Mathematics is traditionally seen as the most neutral of disciplines, the furthest removed from the arguments and controversy of politics and social life. However, critical mathematics challenges these assumptions and actively attacks the idea that mathematics is pure, objective, and value?neutral. It argues that history, society, and politics have shaped mathematics-not only through its applications and uses but also through molding its concepts, methods, and even mathematical truth and proof, the very means of establishing truth. Critical mathematics education also attacks the neutrality of the teaching and learning of mathematics, showing how these are value?laden activities indissolubly linked to social and political life. Instead, it argues that the values of openness, dialogicality, criticality towards received opinion, empowerment of the learner, and social/political engagement and citizenship are necessary dimensions of the teaching and learning of mathematics, if it is to contribute towards democracy and social justice. This book draws together critical theoretic contributions on mathematics and mathematics education from leading researchers in the field. Recurring themes include: The natures of mathematics and critical mathematics education, issues of epistemology and ethics; Ideology, the hegemony of mathematics, ethnomathematics, and real?life education; Capitalism, globalization, politics, social class, habitus, citizenship and equity. The book demonstrates the links between these themes and the discipline of mathematics, and its critical teaching and learning. The outcome is a groundbreaking collection unified by a shared concern with critical perspectives of mathematics and education, and of the ways they impact on practice.

This book addresses the concepts of unstable flow solutions, convective instability and absolute instability, with reference to simple (or toy) mathematical models, which are mathematically simple despite their purely abstract character. Within this paradigm, the book introduces the basic mathematical tools, Fourier transform, normal modes, wavepackets and their dynamics, before reviewing the fundamental ideas behind the mathematical modelling of fluid flow and heat transfer in porous media. The author goes on to discuss the fundamentals of the Rayleigh-Benard instability and other thermal instabilities of convective flows in porous media, and then analyses various examples of transition from convective to absolute instability in detail, with an emphasis on the formulation, deduction of the dispersion relation and study of the numerical data regarding the threshold of absolute instability. The clear descriptions of the analytical and numerical methods needed to obtain these parametric threshold data enable readers to apply them in different or more general cases. This book is of interest to postgraduates and researchers in mechanical and thermal engineering, civil engineering, geophysics, applied mathematics, fluid mechanics, and energy technology.

This book revisits many of the problems encountered in introductory quantum mechanics, focusing on computer implementations for finding and visualizing analytical and numerical solutions. It subsequently uses these implementations as building blocks to solve more complex problems, such as coherent laser-driven dynamics in the Rubidium hyperfine structure or the Rashba interaction of an electron moving in 2D. The simulations are highlighted using the programming language Mathematica. No prior knowledge of Mathematica is needed; alternatives, such as Matlab, Python, or Maple, can also be used.

A mathematical gem–freshly cleaned and polished

This book is intended to be used as the text for a first course in combinatorics. the text has been shaped by two goals, namely, to make complex mathematics accessible to students with a wide range of abilities, interests, and motivations; and to create a pedagogical tool, useful to the broad spectrum of instructors who bring a variety of perspectives and expectations to such a course.

Features retained from the first edition:

• Lively and engaging writing style
• Timely and appropriate examples
• Numerous well-chosen exercises
• Flexible modular format
• Optional sections and appendices

Highlights of Second Edition enhancements:

• Smoothed and polished exposition, with a sharpened focus on key ideas
• Expanded discussion of linear codes
• New optional section on algorithms
• Greatly expanded hints and answers section
• Many new exercises and examples

This book presents a generalised computational model for the degradation of resorbable composites, using analytic expressions to represent the interwoven phenomena present during degradation. It then combines this modelling framework with a comprehensive database of quantitative degradation data mined from existing literature and from novel experiments, to provide new insights into the interrelated factors controlling degradation. Resorbable composites made of biodegradable polyesters and calcium-based ceramics have significant therapeutic potential as tissue engineering scaffolds, as temporary implants and as drug-loaded matrices for controlled release. However, their degradation is complex and the rate of resorption depends on multiple connected factors such as the shape and size of the device, polymer chemistry and molecular weight, particle phase, size, volume fraction, distribution and pH-dependent dissolution properties. Understanding and ultimately predicting the degradation of resorbable composites is of central importance if we are to fully unlock the promise of these materials.

The field of fluid mechanics is vast and has numerous and diverse applications. Presented papers from the 11th International Conference on Advances in Fluid Dynamics with emphasis on Multiphase and Complex Flow are contained in this book and cover a wide range of topics, including basic formulations and their computer modelling as well as the relationship between experimental and analytical results. Innovation in fluid-structure approaches including emerging applications as energy harvesting systems, studies of turbulent flows at high Reynold number, or subsonic and hypersonic flows are also among the topics covered. The emphasis placed on multiphase flow in the included research works is due to the fact that fluid dynamics processes in nature are predominantly multi-phased, i.e. involving more than one phase of a component such as liquid, gas or plasma. The range of related problems of interest is vast: astrophysics, biology, geophysics, atmospheric processes, and a large variety of engineering applications. Multiphase fluid dynamics are generating a great deal interest, leading to many notable advances in experimental, analytical, and numerical studies in this area. While progress is continuing in all three categories, advances in numerical solutions are likely the most conspicuous, owing to the continuing improvements in computer power and the software tools available to researchers. Progress in numerical methods has not only allowed for the solution of many practical problems but also helped to improve our understanding of the physics involved. Many unresolved issues are inherent in the very definition of multiphase flow, where it is necessary to consider coupled processes on multiple scales, as well as the interplay of a wide variety of relevant physical phenomena.

This book focuses on theoretical aspects of dynamical systems in the broadest sense. It highlights novel and relevant results on mathematical and numerical problems that can be found in the fields of applied mathematics, physics, mechanics, engineering and the life sciences. The book consists of contributed research chapters addressing a diverse range of problems. The issues discussed include (among others): numerical-analytical algorithms for nonlinear optimal control problems on a large time interval; gravity waves in a reservoir with an uneven bottom; value distribution and growth of solutions for certain Painleve equations; optimal control of hybrid systems with sliding modes; a mathematical model of the two types of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia; non-conservative instability of cantilevered nanotubes using the Cell Discretization Method; dynamic analysis of a compliant tensegrity structure for use in a gripper application; and Jeffcott rotor bifurcation behavior using various models of hydrodynamic bearings.

This is an introductory level textbook for partial differential equations (PDEs). It is suitable for a one-semester undergraduate level or two-semester graduate level course in PDEs or applied mathematics. This volume is application-oriented and rich in examples. Going through these examples, the reader is able to easily grasp the basics of PDEs.Chapters One to Five are organized to aid understanding of the basic PDEs. They include the first-order equations and the three fundamental second-order equations, i.e. the heat, wave and Laplace equations. Through these equations, we learn the types of problems, how we pose the problems, and the methods of solutions such as the separation of variables and the method of characteristics. The modeling aspects are explained as well. The methods introduced in earlier chapters are developed further in Chapters Six to Twelve. They include the Fourier series, the Fourier and the Laplace transforms, and the Green's functions. Equations in higher dimensions are also discussed in detail. In this second edition, a new chapter is added and numerous improvements have been made including the reorganization of some chapters. Extensions of nonlinear equations treated in earlier chapters are also discussed.Partial differential equations are becoming a core subject in Engineering and the Sciences. This textbook will greatly benefit those studying in these subjects by covering basic and advanced topics in PDEs based on applications.

Chapters collected from "The Virtual Conference on Chemistry and its Applications (VCCA-2021) - Research and Innovations in Chemical Sciences: Paving the Way Forward". This conference was held in August 2021 and organized by the Computational Chemistry Group of the University of Mauritius. These peer-reviewed chapters offer insights into research on fundamental and applied chemistry with interdisciplinary subject matter.

This book discusses various statistical models and their implications for developing landslide susceptibility and risk zonation maps. It also presents a range of statistical techniques, i.e. bivariate and multivariate statistical models and machine learning models, as well as multi-criteria evaluation, pseudo-quantitative and probabilistic approaches. As such, it provides methods and techniques for RS & GIS-based models in spatial distribution for all those engaged in the preparation and development of projects, research, training courses and postgraduate studies. Further, the book offers a valuable resource for students using RS & GIS techniques in their studies.

Homogeneous and, more generally, quasihomogeneous distributions represent an important subclass of L. Schwartz's distributions. In this book, the meromorphic dependence of these distributions on the order of homogeneity and on further parameters is studied. The analytic continuation, the residues and the finite parts of these distribution-valued functions are investigated in some detail. This research was initiated by Marcel Riesz in his seminal article in Acta Mathematica in 1949. It leads to the so-called elliptic and hyperbolic M. Riesz kernels referring to the Laplace and the wave operator. The distributional formulation goes back to J. Dieudonne and J. Horvath. The analytic continuation of these distribution-valued functions yields convolution groups and fundamental solutions of the corresponding linear partial differential operators with constant coefficients. The convolvability and the convolution of distributions and, in particular, of quasihomogeneous distributions are investigated systematically. In contrast to most textbooks on distribution theory, the general concept of convolution of distributions is employed. It was defined by L. Schwartz and further analyzed by R. Shiraishi and J. Horvath. The authors Norbert Ortner (* 1945, Vorarlberg) and Peter Wagner (* 1956, Tirol) are well-known researchers in the fields of Distribution Theory and Partial Differential Equations. The latter is professor for mathematics at the Technical Faculty, the first one was professor for mathematics at the Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics of the Innsbruck University.

This volume includes contributions originating from a conference held at Chapman University during November 14-19, 2017. It presents original research by experts in signal processing, linear systems, operator theory, complex and hypercomplex analysis and related topics.

Originally published in 1893. PREFACE: AN increased interest in the history of the exact sciences manifested in recent years by teachers everywhere, and the attention given to historical inquiry in the mathematical class-rooms and seminaries of our leading universities, cause me to believe that a brief general History of Mathematics will be found acceptable to teachers and students. The pages treating necessarily in a very condensed form of the progress made during the present century, are put forth with great diffidence, although I have spent much time in the effort to render them accurate and reasonably complete. Many valuable suggestions and criti cisms on the chapter on quot B ecent Times quot have been made by, I r. E. W. Davis, of the University of Nebraska. ...FLORIAN CAJOBL COLORADO COLLEGE, December, 1893. Contents include: PAGE INTRODUCTION 1, ANTIQUITY 5 THE BABYLONIANS 5 THE EGYPTIANS 9 THE GREEKS 16 Greek Geometry 16 The Ionic School 17 The School of Pythagoras 19 The Sophist School 23 The Platonic School 29 The First Alexandrian School 34 The Second Alexandrian School 54 Greek Arithmetic 63 TUB ROMANS 77 MIDDLE AGES 84 THE HINDOOS 84 THE ARABS 100 EtJBOPE DURING THE MIDDLE AOES 117 Introduction of Roman Mathematics 117 Translation of Arabic Manuscripts 124 The First Awakening and its Sequel 128 MODERN EUROPE 138 THE RENAISSANCE . . . . 189 VIETA TO DJCSOARTES DBSGARTES TO NEWTON 183 NEWTON TO EULER 199 EULER, LAGRANGE, AND LAPLACE 246 The Origin of Modern Geometry 285 RECENT TIMES 291 SYNTHETIC GEOMETRY 293 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 307 ALGEBRA 315 ANALYSIS 331 THEORY OP FUNCTIONS 347 THEORY OF NUMBERS 362 APPLIED MATHEMATICS 373 INDEX 405 BOOKS OF REFEKENCE. The following books, pamphlets, and articles have been used in the preparation of this history. Reference to any of them is made in the text by giving the respective number. Histories marked with a star are the only ones of which extensive use has been made. 1. GUNTHER, S. Ziele tmd Hesultate der neueren Mathematisch-his torischen JForschung. Erlangen, 1876. 2. CAJTOEI, F. The Teaching and History of Mathematics in the U. S. Washington, 1890. 3. CANToit, MORITZ. Vorlesungen uber Gfeschichte der MathematiJc. Leipzig. Bel I., 1880 Bd. II., 1892. 4. EPPING, J. Astronomisches aus Babylon. Unter Mitwirlcung von P. J. K. STUASSMAIER. Freiburg, 1889. 5. BituTHOHNKiDfflR, C. A. Die Qeometrie und die G-eometer vor Eukli des. Leipzig, 1870. 6. Gow, JAMES. A Short History of Greek Mathematics. Cambridge, 1884. 7. HANKBL, HERMANN. Zur Gfeschichte der MathematiJc im Alterthum und Mittelalter. Leipzig, 1874. 8. ALLMAN, G. J. G-reek G-eometr y from Thales to JEuclid. Dublin, 1889. 9. DB MORGAN, A. quot Euclides quot in Smith s Dictionary of Greek and Itoman Biography and Mythology. 10.

What does this have to do with real life? is a question that plagues mathematics teachers across America, as students are confronted with abstract topics in their high school mathematics courses. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics emphasizes the importance of making real world connections in teaching mathematics so that learning new content is meaningful to students. And in meeting NCTM national standards, this invaluable book provides many insights into the many connections between mathematics applications and the real world. Nearly 50 math concepts are presented with multiple examples of how each is applied in everyday environments, such as the workplace, nature, science, sports, and even parking. From logarithms to matrices to complex numbers, concepts are discussed for a variety of mathematics courses, including:

algebra

geometry

trigonometry

analysis

probability

statistics

calculus

In one entry, for example, the authors show how angles are used in determining the spaces of a parking lot. When describing exponential growth, the authors demonstrate how interest on a loan or credit card increases over time. The concept of equations is described in a variety of ways, including how business managers estimate how many hours it takes a certain number of employees to complete a task, as well as how a to compute a quarterback's passing rating. Websites listed at the end of each entry provide additional examples of everyday math for both students and teachers.

International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics WILLIAM TED MARTIN. CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS. PREFACE: There seems to have been published, up to the present time, no English language volume in which an elementary introduction to the calculus of variations is followed by extensive application of the subject to problems of physics and theoretical engineering. The present volume is offered as partial fulfillment of the need for such a book. Thus its chief purpose is twofold: ( i) To provide for the senior or first-year graduate student in mathe matics, science, or engineering an introduction to the ideas and techniques of the calculus of variations. ( The material of the first seven chapters with selected topics from the later chapters has been used several times as the subject matter of a 10-week course in the Mathematics Department at Stanford University.) ( ii) To illustrate the application of the calculus of variations in several fields outside the realm of pure mathematics. ( By far the greater emphasis is placed upon this second aspect of the book's purpose.) The range of topics considered may be determined at a glance in the table of contents. Mention here of some of the more significant omis sions may be pertinent: The vague, mechanical d method is avoided throughout. Thus, while no advantage is taken of a sometimes convenient shorthand tactic, there is eliminated a source of confusion which often grips the careful student when confronted with its use. No attempt is made to treat problems of sufficiency or existence: no consideration is taken of the second variation or of the conditions of Legendrc, Jacobi, and Weicrstrass. Besides being outside the scope of the chief aim of this book, these matters are excellently treated in the volumes of Bolza and Bliss listed in the Bibliography. Expansion theorems for the eigenfunctions associated with certain boundary-value problems are stated without proof. The proofs, beyond the scope of this volume, can be constructed, in most instances, on the basis of the theory of integral equations. Space limitations prevent inclusion of such topics as perturbation theory, heat flow, hydrodynamics, torsion and buckling of bars, Schwingcr's treatment of atomic scattering, and others. However, the reader who has mastered the essence of the material included should have little difficulty in applying the calculus of variations to most of the subjects which have been squeezed out.

Aristotl was a Greek philosopher and a student of Plato. He taught Alexander the Great, and wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates, Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance. Included in this omnibus edition are Poetics, Politics, Rhetoric, On the Heavens, The Nicomachean Ethics, and On Generation and Corruption.

Covering a broad range of topics, this text provides a comprehensive survey of the modeling of chaotic dynamics and complexity in the natural and social sciences. Its attention to models in both the physical and social sciences and the detailed philosophical approach make this a unique text in the midst of many current books on chaos and complexity. Including an extensive index and bibliography along with numerous examples and simplified models, this is an ideal course text.