The idea of military necessity lies at the centre of the law of armed conflict and yet it is less than fully understood. This book analyses which legal limits govern the commander's assessment of military necessity, and argues that military necessity itself is not a limitation. Military necessity calls for a highly discretionary exercise: the assessment. Yet, there is little guidance as to how this discretionary process should be exercised, apart from the notions of 'a reasonable military commander'. A reasonable assessment of 'excessive' civilian losses are presumed to be almost intuitive. Objective standards for determining excessive civilian losses are difficult to identify, particularly when that 'excessiveness' will be understood in relative terms. The perpetual question arises: are civilian losses acceptable if the war can be won? The result is a heavy burden of assessment placed on the shoulders of the military commander.

Volume 5 considers the liability of Internet providers, the protection of personal data, and the criminal liability of users and firms. It offers practical explanations of laws pertaining to telemedia, telecommunications, databases, IT security, and media criminal liability.

Volume 4 offers a practical presentation of press law and broadcasting law. It also includes sports law and theater law along with legal questions related to child protection and protection of personal images.

Volume 3 deals with the relationships between firms in relation to media products. It examines issues of media concentration in the fields of music, the press, and broadcasting as well as related topics in copyright law, competition law, brand-name law, and domain rights, including protection of work titles, seals, and logos.

Volume 2 provides a practice-oriented presentation of the content and scope of copyright protection for media products. It explains copyright laws applicable to different categories of works and offers suggestions for contract design.

Since the end of the Cold War, the Middle East has been the focus of various projects for the establishment of arms control (including CBMs) regimes. Whereas some of these projects were initiated at the global level, others were discussed and debated at the regional level. This book analyses the global and regional dynamics of arms control in the Middle East in the post-Cold War era. It examines American and European arms control projects, the contexts in which they were presented, the reactions of major regional actors, and their impacts on arms control efforts in the region. It assesses Arab perceptions of the motivations for and constraints on establishing arms control regimes. It also explores the prospects of regional arms control in the context of the ongoing Arab Spring with its ramifications for Arab regional politics, and provides a new perspective on arms control in the Middle East. This volume enriches the ongoing discourse, which to date has been dominated by mainly Western perspectives.

Volume 1 presents the full range of European media law with a practical orientation. It covers EU directive policy along with the problems encountered in translating Community law into national contexts. In addition, the Handbook discusses issues related to the practical enforcement of claims and licensing rights in the realm of intellectual property.

The book makes a comprehensive analysis of the basic principles and theories of military law, restructuring the theoretic framework of military law. It also puts forwards the new concepts of "core military law" and "international military law" for the first time in China, and even the world. The book could help legal scholars and lawyers, especially military lawyers and research fellows in military law, to have a new approach to study military law.

Historian Chris Bray (a former soldier) tells the sweeping story of military justice from the institution of the American court martial in the earliest days of the Republic to contemporary arguments over how to use military courts to try foreign terrorists or soldiers accused of sexual assault.

The book systematically analyses the relationship and interaction between rules of engagement (ROE) and the legal framework regulating armed conflicts, both at the international and national levels. At the international level, the relationship between ROE and human rights law and international humanitarian law is explored. At the national level, the book relates ROE to (comparative) criminal law. A separate chapter analyses the complex relationship between self-defence law and rules of engagement. It is the first monograph to comprehensively examine these issues and to analyse how ROE interact with the various sources of the (international) law of military operations, both in terms of the law as a source for these rules and how the law is reflected and implemented through them. In doing so, and based on the author's own experience, the book provides examples of how complicated, often controversial issues of law can be resolved while keeping the rules understandable at all levels of military operations. Aimed at both scholars and practitioners, the book provides a bridge between the academic world and the operational world. It provides new insights for both of those audiences in terms of understanding how the law applies to - and through - the rules on the use of force for military operations.

Over the last decade, the U.S., UK Israel and other states have begun to use Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for military operations and for targeted killings in places like Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia. Worldwide, over 80 governments are developing their own drone programs, and even non-state actors such as the Islamic State have begun to experiment with drones. The speed of technological change and adaptation with drones is so rapid that it is outpacing the legal and ethical frameworks which govern the use of force. This volume brings together experts in law, ethics and political science to address how drone technology is slowly changing the rules and norms surrounding the use of force and enabling new, sometimes unprecedented, actions by states. It addresses some of the most crucial questions in the debate over drones today. Are drones a revolutionary form of technology that will transform warfare or is their effect merely hype? Can drone use on the battlefield be made wholly consistent with international law? How does drone technology begin to shift the norms governing the use of force? What new legal and ethical problems are presented by targeted killings outside of declared war zones? Should drones be considered a humane form of warfare? Finally, is it possible that drones could be a force for good in humanitarian disasters and peacekeeping missions in the near future? This book was previously published as a special issue of The International Journal of Human Rights.

This book provides a comprehensive, systematic overview of issues related to internet liability. It takes into account the new legal framework created by the German Telemedia Act and the most recent rulings of the German Federal Supreme Court. The German Telemedia Act's new liability provisions cover accountability for material property rights, data protection, personality rights, and liability for incorrect information.

Gunfight is a timely work examining America s four-centuries-long political battle over gun control and the right to bear arms. In this definitive and provocative history, Adam Winkler reveals how guns not abortion, race, or religion are at the heart of America s cultural divide. Using the landmark 2008 case District of Columbia v. Heller which invalidated a law banning handguns in the nation s capital as a springboard, Winkler brilliantly weaves together the dramatic stories of gun-rights advocates and gun-control lobbyists, providing often unexpected insights into the venomous debate that now cleaves our nation."

Drunken disorderliness. Cowardice in battle. Writing bad cheques. Vulgarity. Sexual indecency. Adultery. Following courts martial for such disgraceful behaviour, hundreds of Canadian officers lost their commissions during the First and Second World Wars. Scandalous Conduct investigates the changing definitions that shaped the quintessential honour crime known as "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman." The dishonour represented a direct challenge to the discredited officer's prestige, livelihood, and sense of manhood. Drawing on fascinating court cases never before studied, Scandalous Conduct concludes that military honour was not a stable concept; instead it depended on social circumstances and disciplinary requirements.

Der Steuerfachmann kommt mit dem Steuerstrafrecht dann in Beruhrung, wenn davon steuerrechtliche Massnahmen abhangen. Das gilt etwa fur die verlangerte Festsetzungfrist bei leichtfertiger oder vorsatzlicher Steuerverkurzung, fur die Anderung von Steuerbescheiden nach Aussenprufung und die Festsetzung von Hinterziehungszinsen. Auch die strafbefreiende Selbstanzeige gehort zur Praxis des Beraters. Ihre Voraussetzungen und Modalitaten (mit Muster) bilden den Schwerpunkt neben dem Verhalten des steuerlichen Beraters im Ermittlungsverfahren gegen seinen Mandanten - insbesondere bei Durchsuchungen in der eigenen Kanzlei. Eingeschlossen sind auch die Rechte und Pflichten bei einer Verteidigung des Mandanten. Insgesamt bietet das Buch eine umfassende Hilfestellung bei der Bearbeitung steuerstrafrechtlicher Fragen."

Prior to the progressive development of the law of armed conflict heralded by the 1949 Geneva Conventions - most particularly in relation to the concepts of international and non-international armed conflict-the customary doctrine on recognition of belligerency functioned for almost 200 years as the definitive legal scheme for differentiating internal conflict from "civil wars", in which the law of war as applicable between states applied de jure. Employing a legal historical approach, this book describes the thematic and practical fundamentals of the doctrine, and analyzes some of the more significant challenges to its application. In doing so, it assesses whether, how, and why the doctrine on recognition of belligerency was considered "fit for purpose," and seeks to inform debate as to its continuity and utility within the modern scheme of the law of armed conflict.

This collection of essays considers the evolution of American institutions and processes for forming and implementing US national security policy, and offers diverse policy prescriptions for reform to confront an evolving and uncertain security environment. Twelve renowned scholars and practitioners of US national security policy take up the question of whether the national security institutions we have are the ones we need to confront an uncertain future. Topics include a characterization of future threats to national security, organizational structure and leadership of national security bureaucracies, the role of the US Congress in national security policy making and oversight, and the importance of strategic planning within the national security enterprise. The book concludes with concrete recommendations for policy makers, most of which can be accomplished under the existing and enduring National Security Act. This book will be of much interest to students of US national security, US foreign policy, Cold War studies, public policy and Internationl Relations in general.

This monograph is principally the work of the late Martin Norr. He completed a draft of the entire monograph but had not yet revised it when he died in late 1972. At that time, the integration of corporate and shareholder taxation was just beginning to become of widespread interest in the United States. With the increasing interest thereafter, the International Tax Program began to revise his manuscript, making as few changes as possible in the original draft. We had the benefit of criticism and analysis from Professor Richard M. Bird of the University of Toronto, now Director of the Institute of Policy Analysis there. In addition, Mr. Mitsuo Sato of the Ministry of Finance in Japan gave freely of his time in carefully suggesting changes throughout the manuscript. The present version of Chapter 3 owes a great deal to his additions and suggestions. Thanks are also due to Professor Hugh J. Ault of Boston College Law School for the Appendix, containing his description of the German integration system that became effective in 1977, which was first published in Law & Policy in International Business. Mr. Norr's interest in the subject of corporate and shareholder taxation developed while he was writing the International Tax Program's World Tax Series volume Taxation in France, published in 1966. The integration of French taxes on corporations and shareholders took place just after that volume was finished, but had been under discussion in France for some time before then.

This volume presents articles on economic issues in the Holy Roman Empire. The specific themes examined here are monetary and regulatory policy, fundraising through lottery games, trade and trade prohibitions, guilds, allodification of military tenure, limitation of liability for women in the case of bankruptcy and corruption at the Imperial Chamber.

Umfassende Darstellung und rechtliche W rdigung des Biosafety-Protokolls sowie seiner Auswirkungen auf das Welthandelssystem der WTO. Im ersten Teil wird eine Einf hrung in die Gr ne Gentechnik," ihre Grundlagen, Chancen und Risiken gegeben; der zweite Teil behandelt dann das Biosafety-Protokoll, seine Entstehung, Inhalte und Einbindung in das internationale Regelungsgeflecht. Im Anschluss daran werden die Auswirkungen des Protokolls auf das System der WTO analysiert.

In the 2010s, America's adversaries conducted numerous damaging cyber operations inside the United States: the Office of Personnel Management breach, attacks on banks, persistent intellectual property theft by China, and the Russian intervention in the 2016 election. The US-possessor of the world's most powerful cyber arsenal-responded in 2018 by unveiling a new Defend Forward strategy. It is a large step in the direction of more aggressive action in cyberspace-albeit for defensive ends. The US has not attempted to hide this shift. To the contrary, it has telegraphed the change. But the telegraphing has taken place at a highly abstract level. Very little is known about precisely what types of operations Defend Forward entails. While the US government has asserted that Defend Forward is consistent with domestic and international law, it has not explained how the new strategy overcomes the perceived legal constraints that previously tempered US responses to cyber intrusions and threats. This volume, edited by Jack Goldsmith and featuring a cast of leading scholars in the field, provides an authoritative overview of the origins and operation of Defend Forward, and a comprehensive assessment of its legality. For anyone interested in the future of great power conflict and the cyber strategies that the US is deploying against its adversaries, The United States' Defend Forward Cyber Strategy is an essential read.