An estimated 35 million people worldwide are displaced by conflict, and most of them are women and children. During their time away from their homes and communities, these women and their children are subjected to a horrifying array of misfortune, including privations of every kind, sexual assaults, disease, imprisonment, unwanted pregnancies, severe psychological trauma, and, upon return or resettlement, social disapproval and isolation. Written by the world's leading scholars and practitioners, this unique collection brings these problems - and potential solutions - into sharp focus. Based on extensive field research and a broad knowledge of other studies of the challenges facing women who are forced from their homes and homelands by conflict, this book offers in-depth understanding and problem-solving ideas. Derived from a project to advise U.N. agencies, it speaks to a broad array of students, scholars, NGOs, policymakers, government officials, and international organizations.

Technological developments in the life sciences confront us with new facets of a Faustian seduction. Are we "playing God" more and more, as claimed by critical authors of modernity? Achievements in genetic research produce ethical dilemmas which need to be the subject of reflection and debate in modern societies. Denial of ambivalences that ethical dilemmas arouse constitutes a threat to societies as well as to individuals. The book presents a compilation of some of the results of the interdisciplinary European study "Ethical Dilemmas Due to Prenatal and Genetic Diagnostics" (EDIG), which investigated some of these dilemmas in detail in a field which is particularly challenging: prenatal diagnosis. When results from prenatal diagnosis show fetal abnormalities, women and their partners are confronted with ethical dilemmas regarding: the right to know and the right not to know; decision-making about the remainder of the pregnancy and the desire for a healthy child; responsibility for the unborn child, for its well-being and possible suffering; life and death. This book provides answers from an ethical, psychoanalytical and medical viewpoint.

In order to bridge the lack of information on child labour and to stimulate policy interventions the IREWOC Foundation (International Research on Working Children) has undertaken action-based research in the field of the worst forms of child labour in Latin America. In 2006 and 2007 a comparative study on the Worst Forms of Child Labour was carried out in 7 different economic sectors in Bolivia, Guatemala and Peru focussing on the hazardous worst forms. The central research objectives were as follows: * to map the working and living situations of children who are working in specific economic sectors and what the consequences of this work are for their physical and emotional wellbeing. * to investigate the reasons why these children are working in these worst forms sectors. The research results were expected to give important insights into the currently polarised debate between those who state child labour is above all related to cultural considerations and those who state that economic reasons are fundamental to the phenomena of child labour. * to map the existing policy initiatives for child labourers in the worst forms and to identify the best practices. In the face of challenges imposed by achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set by the UN, specific attention was paid to educational initiatives. Is education a useful tool in combating child labour, and vice versa, is child labour a significant obstacle to achieving universal primary education? Although the evidence from the various cases discussed in the book illustrate positive trends in terms of the worst forms of child labor, thousands of children were still found to be engaged in activities that form a direct threat to their physical, mental and moral health and jeopardize their education. This book proposes several practical recommendations for possible interventions.

In 1998, the Foundation for Child Development (FCD) provided Kenneth Land a grant to explore the feasibility of producing the first national composite index of the status of American children that would chart changes in their well-being over time. Important questions needed to be answered: was it possible to trace trends in child and youth well-being over several decades? Could such an index provide a way of determining whether the United States was making progress in improving its children's lives? The Index of Child and Youth Well-Being (CWI) was born from these questions. Viewing the CWI trends from 1975 to present, there is evidence that the well-being of American children lags behind other Western nations. As conditions change, it is clear that the index is an evolving and rich enterprise. This volume attests to that evolution, and what the CWI promises for understanding the progress - or lack of progress - in enhancing the life prospects of all American children.

Embryology at a Glance is a highly illustrated and innovative introduction to key embryological concepts, with concise, memorable descriptions of major embryological developments. This new edition covers the basic principles of human development, from mitosis and meiosis, before exploring the primary formation of each body system, including the development of the musculoskeletal, circulatory, digestive, reproductive, and nervous systems during the foetal and neonatal periods. Key features include: New chapters on cell signalling genes, stem cells, and antenatal screening for common congenital and genetic defects Full colour photographs and illustrations Links to clinical practice highlighted throughout Timelines of each developmental stage MCQs and EMQs for revision and review A companion website at www.ataglanceseries.com/embryology featuring 15 brand new animations, and podcasts to help clearly explain the processes that occur during development. An additional instructor resource contains an image bank of all the figures from the book to aid teaching this fascinating area Embryology at a Glance provides the perfect alternative to the overwhelming detail seen in conventional embryology texts. It provides just the right level of detail on embryology and congenital abnormalities for all medical students and health professionals to develop a thorough understanding of human development and its implications for clinical practice.

This book explores the broad view on child well-being and the quality of life research. It starts with a discussion of the origin of the social indicator movement and a review of literature on the concepts of quality of life, (subjective) well-being and resilience. It then discusses the force of culture on child development, and shows how two prototypical environments favor either the independent or interdependent self-model. After an exploration of the shifts and changes in the child well-being indicator movement and trends of child well-being measurements, the book turns to research on Tsunami-affected children. The first part of the study gives these children and their caregivers a voice, formulating in their words what constitutes child well-being for them in the given circumstances. The concepts provided are processed in detail, contrasted, and then made into indicators. The second part of the study describes the introduction of a child well-being index based on these indicators. The book ends with four main conclusions reflected in a theoretical model of contextualized child well-being indicators.

The state of health care isreflected by perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality as weIl as by the frequencies of long-term neurological and developmental disorders. Many factors, some without immediately recognizable significance to childbearing and many still unknown, undoubtedly contribute beneficially or adversely to the outcome of pregnancy. Knowledge concerning the impact of such factors on the fetus and survivinginfant iscritical. Confounding analysesofpregnancy outcome, especially these past 2 or 3 decades, are the effects of newly undertaken invasive or inactive therapeutic approaches coupled with the advent of high technology. Many innovations have been introduced without serious efforts to evaluate their impact prospectively and objectively. The consequences of therapeutic misadventures character ized the past; it seems they have been replaced to a degree by some of the complications of applied technology. Examples abound: after overuse of oxygen was recognized to cause retrolental fibroplasia, its restriction led to an increase in both neonatal death rates and neurologic damage in surviving infants. Administration of vitamin K to prevent neonatal hemorrhagic disease, particularly when given in what we now know as excessive dosage, occasionally resulted in kernicterus. Prophy lactic sulfonamide use had a similar end result. More recent is the observation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia as a complication of re spirator therapy for hyaline membrane disease. The decade of the eighties opened with the all-time highest rate of cesarean section in the United States.

A dramatic and worldwide increase is occurring in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of childbearing age. Obese women carry a significant excess risk of a variety of serious complications during pregnancy, and in addition, maternal obesity predisposes to obesity in the offspring. This book provides a timely update on the latest knowledge on maternal obesity and pregnancy. A very wide range of issues are covered, including macrosomia and associated shoulder dystocia; the risk of miscarriage, malformations, and complications of pregnancy; the impact of hyperglycemia; clinical management; consequences for anesthesia and ultrasound; impacts on breastfeeding, fertility, and childhood obesity; and pregnancy following gastric surgery. All of the authors are recognized experts in their fields, and the book has been designed to meet the practical needs of obstetricians, gynecologists, internists, and general practitioners.

This book describes key knowledge concepts, skills and up-to-date algorithms pertaining to common emergencies that can take place in a pediatric office, including: seizures, anaphylaxis and shock, and diabetic ketoacidosis. The authors supported by peer review from top specialists in Pediatric Emergency Medicine at the Baylor College of Medicine offer the first comprehensive educational resource on pediatric office emergency preparedness devoted exclusively to the practicing primary care health care provider and his/her team. During emergencies, providers and their staff are called on to work efficiently as a "code-team" which is a source of considerable apprehension for many primary care pediatricians. This unique reference guide contains a wealth of information and resources in a compact and practical form. It presents the most important knowledge, skills, office resources and team interactions required by practitioners to successfully treat pediatric emergencies in the office.

The first of its kind, this book describes pediatric palliative care in more than 23 countries. Each region in the world is covered and countries included are both resource poor and rich. Authors are multidisciplinary and regarded nationally and internationally in their field. Clinicians, advocates, policymakers, funders, and researchers will learn how programs were developed and implemented in each country. Authors describe children for whom pediatric palliative care is needed and provided for in their country. When applicable, a brief history of pediatric palliative care is included noting especially policy changes and legislative acts. For example, the chapter on Poland describes how pediatric palliative care grew from the Catholic church into a national movement spearheaded by several health care workers. The Pole national spirit that brought them through a change in political regime has also been a driving force in the pediatric palliative care movement. The chapter on South Africa, for example, illustrates how a resource poor country has been able to leverage philanthropic and government funding tomake its dream of having an infrastructure of pediatric palliative care a reality. These are just a few examples of the inspiring stories that are included in this book. Readers from countries who wish to start a pediatric palliative care program, or advance an existing program, will learn valuable lessons from others who have faced similar barriers. Introduction and concluding chapters highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the modern pediatric palliative care movement."

Promoting Reproductive Security in Developing Countries provides a comprehensive approach to developing and implementing reproductive health programs in the developing world. It fills a major gap in the literature by responding to the global need for a detailed guide to comprehensive reproductive health services. Promoting Reproductive Security in Developing Countries furnishes an innovative conceptual model - reproductive security - and offers an in-depth analysis of major reproductive health issues. The need for skilled, dedicated professionals is great. Those who choose to pursue the discipline are promised an endlessly rewarding and absorbing profession that will touch upon the most intimate aspects of life while reverberating globally. This book will be of great interest to public health professionals on both a local and global level, international policy makers, and relief workers.

Systemic Method Mark B. Mengel, M. D. , M. P. H. Learning Objectives 3 The Biomedical Model 6 A New Framework: The Systemic Patient-Centered Method 9 Physician Roles Patient Roles 22 Patient-Centered Clinical Decision-Making Data Base Responding to Patient Cues Constructing a Mutually Agreeable Plan The Systemic Patient-Centered Method: Other Concerns Changing Larger Systems Ethics of the Systemic Patient-Centered Method Efficacy of the Systemic Patient-Centered Method 32 Safety of the Systemic Patient-Centered Method Conclusion Cases for Discussion Recommended Readings XV 36 34 32 32 31 30 30 27 25 23 16 10 Patient-Centered The 1: Chapter !iiiii!i !ili !iil !i!i !iii !iii iiii !iiiii!i !iii !iil !iii!ii! !i!i!iiiiiii !i!i !i!i!iil ii!i !i!i !iii iiii!iiiiiii !ill !i!i!iii !iii !i!i !i!ilili!iii iiii !iil i!ii iili iii! i!ii ii!i i!ii iiii iiil iiiiiii! iiii iiiiii!iiiiiiiiiii!iiii!iiii iiii iiii ii!i iiiiii!i!i!iiiiiiiii !iii iiii iiiiiiiiii!i iiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiii!i iiii iiii iiiiiiii iiiiiiil iii!iiii iii! iiii iiii i!i! ilil iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiiiiiii iiii!iiiiiii iiii !iiiiiii iiii iiiiii!i iiii !iii !iiii!iii!i ii!i ii!i iiil iiii !i!i!iiiii!i!ill iiiiiiii! i!i iiii iili ii!i iiiiii!i iliiii!i iili iiiiiiiiiiililil iiii iiil ilil iliiiiiiiiiiiiii ilii ilii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiiiiiii ilil i!il iiil iiii ii ii iiiiiiii iiiiiiii iiii !i !i!i !i!i !i!i !i!i !i!i !i!i !i!i !i!i !ill !i!i !i!iii!iii!i !i!i !i!i !!ii !iil !iii !iii !iii !i!i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iii!i ililili! iii iiii iiii iiiil iii iiiil iiii iiii iiii xvi Part II.

The state of health care is reflected by perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as by the frequencies of long-term neurological and developmental disorders. Many factors, some without immediately recognizable significance to childbearing and many still unknown, undoubtedly contribute beneficially or adversely to the outcome of pregnancy. Knowledge concerning the impact of such factors on the fetus and surviving infant is critical. Confounding analyses of pregnancy outcome, especially these past 2 or 3 decades, are the effects of newly undertaken invasive or inactive therapeutic approaches coupled with the advent of high technology. Many innovations have been introduced without serious efforts to evaluate their impact prospectively and objectively. The consequences of therapeutic misadventures character ized the past; it seems they have been replaced to a degree by some of the complications of applied technology. Examples abound: after overuse of oxygen was recognized to cause retrolental fibroplasia, its restriction led to an increase in both neonatal death rates and neurologic damage in surviving infants. Administration of vitamin K to prevent neonatal hemorrhagic disease, particularly when given in what we now know as excessive dosage, occasionally resulted in kernicterus. Prophy lactic sulfonamide use had a similar end result. More recent is the observation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia as a complication of re spirator therapy for hyaline membrane disease. The decade of the eighties opened with the all-time highest rate of cesarean section in the United States.

Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of change in an organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. It is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed apart ofbiology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is aseries of charts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectualchallenge. Theyare a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth. Smaller textbooks on the subject began to appear in the late nineteenth century, some written by pediatricians and some by anthropologists."

Obesity During Pregnancy in Clinical Practice highlights the medical evidence on obesity in the postpartum and interconception period, arming clinicians with the knowledge necessary to communicate with their patients on the effect of these changes on diabetes, cardio vascular disease and certain cancers. Obesity During Pregnancy in Clinical Practice provides concise and understandable summaries of the evidence-based, theory-driven lifestyle interventions that have been shown to be effective for weight loss and modifying the risk of developing diabetes and obesity.

This volume is designed to motivate and engage scientists, policymakers, and practitioners to greater scientific discourse, reduce the stigma on and validate the importance of women's sexual and reproductive health. It brings together historians, anthropologists, psychologists, sociologists, epidemiologists, public health researchers, genetic counselors, attorneys, social workers, nurses and physicians, and presents comprehensive coverage that will benefit women's health advocates, students, and practitioners.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a rapidly advancing field of reproductive genetics. With the significant improvements achieved over the last few years in the understanding of many genetic diseases and in the techniques of molecular genetic testing, new genetic diseases are being added to the list of conditions amenable to PGD almost on a weekly basis. Therefore, the subject of PGD is becoming relevant to a much wider variety of medical disciplines and an increasing number of patients who may wish to know more about this treatment option.

This unique book offers a comprehensive yet practical user-friendly guide to preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). It provides understanding of and insight into the complete procedure, its recent clinical and laboratory developments and its future prospects, whilst offering an easy point of reference for patient enquiries. Concluding with perspectives on the ethical and social issues often encountered by healthcare professionals counselling patients with regards to PGD.

Each chapter within Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis in Clinical Practice is written by established authorities in their fields. An essential resource for PGD specialists and non-specialists, and for all practitioners working within the disciplines of fertility, reproductive medicine and medical genetics.
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Documenting the daily efforts of African Americans to protect their community against highly oppressive conditions, this ground-breaking volume chronicles the unique experiences of black women that place them at higher risk for morbidity and mortality - especially during pregnancy. Stress and Resilience: The Social Context of Reproduction in Central Harlem examines the processes through which economic circumstances, environmental issues, and social conditions create situations that expose African American women to stress and chronic strain. Detailing the individual and community assets and strategies used to address these conditions, this volume provides a model methodology for translating research into public health and social action.Based on interactive community partnered research, Stress and Resilience: The Social Context of Reproduction in Central Harlem * Facilitates more exact hypotheses about the relationship between risk factors, protective factors and reproductive health; * Furnishes a better understanding of chronic disease patterns and suggests more effective interventions to reduce rates of infant mortality; * Incorporates the voices of the community and of women themselves through their own words and actions; * Sheds light on epidemiologic research and intervention protocols; * Examines the social context in which reproductive behaviors are practiced; * Provides a holistic framework in which to understand infant mortality; * And more. Filling a large gap in the literature on the social context of reproduction this important monograph offers indispensable information for public health researchers, program planners, anthropologists, sociologists, urban planners, medical providers, policy makers, and private funders.

-Very timely issue right now. Topic is receiving media and popular attention -Maternal and Child Health is a specific area of study in Public Health -Author is entrepreneurial and well-established.

This birefs examines mortality among young children in the period from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. It does so using several types and sources of information from the census unit England and Wales, and from Ireland. The sources of information used in this study include memoirs, diaries, poems, church records and numerical accounts. They offer descriptions of the quality of life and child mortality over the three centuries under study. Additional sources for the nineteenth century are two census-derived numerical indexes of the quality of life. They are the VICQUAL index for England and Wales, and the QUALEIRE index for Ireland. Statistical procedures have been applied to the numbers provided by the sources with the aim to identify effects of and associations between such variables as gender, age, and social background. The briefs examines the results to consider the impact of children's deaths upon parents and families, and concludes that there are differences and continuities across the centuries.

Since the middle of the twentieth century, the development of plastics has been one of the main factors influencing the history of medicine. For example, an anaesthesiologist was formerly an expert in delivering drugs by inhalation. Today, this expert delivers drugs through plastic catheters, in particular via intravenous and epidural routes. Traditionally, the scalpel was the symbol of surgery. Today, surgeons operate on internal organs with flexible plastic endoscopes - without cutting the skin. A typical modern woman in labour has one of her arms connected to a plastic bag through a plastic tube, while a plastic catheter is inserted in the epidural space in her spine. Focusing on obstetrics, this first book about the history of medicine in relation to the plastic revolution asks vital questions about childbirth today - and tomorrow - and demonstrates that the current turning point in the history of childbirth is also a turning point in the history of humanity. Introduced as a medical student to the surgical unit of a Paris hospital in 1949, and still involved in several fields of medicine, Michel Odent has the authority to study contemporary history from this new perspective.

This new SpringerBrief in Physiology explores the newest research findings on how exercise influences the fetus in utero and beyond. "Physiology of Prenatal Exercise and Fetal Development" reviews the current findings of how maternal exercise throughout gestation influences fetal development of key organ systems, and also encompasses the relationship between maternal activity level and fetal, birth, and neonatal effects. This information will help researchers and scientists better understand the physiological effects of exercise during pregnancy on offspring development."

Innovations in technology and new therapies have changed the face of medicine in the last few decades. These include advances in fetal diagnosis (preimplantation genetics, chorionic villous sampling and amniocentesis), drugs that have been developed to treat unique conditions in neonates such as respiratory distress syndrome (surfactant) and pulmonary hypertension (inhaled nitric oxide), as well as technological advances and interventions resulting in diagnostic (ultrasounds and MRI) and therapeutic interventions (intrauterine transfusion to ECMO). Research in fertility treatments has resulted in test tube babies and cloned animals, and that has also fostered technological advances in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The primary purpose of Innovations in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine is to highlight these innovations in technology and therapy that have not only changed the way doctors deliver care to fetus and neonate but also reduced neonatal mortality thereby saving millions of lives in the process. These issues are addressed by the authors who are experts in their respective fields. The book will be valuable not only to healthcare providers but also to educators and policy makers.

This is an easy-to-use handbook written for the clinician and other healthcare professionals who treat and counsel pregnant women and women of child-bearing age. The authors provide historical perspective and background to support recommendations which are provided in each chapter. Importantly for the practitioners, recommendations and guidelines have been summarized and provided in tables that are easy to locate and interpret. This book discusses relevant topics in the scientific community such as determining to what extent prenatal and perinatal environmental factors are linked to childhood and adult obesity and chronic diseases.