The discovery of multiwalled carbon nanotubes(CNTs) in 1991 and the subsequent discovery of single-walled CNTs in 1993 have led to a worldwide excitement to explore their fundamental properties and potential device applications. A sing- walled CNT is structurally a sheet of graphene rolled into a seamless tube, which possesses a diameter of the order of a nanometer but a length thousands of times greater. The large aspect ratio and small cross section size make it nearly an ideal, quasi-one-dimensionalsystem, which has provided a concrete context for chemists, physicists,andengineersto collaborativelyworktogetherin the?eld ofnanoscience and nanotechnology. As a result of such efforts in the last two decades, superior electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of CNTs have been theoretically p- dicted and experimentally demonstrated. The unique material properties of CNTs have made it interesting for a variety of applications. For example, depending on the orientation of its graphene lattice relative to the nanotube axis, the CNT can be either metallic or semiconducting. This property makes the material interesting for developing not only nanoscale semiconductor devices but also a new interc- nect technologyto competewith the state-of-theart copperinterconnecttechnology. The property has also imposed yet-solved challenges in the ?eld. For example, one of the major challenges that holds CNTs back from electronic application is how to produce pure all-semiconducting CNTs, based on which a device that can be effectively turned off can be built.

"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research" recognizes the integral relationship between the food and nutritional sciences and brings together outstanding and comprehensive reviews that highlight this relationship. Contributions detail scientific developments in the broad areas of food science and nutrition and are intended to provide those in academia and industry with the latest information on emerging research in these constantly evolving sciences.
*The latest important information for food scientists and nutritionists
*Peer-reviewed articles by a panel of respected scientists
*The go-to series since 1948

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field.

This third book in the Trilogy of Traditional Foods, part of the ISEKI Food Series, covers the beneficial properties of functional foods from across the world. The volume is divided into four sections that address different key topics in the area of study. Part I provides a general overview of the material, with chapters on functional aspects of antioxidants and probiotics in traditional food. This section also includes chapters on the potential health benefits of Thai, Slovak and Turkish traditional foods. Part II contains eight chapters on cereal-based foods, including chapters on Carob flour, products from Mexican Chia, and the ancient grain Canahua. Part III is devoted to plant based foods and includes chapters on dates from Israel, medical properties of cactus products from Mexico, beneficial properties of Mastic gum from the Greek island Chios, and the properties of Argan oil from Morocco. Part IV focuses on Honey and Beverages, with chapters on functional and nutritional properties of honey and the properties of Camellia tea, as well as the Spanish drink Horchata De Chufa. The purpose of the book is to describe and sometimes evaluate properties of foods that native consumers have believed to be beneficial. All chaptersare written by practicing Food Scientists or Engineers but are written with the interested general public in mind.The book should cater to the practicing food professional as well as all who are interested in beneficial properties of traditional foods.

Bio-Based Polymers and Composites is the first book systematically describing the green engineering, chemistry and manufacture of biobased polymers and composites derived from plants.
This book gives a thorough introduction to bio-based material resources, availability, sustainability, biobased polymer formation, extraction and refining technologies, and the need for integrated research and multi-disciplinary working teams. It provides an in-depth description of adhesives, resins, plastics, and composites derived from plant oils, proteins, starches, and natural fibers in terms of structures, properties, manufacturing, and product performance. This is an excellent book for scientists, engineers, graduate students and industrial researchers in the field of bio-based materials.
* First book describing the utilization of crops to make high performance plastics, adhesives, and composites
* Interdisciplinary approach to the subject, integrating genetic engineering, plant science, food science, chemistry, physics, nano-technology, and composite manufacturing.
* Explains how to make green materials at low cost from soyoil, proteins, starch, natural fibers, recycled newspapers, chicken feathers and waste agricultural by-products.

This book summarizes comprehensively many recent technical research accomplishments in the area of flame retardant research. It presents mainly flame retardant studies of polymer blends, composites and nano composites such as rubber, thermosets and thermoplastics. This book discusses different types of flame retardant using in polymers especially nano composites, as well as the role and chemistry. Leading researchers from industry, academy, government and private research institutions across the globe contribute to this book. Academics, researchers, scientists, engineers and students in research and development will benefit from an application-oriented book that helps them to find solutions to both fundamental and applied problems.

The success of any concrete structure depends on the designer's sound knowledge of concrete and its behaviour under load, under temperature and humidity changes, and under exposure to the relevant environment and industrial conditions. This book gives students a thorough understanding of all aspects of concrete technology from first principles. It covers concrete ingredients, properties and behaviour in the finished structure with reference to national standards and recognised testing methods used in Britain, the European Union and the United States. Examples and problems are given throughout to emphasise the important aspects of each chapter. An excellent coursebook for all students of Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering and Building at degree or diploma level, Concrete Technology will also be a valuable reference book for practising engineers in the field.

This book discusses the theoretical foundations of the structural modeling method applied to metamaterials. This method takes into account the parameters of the crystal lattice, the size of the medium particles, as well as their shape and constants of force interactions between them. It provides mathematical models of metamaterials that offer insights into the qualitative influence of the local structure on the effective elastic moduli of the considered medium and into performing theoretical estimations of these quantities. This book is useful for researchers working in the fields of solid mechanics, physical acoustics, and condensed matter physics, as well as for graduate and postgraduate students studying mathematical modeling methods.

This book was conceived from a simple question as to why cancer is so difficult to treat. Ultimately we want to find ways to cure cancers, but that may be an elusive dream at least with the technologies we have now and expect to have in the near future. This leads the question of whether it is possible to improve current cancer treatment methods, especially from the perspective of enhancing targeted drug delivery to tumors. This volume is designed to provide information related to the difficulties in treating cancers through targeted drug delivery, our current understanding of cancer biology, and potential technologies that might be used to achieve enhanced drug delivery to tumors. An ideal drug delivery system for treating cancers would maximize the therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects in clinical applications. The seemingly improved anticancer efficacy of the current nanoparticle-based formulations needs to be viewed from the context of very poor success rates for translation to human applications. The results of in vitro cell culture models and small animal in vivo experiments have not been extrapolated to clinical applications. Finding the reasons for the lack of successful translation is required if we are to discover approaches to substantially extend the survival time of cancer patients, and hopefully identify cures. Cancer Targeted Drug Delivery: Elusive Dream describes some answers of achieving the so far elusive dream of treating cancers like other chronic diseases with therapies that focus using improved drug delivery systems designed to better align with the unique biological and physiological properties of cancer.

Development of new-generation vaccines is now more challenging than ever, as identifying, purifying and evaluating vaccine antigens is a complex undertaking. Most importantly, once the relevant antigens have been identified, key focus then shifts to the development of suitable delivery systems and formulations to achieve maximum in vivo potency with minimum potential side effects. These novel formulations-many of which will be nanoparticulates-can deliver the antigens to the desired site, to the relevant antigen presenting cells, and prevent systemic exposure of the immune potentiators. The proposed book will outline all the critical steps that need to be considered for successful development of various types of nanoparticulate delivery systems for vaccine antigens. These contributions from leading experts in the area of vaccine formulation and delivery systems will tie in what is the most current status, including clinical evaluations with these novel vaccine technologies.

This book addresses presents recent developments of novel planar inter digital sensors for food inspection. It covers the fundamentals of sensors, their design, modelling and simulations, fabrications, characterizations, experimental investigations and analyses. This book will be useful for the engineers and researchers especially higher undergraduate, postgraduate students as well as practitioners working on the development of Electromagnetic Sensors.

Preclinical Drug Development, Second Edition discusses the broad and complicated realm of preclinical drug development. Topics range from assessment of pharmacology and toxicology to industry trends and regulatory expectations to requirements that support clinical trials. Highlights of the Second Edition include: Pharmacokinetics Modeling and simulation Formulation and routes of administration Toxicity evaluations The assessment of drug absorption and metabolism Interspecies scaling Lead molecule selection and optimization via profiling Screening using in silico and in vitro toxicity evaluations The book also includes case studies on preclinical pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation in drug development, a review of ICH preclinical guidelines, and experimental methods used to study membrane drug transport and metabolism. This guide is a fundamental resource for medicinal chemists, biologists, and other specialists in the drug development sciences.

The decision to invest in oil field development is an extremely complex problem, even in the absence of uncertainty, due to the great number of technological alternatives that may be used, to the dynamic complexity of oil reservoirs - which involves mul- phase flows (oil, gas and water) in porous media with phase change, and to the c- plicated combinatorial optimization problem of choosing the optimal oil well network, that is, choosing the number and types of wells (horizontal, vertical, directional, m- tilateral) required for draining oil from a field with a view to maximizing its economic value. This problem becomes even more difficult when technical uncertainty and e- nomic uncertainty are considered. The former are uncertainties regarding the existence, volume and quality of a reservoir and may encourage an investment in information before the field is developed, in order to reduce these uncertainties and thus optimize the heavy investments required for developing the reservoir. The economic or market uncertainties are associated with the general movements of the economy, such as oil prices, gas demand, exchange rates, etc. , and may lead decision-makers to defer - vestments and wait for better market conditions. Choosing the optimal investment moment under uncertainty is a complex problem which traditionally involves dynamic programming tools and other techniques that are used by the real options theory.

Michael P. Richards and Jean-Jacques Hublin The study of hominin diets, and especially how they have (primates, modern humans), (2) faunal and plant studies, (3) evolved throughout time, has long been a core research archaeology and paleoanthropology, and (4) isotopic studies. area in archaeology and paleoanthropology, but it is also This volume therefore presents research articles by most of becoming an important research area in other fields such as these participants that are mainly based on their presentations primatology, nutrition science, and evolutionary medicine. at the symposium. As can hopefully be seen in the volume, Although this is a fundamental research topic, much of the these papers provide important reviews of the current research research continues to be undertaken by specialists and there in these areas, as well as often present new research on dietary is, with some notable exceptions (e. g. , Stanford and Bunn, evolution. 2001; Ungar and Teaford, 2002; Ungar, 2007) relatively lit- In the section on modern studies Hohmann provides a tle interaction with other researchers in other fields. This is review of the diets of non-human primates, including an unfortunate, as recently it has appeared that different lines interesting discussion of the role of food-sharing amongst of evidence are causing similar conclusions about the major these primates. Snodgrass, Leonard, and Roberston provide issues of hominid dietary evolution (i. e.

Turquoise Hydrogen: An Effective Pathway to Decarbonization and Value Added Carbon Materials, Volume 61 in the Advances in Chemical Engineering series, reports on the latest advances in turquoise hydrogen production technologies, including thermo-catalytic, plasma and molten media conversion of natural gas and hydrocarbons streams. Chapters in this new release include Perspective, economic potential and overview of current technologies and challenges, Catalytic and non-catalytic chemical kinetics of hydrocarbons cracking for hydrogen and carbon materials production, Fluid dynamics aspects and reactor scale simulations of chemical reactors, Developments in lab-scale reactors for thermo catalytic production of hydrogen and carbon material, and more. Additional sections cover Product spectra, properties, performances and market applications of carbon materials from hydrocarbons cracking, Molten media pyrolysis technologies for hydrocarbons cracking, Opportunities for turquoise hydrogen production and utilization in the metals and steel industry, and Industrial scale reactors for materials production from hydrocarbons cracking.

1 Lebensmitteluberwachung.- 1.1. Reasons for initiating the work.- 1.1 Geschichtliches.- 1.2 Grundlagen des heutigen Lebensmittelrechts.- 1.3 Grundsatze der UEberwachung.- 1.4 Zustandigkeiten und Organisation der Lebensmitteluberwachung in den einzelnen Bundeslandern.- 1.5 Durchfuhrung der UEberwachung.- 1.5.1 Sorgfaltspflicht der Hersteller.- 1.5.2 Amtliche UEberwachung.- 1.5.3 UEberwachungsbeamte.- 1.5.4 Zusammenarbeit der an der UEberwachung beteiligten Personen.- 1.6 Betriebskontrolle.- 1.7 Entnahme von Proben.- 1.7.1 Zahl und Auswahl der Proben.- 1.7.2 Planprobe.- 1.7.3 Verdachtsprobe.- 1.7.4 Beschwerdeprobe.- 1.7.5 Vergleichsprobe.- 1.7.6 Gegenprobe.- 1.7.7 Proben fur Monitoring-Programme.- 1.8 Untersuchung und Gutachten.- 1.8.1 Organisation und Ausstattung der Laboratorien.- 1.8.2 Untersuchungen.- 1.8.3 Untersuchungen unter Berucksichtigung der europaischen Normen EN 45001 bis 45003 und der guten Laborpraxis.- 1.8.4 Gutachten.- 1.9 Massnahmen der UEberwachung.- 1.9.1 Freiwillige Massnahmen der Betroffenen.- 1.9.2 Anordnungen.- 1.9.3 Beschlagnahme, Sicherstellung.- 1.9.4 Warnung und Information der OEffentlichkeit.- 1.10 Literatur.- 2 Industrielle Qualitatssicherung.- 2.1 Was ist Qualitat?.- 2.2 Die Erwartung des Kunden.- 2.3 Qualitatssicherung.- 2.3.1 Historie der Qualitatssicherung.- 2.3.2 Praventives Qualitatsmanagement.- 2.3.3 Aufbau einer Qualitatssicherungsabteilung.- 2.4 Die Instrumente der Qualitatssicherung.- 2.4.1 Qualitatspolitik.- 2.4.2 Briefing und Umsetzung.- 2.4.3 Lebensmittelrechtliche Aspekte.- 2.4.4 Rohwaren-und Packmittelspezifikation.- 2.4.5 Lieferantenaudit.- 2.4.6 Kontrollierte Erzeugung.- 2.4.7 Rohwareneingang.- 2.4.8 Bau-und Anlagendesign.- 2.4.9 Rezeptur-und Herstellanweisung.- 2.4.10 HACCP.- 2.4.11 Quality Monitoring.- 2.4.12 Good Laboratory Practice.- 2.4.13 Good Manufacturing Practice.- 2.4.14 Fertigwarenspezifikation.- 2.4.15 Lager-und Versandanweisungen.- 2.4.16 Loskennzeichnung.- 2.4.17 Warenruckrufsystem und Krisenmanagement.- 2.4.18 Dokumentationssystem und Archivierung.- 2.4.19 UEbergeordnete QS-Massnahmen.- 2.4.20 Qualitatskosten.- 2.4.21 Industrial Organisation und Controlling.- 2.5 Personalqualifikation.- 2.6 Zertifizierung von QS-Systemen.- 2.7 Amtliche Lebensmitteluberwachung.- 2.8 Total Quality Management.- 2.9 Literatur.- 3 Lebensmittelrecht und EG.- 3.1 Einfuhrung.- 3.1.1 Die Europaische Gemeinschaft und ihre Rechtsordnung.- 3.1.2 Die Organe der Europaischen Gemeinschaft.- 3.2 EWG-Vertrag und Einheitliche Europaische Akte - Bestimmungen, die fur das Lebensmittelrecht von Bedeutung sind.- 3.3 Rechtssetzung in der Europaischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft.- 3.3.1 Rechtssetzungsmassnahmen.- 3.3.2 Rechtssetzungsverfahren.- 3.4 EG-Lebensmittelrecht und fur den Verbraucherschutz bedeutsame Regelungen im EG-Agrarrecht.- 3.4.1 EWG-Verordnungen.- 3.4.2 EWG-Richtlinien.- 3.4.2.1 Horizontale EWG-Richtlinien.- 3.4.2.2 Vertikale EWG-Richtlinien.- 3.4.3 Entscheidungen des Europaischen Gerichtshofes.- 3.4.4 Neuer Ansatz der Kommission im gemeinschaftlichen Lebensmittelrecht.- 3.5 Ausschusse der Kommission und ihre Aufgaben.- 3.5.1 Wissenschaftlicher Lebensmittelausschuss.- 3.5.2 Beratender Lebensmittelausschuss.- 3.5.3 Weitere Ausschusse bei der Kommission mit Bedeutung fur den Lebensmittelbereich.- 3.6 Prinzipien der Lebensmitteluberwachung in der EG.- 3.7 Literatur.- 4 Lebensmittelbedarfsgegenstande.- 4.1 Warengruppen.- 4.2 Beurteilungsgrundlagen.- 4.2.1 Deutsche Rechtsvorschriften.- 4.2.2 Richtlinien der EG.- 4.2.3 Standardisierung von Prufverfahren.- 4.2.4 Empfehlungen des Bundesgesundheitsamtes.- 4.3 Warenkunde.- 4.3.1 Metalle.- 4.3.1.1 Aluminium.- 4.3.1.2 Nichtrostende Stahle.- 4.3.1.3 Zinn.- 4.3.1.4 Sonstige Werkstoffe aus Metall.- 4.3.2 Silikatische Materialien.- 4.3.2.1 Glas.- 4.3.2.2 Keramik.- 4.3.2.3 Email.- 4.3.2.4 UEbergang von Inhaltsstoffen.- 4.3.3 Papier, Karton und Pappe.- 4.3.3.1 Definitionen.- 4.3.3.2 Papierherstellung.- 4.3.4 Kautschuk und Elas

Nanostructured materials have been largely studied in the last few years. They have great potential of applications in different fields such as materials science, physics, chemistry, biology, mechanic and medicine. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials is a subject of great interest involving science, market, politicians, government and society. Based on results obtained by the authors' research group during the past decade, this book comes to present novel techniques to synthesize nanostructured materials and characterize their properties such as crystallinity and crystallite size, specific surface area, particle size, morphology and catalytic activity. This book is aimed for students, researchers and engineers searching for methodologies to obtain and characterize nanostructures in details.

Open dating plays a vital role in the distribution of the food products from the farm or place of manufacturing to the consumer's home. One principle is that the shelf life is a function of the distribution conditions and can be looked at as the percentage of consumers a manufacturer is willing to displease. Thus, one purpose of an open date is to give consumers enough time to purchase a food product and store it at home for a reasonable period of time before the product reaches the end of shelf-life in terms of some degree of quality change that is still acceptable.

If products are not stored or rotated properly in distribution, then older products or those of lesser quality and perhaps compromised safety because of abuse during distribution chain and causing loss of confidence in the food category. Presently, the lack of uniformity among manufacturers and across state borders has made the practice of open dating confusing and misleading for consumers, retailers and the government. This book addresses these issues, and provides scientific and legal background to both evaluate and influence federally-regulated open-dating legislation in this country

Properties of chemical compounds and their mixtures are needed in almost every aspect of process and product design. When the use of experimental data is not possible, one of the most widely used options in the use of property estimation models.
Computer Aided Property Estimation for Process and Product Design provides a presentation of the most suitable property estimation models available today as well as guidelines on how to select an appropriate model. Problems that users are faced with, such as: which models to use and what their accuracy is, are addressed using a systematical approach to property estimation.
The volume includes contributions from leading experts from academia and industry. A wide spectrum of properties and phase equilibria types is covered, making it indispensable for research, development and educational purposes.
* This book presents the latest developments in computational modelling for thermodynamic property estimation.
* It combines theory with practice and includes illustrative examples of software applications.
* The questions users of property models are faced with are addressed comprehensively.

This book provides an introduction to the unique and fascinating properties of alloys and composites from novel commercialized thermosetting resins based on polybenzoxazines. Their outstanding properties such as processability, thermal, mechanical, electrical properties as well as ballistic impact properties of polybenzoxazine alloys and composites make them attractive for various applications in electronic packaging encapsulation, light weight ballistic armour composites and bipolar plate in fuel cells.

Composites have many engineering advantages over traditional materials, including increased strength, lightness, chemical resistance, and more, making them ideal for use in high performance components in a range of applications from aerospace to construction, and medicine to consumer goods. However, the use of composites also drastically increases material and processing costs.

Multi-functionality combines multiple properties - such as thermal stability or electrical conductivity - into a single material to make it suitable for use in applications for which normally two or more materials would be required. By embedding a material with lightweight circuitry, for example, you can eliminate support chassis, enclosures, brackets and insulation materials not only saving weight and volume, but eliminating design and production costs for every part no longer needed.

Multi-functionality also allows for smart materials, including self-healing material, shape-memory polymers and piezoelectric materials.

Bringing together contributions from experts in the field of multifunctionality, this book presents the state-of-the-art in this exciting and rapidly developing field. It enables engineers and materials scientists to achieve multi-functionality in their own products, using different types of polymer matrices and various nano- and micro-sized fillers and reinforcements, including but not limited to carbon nanotubes and graphene.

The latest developments in a wide range of applications, including automotive/aerospace, electronics, construction and medicine are covered, and future trends are also discussed, making this book an essential reference for any researcher or engineer hoping to stay ahead of the curve in this high-potential area
Increase capability and efficiency by integrating new functionality into composite components
Save mass, volume and costs by replacing multiple existing parts with one multifunctional material.
Expert insight into the effects of different fillers and reinforcements, to achieve exciting new combinations of material properties."

Handbook of Food Fortification and Health: From Concepts to Public Health Applications Volume 1 represents a multidisciplinary approach to food fortification. This book aims to disseminate important material pertaining to the fortification of foods from strategic initiatives to public health applications. Optimal nutritional intake is an essential component of health and wellbeing. Unfortunately situations arise on a local or national scale when nutrient supply or intake is deemed to be suboptimal. As a consequence, ill health occurs affecting individual organs or causing premature death. In terms of public health, malnutrition due to micronutrient deficiency can be quite profound imposing economic and social burdens on individuals and whole communities. This comprehensive text examines the broad spectrum of food fortification in all its manifestations. Coverage includes sections on definitions of fortifications, fortified foods, beverages and nutrients, fortifications with micronutrients, biofortification, impact on individuals, public health concepts and issues, and selective methods and food chemistry. Handbook of Food Fortification and Health: From Concepts to Public Health Applications Volume 1 is an indispensable text designed for nutritionists, dietitians, clinicians and health related professionals.

Volume 2 of the updated and extended 3rd edition of this work focuses on the chemistry and technology of rigid polyurethanes. Recent developments in obtaining polyols from renewable resources and the field of rigid polyurethanes have been included. This book is of interest to chemists and engineers in industry and academia as well as anyone working with polyols for the manufacture of PUs.

Water is essential for life, a strategic resource for every country and population. Its availability and sanitary safety is highly connected with the health and economy status of population. Burden of disease due to polluted water is a major public health problem throughout the world. Many pollutants in water streams have been identified as toxic and harmful to the environment and human health, and among them arsenic, mercury and cadmium are considered as high priority ones. Providing population with safe drinking water became the priority and at the same time a big challenge for the modern society. Many funding agencies in various countries have assigned a high priority to the envir- mental security and pollution prevention. UN, being one of them, launched the "International Decade for Action: Water for life 2005-2015. " Therefore, today's political and social climate presents an important opportunity to implement principles of sustainable development and to preserve resources essential for future life. This process requires interdisciplinary approach; it is critically important to stimulate interactions between medical doctors, chemists, physicist, materials scientists, engineers and policy makers, which are already experienced in their specific areas. It is also our ethical obligation to preserve existing water resources and existing eco systems enhancing their biodiversity. The NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Water Treatment Te- nologies for the Removal of High-Toxicity Pollutants" took place on September 13-17, 2008 in Ko ice, Slovak Republic."