cells field. The primary focus of this chapter is on the main applications of lentiviral vectors relative to the gene therapy of respiratory diseases.

Chapter 6 characterizes the anti-HIV-1 response by looking at the ability of IFNbeta-induced genes to restrict HIV-1 particle production. The authors identified a potential novel HIV-1 restriction factor called HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5 (HERC5) that targets a unique late stage of HIV-1 replication.

Chapter 7 summarizes seminal findings that have revealed dual implication of the RNAi machinery in virus biology and discusses their implications for cell biology.

In Chapter 8, a novel RNA-based immune system against viruses is being established, which has emerged as a fundamental regulator of potent antiviral defense system. The mechanism for Dicer pathway is presented, which would be a future goal for many virus research scientists.

Chapter 9 proposes an overview of the genetic diversity of Epstein-Baar virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) and provides a new classification system of LMP1 variants based on selected polymorphisms and functional features.

Chapter 10 reviews our current knowledge of the effect of pathogen infection on thymic physiology.

Most of the HIV/AIDS caregivers in Kenya live in various parts of the country and share many of the trials and tribulations associated with providing care to someone suffering from a terminal illness. Some have been forced into the role due to the death of their love one, while others may have voluntarily taken on the responsibility on a firm belief that the care they provide will make a difference. The experiences shared in this book capture some of day-to-day political, social, economic, cultural challenges and obstacles encountered by the HIV/AIDS caregivers in Nairobi, Kenya. Caregiver challenges are reviewed and recommendations are offered on the way forward. It also explores the role of the church and international social work in addressing international issues. ___________________________________ Dr Charnetta Gadling-Cole is an Assistant Professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in the College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Sociology and Social Work. She holds an appointment as a Scientist in the Center on Aging and a Scholar in the Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Center. Her research interest is in the areas of gerontology, care-giving and international social work. Dr. Sandra Edmonds Crewe is the Director of the Multidisciplinary Center for Social Gerontology at Howard University, Washington, DC. She is also associate Dean for academic & student affairs and equally serves as a member of the faculty of the School of Social Work's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Crewe's primary research interests are in the areas of aging, care-giving, and kinship care. Professor Mildred C. Joyner is Chair of the Undergraduate Social Work Department at West Chester University. Professor Joyner currently also serves as the President of the Council on Social Work Education. She is equally a member of the CSWE Gero-Ed Center (gerontological education) as well as a member of the National Association of Social Workers. Her research interests include child abuse, diversity issues and gerontology.

A Cure Too Far takes the reader back to the bleak time in Africa when doctors stood by helplessly and watched in horror as their distraught patients were hijacked by a ragtag army of cocky healers. It describes an obstacle-strewn struggle to stop peddlers of fake AIDS drugs and other detractors while trying to find a scientifically proven solution to alleviate the carnage. This story is informed by incredible personal accounts of individuals who played different roles in the war for survival, and of those who found the agony too much to bear, as the relentless scourge ripped apart thousands of years of cultural practices. Even when hope appeared in January 2003, through the President's Emergancy Programme for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), a devastating financial crunch hit, threatening to undo all that had been achieved

This book explains what HIV/AIDS is and how to take good care of yourself in order to rebuild your immune system, to prevent opportunist infections and to stay healthy despite your status. As you know, HIV is just a chronic disease and it may be very well controlled like other chronic diseases are.

The Deep South has seen a 36 percent increase in AIDS cases while the rest of the nation has seen a 2 percent decline. Many of the underlying reasons for the disease's continued spread in the region-ignorance about HIV, reluctance to get tested, non-adherence to treatment protocols, resistance to behavioural changes-remain unaddressed by policymakers. In this extensively revised second edition, Kathryn Whetten and Brian Wells Pence present a rich discussion of twenty-five ethnographic life stories of people living with HIV in the South. Most importantly, they incorporate research from their recent quantitative study, "Coping with HIV/AIDS in the Southeast" (CHASE), which includes 611 HIV-positive patients from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana. This new edition continues to bring the participants' voices to life while highlighting how the CHASE study confirmed many of the themes that originally emerged from the life histories. This is the first cohesive compilation of up-to-date evidence on the unique and difficult aspects of living with HIV in the Deep South.

The Confessions and Diaries of a New York Veteran of the Stonewall Inn Raid of June 28, 1969 is a true story which chronicles the life of one of the oldest survival of the historic raid and riots at this Gay Dancing Bar Forty-two years ago. This was the beginning of the Gay Rights Movement, and the Gay Revolution when Gays resisted Police arrests and assaults. A year later, Gay Demonstrators celebrated the anniversary of the riots with the first Gay Pride March by, openly, walking from Greenwich Village to the Sheep Meadows in Central Park. The founders of the Gay Liberation Front and the LGBT Communities united to sponsored a Gay Rights Parade annually in June to commemorate this momentous event. This was the first instance in American History when people in the homosexual community fought back against a governmental system that persecuted the Gay minorities, who have since become the defining force behind this event and, who is credited for the beginning of the Gay Uprising and Revolution in the United States and around the World.

This volume presents an integrated epidemiologic, social, and economic analysis of the global epidemics of HIV among sex workers in low- and middle-income countries. The book provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of the available public health and social science data to characterize the nature, scope, and complexities of these epidemics. A community empowerment-based approach to HIV prevention, treatment, and care is outlined and demonstrated to be cost-effective across multiple settings, with a significant projected impact on HIV incidence among sex workers and transmission dynamics overall. The Global HIV Epidemics among Sex Workers seeks to assist governments, public health implementing agencies, donors, and sex worker communities to better understand and respond to the epidemics among a population facing heightened social and structural vulnerabilities to HIV. The book combines a systematic review of the global epidemiology of HIV among sex workers and in-depth case studies of the epidemiology, policy and programmatic responses and surrounding social contexts for HIV prevention, care and treatment in eight countries. The authors employ mathematical modelling and cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the potential country-level impact of a community empowerment-based approach to HIV prevention, treatment, and care among sex workers when taken to scale in four countries representing diverse sociopolitical contexts and HIV epidemics: Brazil, Kenya, Thailand, and Ukraine. In each setting, greater investment in prevention, treatment, and care for sex workers is shown to significantly reduce HIV. Together these findings underline the urgency of further global investment in comprehensive, human rights-based responses to HIV among sex workers.

Investing in Communities Achieves Results fills an important gap in the global knowledge on community level results and resources related to HIV and AIDS. While communities, in spite of their limited resources, have played a key role in the HIV/AIDS response, their contributions and innovative approaches to prevention, treatment, care, and support have not always been the focus of systematic and rigorous evaluations. To address this deficit, a series of studies-including evaluations in Burkina Faso, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, and Zimbabwe-were undertaken over a three-year period (early 2009 to early 2012), helping to build a robust pool of evidence on the effects of community-based activities and programmes. A unique feature of this multicountry evaluation was the collaboration between two international organisations (the World Bank and the United Kingdom's Department for International Development) and a major civil society network (the U.K. Consortium on AIDS and International Development). Other attributes that contributed to the successful outcome were the sustained consultation process with civil society and stakeholders at the local, national, and global levels, and the collaboration among high-calibre, multi-disciplinary researcher teams. The book's findings are promising. At varying levels, depending on the country context, the HIV response in communities was shown to improve knowledge and behaviour and increase the use of health services- and even decrease HIV incidence. Evidence on social transformation was more mixed, with community groups found to be effective only in some settings. Each study in the evaluation provides a partial view of how communities shape the local response; however, taken together they constitute a significant pool of rigorous evidence on the contributions of communities, community groups, and civil society to the national and global HIV and AIDS response. The studies suggest that communities have produced significant results at the local level, which contribute to outcomes at the national level.