Providing a comprehensive account of marine conservation, this book examines human use and abuse of the world's seas and oceans and their marine life, and the various approaches to management and conservation. Healthy marine ecosystems - the goods and services that they provide - are of vital importance to human wellbeing. There is a pressing need for a global synthesis of marine conservation issues and approaches. This book covers conservation issues pertinent to major groups of marine organisms, such as sharks, marine turtles, seabirds and marine mammals; key habitats, from estuaries, wetlands and coral reefs to the deep sea; and from local and regional to international initiatives in marine conservation. An ideal resource for students, researchers and conservation professionals, the book pays appropriate attention to the underlying marine biology and oceanography and how human activities impact marine ecosystems, enabling the reader to fully understand the context of conservation action and its rationale.

The World Ocean Assessment - or, to give its full title, The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment - is the outcome of the first cycle of the United Nations' Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects. The Assessment provides vital, scientifically-grounded bases for the consideration of ocean issues, including climate change, by governments, intergovernmental agencies, non-governmental agencies and all other stakeholders and policymakers involved in ocean affairs. Together with future assessments and related initiatives, it will support the implementation of the recently adopted 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly its ocean-related goals. Moreover, it will also form an important reference text for marine science courses.

Dinoflagellates are fascinating protists, mostly unicellular, distributed in environments ranging from the polar to tropical seas, hypersaline, coastal, estuarine and oceanic waters. There are about 2,377 dinoflagellate species recognized. They exhibit a great diversity of shape, size, biochemical composition and physiological characteristics. Generally free floating, dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, a few species such as the Symbodinium are symbiotic, living in corals, while a few are parasitic. This volume presents a discussion on dinoflagellate phylogeny based on recent developments in molecular biology. It provides insights into the similarity of pigment composition with other microalgae. A comprehensive coverage of their carbon assimilation rates is presented, which appear to be low compared to other microalgae. Besides photosynthetic assimilation, an interesting aspect of acquiring carbon is through mixotrophy which appears to be wide spread amongst dinoflagellates and a thorough discussion is presented. Key features of this book include recent methods of culturing dinoflagellates, which can serve as analogues of their blooms in understanding their physiology, biochemistry and production of phycotoxins. This book, based on massive data collected over decades of research, provides an informative overview on the spatial and temporal distribution and dispersal of dinoflagellates by ocean currents, ballast water introductions and climate changes. About 70 species of dinoflagellates are implicated in the production of ephemeral harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are on the increase globally. Based on several case studies, a comprehensive coverage of the phycotoxins produced by HAB species (PSP, DSP, ASP, Ciguatera, NSP) is presented. The adverse effects of phycotoxins on human health, and the loss of revenues ($50 million in the USA) due to fish kills are evaluated. Latest advances in the methodology of genomics are presented with a view to highlight their importance and to understand their linkage with phycotoxin production. A discussion of remediation measures to manage HABs is presented, which would be highly useful in aquaculture operations. This book provides a large number of illustrations, microphotographs and color photographs. It is ideal for any audience requiring an in-depth exposure to current issues, ideas and methods used in dinoflagellate studies. The topics discussed serve as a useful reference to researchers, scientists, environmental managers, undergraduate and graduate students.

Water is a key driver of economic and social development while it also has a basic function in maintaining the integrity of the natural environment. Presents the rationale approach for the Integrated Water Resources Management; this volume brings together both the different environmental problems that affect the very different ecosystems and the main methodologies able to face the problem of IWM. It will be of an invaluable resource for those involved in urban water management, including water utility managers, engineering technical staff, operations and maintenance specialists.

Water resources and services are integrated measures of social systems that range beyond the technical world and the IWRM requires a balance between competing views of social and political issues. This volume focuses on increased awareness of the human dimension, women's role, environmental protection, sustainability and food security aspects in achieving sustainable water management. Understanding the strategies used by small farmers, as well as how small farming systems work or why they fail, could shed light on the constraints they face and the measures to be taken to overcome them. It also draws key insights on movements promoting the involvement of grassroots communities in the sustainable management of their resources.

Lobsters are marine decapod crustaceans belonging to a diverse array of taxa, many of which support major fisheries of great socioeconomic importance to human communities and play important roles in natural ecosystems. This book contains chapters describing studies of the larval biology, behavior and habitat preferences, and fisheries management of fished clawed and spiny lobster species. Chapter 1 attempted to use a model based on enzyme thermodynamics to estimate and compare the lower and upper threshold temperatures and intrinsic optimum temperature for the development of American lobster larvae. Chapter 2 used an inferential ecomorphological approach incorporating information on the morphology, life history, biotope, and behavior of a selection of 11 decapod species present in European waters to predict the likely natural habitat of small juvenile European lobsters, a critical life stage about which, remarkably, little is known. Chapter 3 used simulation modeling to estimate the impacts of different fisheries harvesting strategies on the catches and socioeconomic values of Caribbean spiny lobster fisheries in different nations, illustrating their sensitivity to heterogeneous fisheries management. These chapters demonstrate new approaches to the study of lobsters that can contribute important information on their biology and fisheries ecology for use in forecasting the potential impacts of changes in climate and fisheries management on their populations and the fisheries they support.

At present, two native lamprey species occur in the Czech Republic, namely the brook lamprey and the Ukrainian lamprey. Lampreys: Evolution, Distribution and Use in Research begins by summarizing the available knowledge about the biology, ecology, distribution, monitoring of occurrence and action plans/recovery programmes for the aforementioned species. Following this, the occurrence of lampreys of the genus Lethenteron in 19 rivers and one lake in Sakhalin Island is documented, and sex differences in adults in respect to morphometric parameters are also presented. Mammalian blood clotting is presented as an extremely complex phenomenon involving more than two dozen proteins interacting in a series of limited proteolytic events partitioned into two calcium-dependent pathways. Some clotting proteins in mammals are present in only trace amounts, and proving their absence or presence in lampreys was not possible until the era of whole genome sequencing. As such, the authors retrace this development from a personal standpoint.

Taking an integrated approach to the biology of marine mammals; this book provides a general introduction to the biology of marine mammals, and an overview of the adaptations that have permitted mammals to succeed in the marine environment. It contains information for the interested beach dweller or student and for the scientist or marine resource manager, exploring the essential aspects of what makes marine mammals physiologically ""different"" from terrestrial mammals in regard to life in the sea.

In this compilation, the authors examine a plant dealing with mussel shell waste as input in its valorisation process, which is considered a priori an eco-friendly solution to the disposal of these products. Conversely, as a result of the thermal treatment of the shell waste, odour emissions to the atmosphere are a significant issue. Therefore, the authors seek to identify pollution sources and solutions. Following this, the book reports on different methodologies for the identification of emerging metals pollutants, together with all toxic metals, in mussels, clams and oysters. The possibility of human consumption, among other things, makes this identification necessary prior to their being sold in the market. In a separate study, the authors analysed oxidative stress in relation to the impact of global climate change on bivalves through the study of the organisms responses to mitigate damage and control the generation of reactive oxygen species. Through this, the book expands our understanding of multifactorial effects on the marine ecosystem, providing insight into the acclimation, adaptive and stress response processes of bivalves. In order to compare oxidative stress conditions in bivalves obtained from both sites, the authors also evaluated the production of ROS and oxidative stress biomarkers in hemocytes from the A. atra atra during the month of September of 2015. Based on the results, it can be concluded that hemocytes from the ribbed mussel A. atra atra may be used as a model to evaluate oxidative stress induced by pollutants or other environmental stressors. Later, the level of lipid oxidation and non-enzymatic antioxidants content in Mytilus edulis chilensis for commercialization is evaluated, after the treatment with ascorbic acid. The results showed the generation of oxidative stress in mussels during dry condition. In the concluding chapter, the role of several mussel species in environmental monitoring programs, with emphasis on metal contamination, including metal bioaccumulation potential and biomarker investigations. Additonally, the fact that these organisms may be an important contaminant transfer link to the human population and pose important public health risks will also be discussed.

The authors begin this compilation by analyzing catalase and peroxidase enzymes in different Black Sea teleosts related to their taxonomic, physiological and ecological position and evaluation of the anthropogenic impact on these antioxidant enzymes in fish tissues. The complex of specific phylogenic, physiological and ecological features of fish species may modify their antioxidant status, and it is important to understand for the development of monitoring programs. Next, the ratio of constitutive and reparative neurogenesis in the pallium of the juvenile masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, is analyzed. Since salmonid juveniles are characterized by a high level of constitutive neurogenesis, the authors investigated proliferative activity and neurodifferentiation in the dorsal pallial area of the masu salmon juvenile. The study has allowed for indentification of the superficially located periventricular proliferative zone, which corresponds to the pallial periventricular zone of other fish species. The objective of the final chapter was to study proliferation processes and the role of radial glia and neural stem cells in the event of injurious action on cerebellum of masu salmon juveniles. Using the immunoperoxidase staining of the glial fibrillary acidic protein, doublecortine and proliferating cells nuclear antigen, processes of proliferation and gliogenesis after mechanical trauma of cerebellum of masu salmon juveniles were studied.

One of California's most remarkable wetlands, Suisun Marsh is the largest tidal marsh on the West Coast and a major feature of the San Francisco Estuary. This productive and unique habitat supports endemic species, is a nursery for native fishes, and is a vital link for migratory waterfowl. The 6,000-year-old marsh has been affected by human activity, and humans will continue to have significant impacts on the marsh as the sea level rises and cultural values shift in the century ahead. This study includes in-depth information about the ecological and human history of Suisun Marsh, its abiotic and biotic characteristics, agents of ecological change, and alternative futures facing this ecosystem.

"Advances in Marine Biology" presents original research results on the leading edge of marine biology discovery. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. In this volume, the first chapter reviews the influenza viruses in marine mammals. Chapter Two presents an overview of the development and study of marine sponges bioactive compounds for anti-inflammatory activity for the last four years (2012-2016). Chapter Three provides an updated review of the helminth fauna of cetaceans. Chapter Four discusses the effect of clays on the removal of okadaic acid from seawater. Chapter Five focuses on biomarker responses in black sea scorpian fish Scorpaena porcus to anthropogenic impact. Chapter Six provides an overview of trophic ecology of the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) in the Eastern Pacific ocean. Chapter Seven examines a fishery encompassing two of the Spanish fleets target species that exhibit a significant ecological predatory interdependence: the blue whiting and the southern stock of European hake.

This second edition details new emerging areas of zebrafish research focusing on genetics and genomics, techniques for developing and analyzing zebrafish disease models, and methods for neuroscience. Zebrafish: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition guides readers through methods for mutagenesis and genome editing in zebrafish, applications of GFP-expressing transgenic fish, techniques for cancer models, imaging of infection and host-pathogen interactions, metabolism and transport of lipids, and the structure and function of neural circuits and their role in generating behavior. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical Zebrafish: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a useful complement to the first book for new and experienced zebrafish researcher alike.

This is a book dedicated to show a series of case studies about how benthic habitats are organized and how they function as a tool for any environmental impact studies. The present book documents how the natural condition of these communities is and aims to expand our present knowledge about their organization. The human population growth is driving a very strong pressure over coastal areas, and now more than ever we urgently need elements to evaluate environmental impacts. One of the most striking situations is the loss of biodiversity and the increase of invasive species who modify the trophic networks as well as the community structure. Many endangered species and species related to fisheries depend on the benthic habitat for their basic life cycle stages (reproduction, recruitment, nursery and feeding grounds) who might be impacted by natural and human induced causes. Ranging from species richness studies to population and community structure chapters, this book will bring the reader many options on how to measure environmental impacts. In particular, an analysis of how these environmental studies are made in Mexico provided a good example of how the present report base model is overdue and expresses the need for another approach. Keep in mind the present model does not take into account any statistical approach and is not mandatory in terms of the synergic and accumulative impacts; the lack of this consistency makes evaluation impossible to tell if the impacts are really happening.

Modern marine turtles belong to an ancient group of reptiles inhabiting the Earth for over 110 million years, since the Cretaceous. Marine turtles depend on both marine and terrestrial habitats for their growth and development, from high energy beaches to benthic reefs, and the open waters of the seas. All seven species of sea turtles are listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Animals (IUCN 2011). The threats facing sea turtles are many, both on land and at sea, including habitat loss, predation, and human exploitation. This book examines the ecology, behavior and conservation efforts of sea turtles.

Dieses Buch beschreibt umfassend die Armleuchtergewachse Deutschlands. Von der Palaontologie bis zum Naturschutz ist alles in diesem Band enthalten: Bestimmungsschlussel, Artkapitel, Fundortubersicht , Bioindikation, Systematik und Ontogenese. Alle Kapitel sind von Spezialisten des jeweiligen Gebietes verfasst.

Among all the large whales on Earth, the most unusual and least studied is the narwhal, the northernmost whale on the planet and the one most threatened by global warming. Narwhals thrive in the fjords and inlets of northern Canada and Greenland. These elusive whales, whose long tusks were the stuff of medieval European myths and Inuit legends, are uniquely adapted to the Arctic ecosystem and are able to dive below thick sheets of ice to depths of up to 1,500 meters in search of their prey-halibut, cod, and squid. Join Todd McLeish as he travels high above the Arctic circle to meet: Teams of scientific researchers studying the narwhal's life cycle and the mysteries of its tusk Inuit storytellers and hunters Animals that share the narwhals' habitat: walruses, polar bears, bowhead and beluga whales, ivory gulls, and two kinds of seals McLeish consults logbooks kept by whalers and explorers and interviews folklorists and historians to tease out the relationship between the real narwhal and the mythical unicorn. In Colorado, he visits climatologists studying changes in the seasonal cycles of the Arctic ice. From a history of the trade in narwhal tusks to descriptions of narwhals' vocalizations as heard through hydrophones, Narwhals reveals the beauty and thrill of the narwhal and its habitat, and the threat it faces from a rapidly changing world. Watch the trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHwaqdKyLCQ&list=UUge4MONgLFncQ1w1C_BnHcw&index=9&feature=plcp

After decades of research, monitoring, and analysis, we still have so much to learn about sea turtles. As reptiles, they are environmentally sensitive animals and thus can sense acute changes in their habitat. This rudimentary tactic of ectothermic animals has possibly conceded to the survival of sea turtle populations over millions of years. They have endured cooling and warming of the earth. The habitats they depend on have endured fierce hurricanes and erosion. Now the question remains if sea turtle populations and their habitats will survive the challenges and pressures that humans place on the world. The anthology of research presented in this textbook is diverse and yet so interconnected. We cannot work to conserve wildlife populations without a fundamental understanding of habitat or the range of changes that individuals within a population can tolerate. Sea turtles are no exception. Changes in migration patterns due to climate change, diversity of food sources between species, acute habitat selection for nesting, mutations in genetics, and differences in anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry between species and even individuals make the study of sea turtles dynamic and challenging.

Marine dinoflagellates, one of the most important components in phytoplankton are receiving much attention owing to their toxicity. They are responsible for causing toxic blooms and associated poisonings such as Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (ASP) and Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans all over the world. However, recent research has shown that such toxins could be of great use therapeutically. Aspects such as the identification of dinoflagellate species; harmful dinoflagelllate blooms and associated poisonings as well as their bioluminescence and biotechnological applications have been dealt with in detail. A comprehensive book on marine dinoflagellates is hitherto wanted and needed, and it is hoped that the present publication would cater to the needs of students of life science disciplines in general and marine biology and fisheries science disciplines in particular.

Echinoderms play an important ecological role in marine communities, especially in relation to food chains, occupying diverse trophic levels such as herbivores, carnivores, detritivores and omnivores in the marine environment. These animals feed on many different kinds of food but the majority eat only small particles of edible matter suspended in the water or lying as detritus on the sea bottom. Although echinoderms occur at all depths from the intertidal to the abyssal zones and are present throughout all of the world's oceans, their distribution is limited by the composition and topography of the sea-bed, by temperature and pressure differences according to locality and depth, and by salinity and food supply. This book discusses echinoderms and their habitual environments as well as their reproductive biology and the ecology in which they form their habitats.

With increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, the extent of effects on the ocean and marine resources is an increasing concern. One aspect of this issue is the ongoing process (known as ocean acidification) whereby seawater becomes less alkaline as more CO2 dissolves in it, causing hydrogen ion concentration in seawater to increase. Scientists are concerned that increasing hydrogen ion concentration could reduce growth or even cause the death of shell-forming animals (eg: corals, molluscs, and certain planktonic organisms) as well as disrupt marine food webs and the reproductive physiology of certain species. While not yet fully understood, the ecological and economic consequences of ocean acidification could be substantial. Scientists are concerned that increasing hydrogen ion concentration in seawater could alter biogeochemical cycles, disrupt physiological processes of marine organisms, and damage marine ecosystems. This book examines potential legislative action by Congress relating to authorising, funding, and co-ordinating research to increase knowledge about ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosystems.

In this work, the authors discuss the geographical distribution, biota and ecological significance of the Continental Shelf. The topics include the sea bottoms of the Continental Shelf of the Naples Bay in Southern Italy and its inferences on the volcanic and sedimentary processes on stratigraphic architecture; the geomorphological characteristics of the submerged topography along the Egyptian Red Sea Coast; and the benthic boundary layer (Bbl) of the macrofaunal communities structure over oligotrophic continental shelves.

This volume covers the species attributed to the class Chlorophyta (the green seaweeds). Each species description incorporates notes on ecology and distribution and many are supported by line illustrations. This is a reprint edition of ISBN 1898298858 published in 1991.