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Books > Law > Other areas of law > Military law & courts martial
Israeli Prisoner of War Policies: From the 1949 Armistice to the
2006 Kidnappings examines the development of Israel's policies
toward prisoners of war across multiple conflicts. Taking POWs is
an indication of strength and a method of deterrence. However, the
conditions leading to the release of POWs are often the result of
the asymmetry in diplomatic power between two parties, or, as in
the case of Israel, the gap between military might and diplomatic
weakness within a single country. Consequently, the issue of POWs
and their military and diplomatic significance represents at least
two levels of actors' behavior: what the criteria should be for
taking POWs and what mechanism should be employed and what price
should be paid in order to secure their release. Studying the
prisoner exchange deals involving Israel reveals three eras in the
emergence of Israeli POW policy. Israel has had no comprehensive
policy or guiding set of directives. The lack of a well-established
policy was not only the result of the unstable nature of Israeli
politics, but was to a large extent the result of the tendency of
most Israeli cabinets to delay critical decisions. Successive
Israeli governments have witnessed three distinct periods of
conflict requiring unique approaches to POWs: a confrontation with
nation states, 1948/49 to the June 1967 War; a mixed challenge
posed by national and sub-national players, 1967 to the aftermath
of the October 1973 War; and the long battle with sub-national
actors, first Palestinians and later Shi'ite and Sunni Muslims.
This volume seeks to apply the lessons of Israel's complex POW
policies to conflicts around the world.
Das Buch bietet eine umfassende, interdisziplinare Untersuchung der
Wechselbeziehungen zwischen gesundheitlichem Verbraucherschutz und
grenzuberschreitendem Lebensmittelhandel, wie sie sich wahrend der
letzten 50 Jahre durch die Interaktion der relevanten
internationalen Institutionen (GATT/WTO und Codex Alimentarius)
entwickelt haben. Die langfristige Perspektive, die Analyse einer
grossen Zahl bisher wenig beachteter Dokumente sowie Beobachtungen
aus erster Hand ermoeglichen eine differenzierte Bewertung der
Effektivitat und Legitimitat des entstandenen "Regimeverbundes".
This book fills gaps in the exploration of the protection of
cultural heritage in armed conflict based on the World Heritage
Convention. Marina Lostal offers a new perspective, designating a
specific protection regime to world cultural heritage sites, which
is so far lacking despite the fact that such sites are increasingly
targeted. Lostal spells out this area's discrete legal principles,
providing accessible and succinct guidelines to a usually complex
web of international conventions. Using the conflicts in Syria,
Libya and Mali (among others) as case studies, she offers timely
insight into the phenomenon of cultural heritage destruction.
Lastly, by incorporating the World Heritage Convention into the
discourse, this book fulfills UNESCO's long-standing project of
exploring 'how to promote the systemic integration between the
[World Heritage] Convention of 1972 and the other UNESCO regimes'.
It is sure to engender debate and cause reflection over cultural
heritage and protection regimes.
Der Autor pruft, welches Mass an Sorgfalt die Organe einer
Aktiengesellschaft beim An- und Verkauf von Finanztiteln an den Tag
zu legen haben. Das Kernstuck der Studie bildet eine Untersuchung,
inwieweit die an einen professionellen Vermoegensverwalter zu
stellenden Sorgfaltsanforderungen zur Prazisierung der
Vorstandspflichten beim Wertpapiererwerb herangezogen werden
koennen. Verstossen Mitglieder des Vorstands gegen diese
Verhaltensstandards, so besteht die Gefahr, im Falle verlustreicher
Anlagegeschafte Regressforderungen der eigenen Gesellschaft
ausgesetzt zu sein. Anschliessend wird auch die
UEberwachungstatigkeit des Aufsichtsrats bei derartigen Geschaften
naher beleuchtet.
Military justice systems across the world are in a state of
transition. These changes are due to a combination of both domestic
and international legal pressures. The domestic influences include
constitutional principles, bills of rights and the presence of
increasingly strong oversight bodies such as parliamentary
committees. Military justice has also come under pressure from
international law, particularly when applied on operations. The
common theme in these many different influences is the growing role
of external legal principles and institutions on military justice.
This book provides insights from both scholars and practitioners on
reforms to military justice in individual countries (including the
UK, Canada, the Netherlands and Australia) and in wider regions
(for example, South Asia and Latin America). It also analyses the
impact of 'civilianisation', the changing nature of operations and
the decisions of domestic and international courts on efforts to
reform military justice.
In October 1948-one year after the creation of the U.S. Air Force
as a separate military branch-a B-29 Superfortress crashed on a
test run, killing the plane's crew. The plane was constructed with
poor materials, and the families of the dead sued the U.S.
government for damages. In the case, the government claimed that
releasing information relating to the crash would reveal important
state secrets, and refused to hand over the requested documents.
Judges at both the U.S. District Court level and Circuit level
rejected the government's argument and ruled in favor of the
families. However, in 1953, the Supreme Court reversed the lower
courts' decisions and ruled that in the realm of national security,
the executive branch had a right to withhold information from the
public. Judicial deference to the executive on national security
matters has increased ever since the issuance of that landmark
decision. Today, the government's ability to invoke state secrets
privileges goes unquestioned by a largely supine judicial branch.
David Rudenstine's The Age of Deference traces the Court's role in
the rise of judicial deference to executive power since the end of
World War II. He shows how in case after case, going back to the
Truman and Eisenhower presidencies, the Court has ceded authority
in national security matters to the executive branch. Since 9/11,
the executive faces even less oversight. According to Rudenstine,
this has had a negative impact both on individual rights and on our
ability to check executive authority when necessary. Judges are
mindful of the limits of their competence in national security
matters; this, combined with their insulation from political
accountability, has caused them in matters as important as the
nation's security to defer to the executive. Judges are also afraid
of being responsible for a decision that puts the nation at risk
and the consequences for the judiciary in the wake of such a
decision. Nonetheless, The Age of Deference argues that as
important as these considerations are in shaping a judicial
disposition, the Supreme Court has leaned too far, too often, and
for too long in the direction of abdication. There is a broad
spectrum separating judicial abdication, at one end, from judicial
usurpation, at the other, and The Age of Deference argues that the
rule of law compels the court to re-define its perspective and the
legal doctrines central to the Age.
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that
provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various
topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as
well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect
their national security interests. Volume 141, Hybrid Warfare and
the Gray Zone Threat, considers the mutation of the international
security environment brought on by decades of unrivaled U.S.
conventional military power. The term "hybrid warfare" encompasses
conventional warfare, irregular warfare, cyberwarfare, insurgency,
criminality, economic blackmail, ethnic warfare, "lawfare", and the
application of low-cost but effective technologies to thwart
high-cost technologically advanced forces. This volume is divided
into five sections covering different aspects of this topic, each
of which is introduced by expert commentary written by series
editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. This volume contains thirteen
useful documents exploring various facets of the shifting
international security environment, including a detailed report on
hybrid warfare issued by the Joint Special Operations University
and a White Paper on special operations forces support to political
warfare prepared by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, as
well as a GAO report and a CRS report covering similar topics.
Specific coverage is also given to topics such as cybersecurity and
cyberwarfare, the efficacy of sanctions in avoiding and deterring
hybrid warfare threats, and the intersection of the military and
domestic U.S. law enforcement.
In the past decade, the United States has rapidly deployed
militarized drones in theaters of war for surveillance as well as
targeted killing. The swiftness with which drones were created and
put into service has outstripped the development of an associated
framework for discussing them, with the result that basic
conversations about these lethal weapons have been stymied for a
lack of a shared rhetoric. Marouf Hasian's Drone Warfare and
Lawfare in a Post-Heroic Age fills that critical gap. With a
growing fleet of more than 7,500 drones, these emblems of what one
commentary has dubbed "push-button, bloodless wars" comprise as
much as a third of the US aircraft force. Their use is hotly
debated, some championing air power that doesn't risk the lives of
pilots, others arguing that drone strikes encourage cycles of
violence against the United States, its allies, and interests. In
this landmark study, Hasian illuminates both the discursive and
visual argumentative strategies that drone supporters and critics
both rely on. He comprehensively reviews how advocates and
detractors parse and re-contextualize drone images, casualty
figures, governmental "white papers," NGO reports, documentaries,
and blogs to support their points of view. He unpacks the
ideological reflexes and assumptions behind these legal, ethical,
and military arguments. Visiting both formal legal language used by
legislators, political leaders, and policy makers as well as
public, vernacular commentaries about drones, Drone Warfare and
Lawfare in a Post-Heroic Age dispassionately illuminates the
emotive, cognitive, and behavioral strategies partisans use to
influence public and official opinion.
Dieses Lernbuch richtet sich in erster Linie an Jurastudenten, die
sich auf die steuerrechtlichen Klausuren im ersten und zweiten
Examen vorbereiten. Es soll nicht nur dazu dienen, bereits
erworbene Kenntnisse in Prufungssituationen anzuwenden, sondern
auch im Rahmen der Fallbearbeitung examensrelevantes Wissen zu
erlernen. Die Falle wurden in der bekannten Heidelberger
Examensvorbereitung erprobt und bilden einen wesentlichen
Bestandteil der steuerrechtlichen Vorbereitung. Bis auf zwei
Einfuhrungsfalle orientieren sich die ausformulierten Loesungen
ausnahmslos am Examensniveau und weisen dabei einen ansteigenden
Schwierigkeitsgrad auf. Thematisch entstammen die Aufgaben vor
allem dem Einkommen- und Koerperschaftsteuerrecht und nehmen dabei
aktuelle Entwicklungen auf. Anstatt Einzelprobleme
aneinanderzureihen, foerdern die komplexen und praxisnahen
Sachverhalte die System- und Fallloesungskompetenz.
In a world that is increasingly unstable, intelligence services
like the American CIA and the United Kingdom's MI6 exist to deliver
security. Whether the challenge involves terrorism, cyber-security,
or the renewed specter of great power conflict, intelligence
agencies mitigate threats and provide decisional advantage to
national leaders. But empowered intelligence services require
adequate supervision and oversight, which must be about more than
the narrow (if still precarious) task of ensuring the legality of
covert operations and surveillance activities. Global Intelligence
Oversight is a comparative investigation of how democratic
countries can govern their intelligence services so that they are
effective, but operate within frameworks that are acceptable to
their people in an interconnected world. The book demonstrates how
the institutions that oversee intelligence agencies participate in
the protection of national security while safeguarding civil
liberties, balancing among competing national interests, and
building public trust in inherently secret activities. It does so
by analyzing the role of courts and independent oversight bodies as
they operate in countries with robust constitutional frameworks and
powerful intelligence services. The book also illuminates a new
transnational oversight dynamic that is shaping and constraining
security services in new ways. It describes how global technology
companies and litigation in transnational forums constitute a new
form of oversight whose contours are still undefined. As rapid
changes in technology bring the world closer together, these forces
will complement their more traditional counterparts in ensuring
that intelligence activities remain effective, legitimate, and
sustainable.
Targeting Americans: The Constitutionality of the U.S. Drone War
focuses on the legal debate surrounding drone strikes, the use of
which has expanded significantly under the Obama Presidency as part
of the continuing war against terror. Despite the political
salience of the legal questions raised by targeted killing, the
author asserts that there has been remarkably little careful
analysis of the fundamental legal question: the constitutionality
of the policy. From a position of deep practical expertise in
constitutional issues, Prof. Powell provides a dispassionate and
balanced analysis of the issues posed by U.S. targeted killing
policy, using the killing of Anwar al-Awlaki in September 2011 as a
focus for discussion. While Powell concludes that the al-Awlaki
strike was constitutional under 2001 legislation, he rejects the
Obama administration's broader claims of authority for its drone
policies. Furthermore, he argues, citizens acting as combatants in
al-Qaeda and associated groups are not entitled to due process
protections: by due process standards, the administration's
procedures are legally inadequate. A fundamental theme of the book
is that the conclusion that an action or policy is constitutional
should not be confused with claims about its wisdom, morality, or
legality under international norms. Part of the purpose of
constitutional analysis is to draw attention to these other
normative concerns and not, as is too often the case, to occlude
them.
In U.S. Military Operations: Law, Policy, and Practice, a
distinguished group of military experts comprehensively analyze how
the law is applied during military operations on and off the
battlefield. Subject matter experts offer a unique insiders
perspective on how the law is actually implemented in a wide swath
of military activities, such as how the law of war applies in the
context of multi-state coalition forces, and whether
non-governmental organizations involved in quasi-military
operations are subject to the same law. The book goes on to
consider whether U.S. Constitutional 4th Amendment protections
apply to the military's cyber-defense measures, how the law guides
targeting decisions, and whether United Nations mandates constitute
binding rules of international humanitarian law. Other areas of
focus include how the United States interacts with the
International Committee of the Red Cross regarding its
international legal obligations, and how courts should approach
civil claims based on war-related torts. This book also answers
questions regarding how the law of armed conflict applies to such
extra-conflict acts as intercepting pirates and providing
humanitarian relief to civilians in occupied territory.
The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) has become one of the
most controversial laws, both in India and the world. A few NGOs
and human rights activists have described it as draconian, alleging
that it gives the armed forces unrestricted power to 'arrest'
without warrant, 'destroy property' and 'shoot to kill,' besides
providing them with complete immunity. The loud and continuous
clamour against the Act has drawn the attention of various
international organizations. The UN Special Rapporteur on
Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Christof Heyns, has
recently called for the repeal of the law, stating: "AFSPA allows
the state to override rights. Such a law has no role in a democracy
and should be scrapped." On the other hand, the armed forces hold
that the AFSPA is necessary for tackling the growing menace of
militancy and protecting their men from the unnecessary harassment
caused by litigation. General V K Singh, the former chief of army
staff and now a cabinet minister, has emphasized that the AFSPA is
a 'functional requirement' of the armed forces. This is the first
book in India not only to attempt a complete analysis of the
various provisions of the AFSPA, but also to provide an insight
into the legislative efforts of other democracies to meet the
challenges of growing terrorism. It delves into cases of human
rights violations in which members of the armed forces have been
implicated, and at the same time, argues that it is equally
important to safeguard the human rights of the members of the armed
forces. In order to help find an amicable solution, the author
makes a few recommendations for the consideration of the government
and armed forces.
Ziel der Arbeit ist die umfassende Darstellung und rechtliche
Wurdigung des Biosafety-Protokolls sowie seiner Auswirkungen auf
das Welthandelssystem der WTO. Im ersten Teil wird eine Einfuhrung
in die Grune Gentechnik, ihre Grundlagen, Chancen und Risiken
gegeben; der zweite Teil behandelt dann das Biosafety-Protokoll,
seine Entstehung, Inhalte und Einbindung in das internationale
Regelungsgeflecht. Im Anschluss daran werden die Auswirkungen des
Protokolls auf das System der WTO analysiert. UEberpruft wird die
Vereinbarkeit des Handels mit LMOs nach den Vorgaben des
Biosafety-Protokolls mit den Vorschriften des WTO/GATT-Systems, um
anschliessend daran Gedanken fur eine gemeinsame Koexistenz
abzuleiten, die einen fairen Ausgleich aus Sicht der Struktur des
WTO/GATT-Systems berucksichtigt.
In recent years, countries around the world introduced numerous
national security programs and military campaigns. Despite the
complex legal questions they raise, very few of these measures have
been the subject of rigorous judicial review. Nevertheless, the
absence of real-time review has had an enormous effect on human
rights, rule of law, and on national security. The Supreme Court of
Israel provides an excellent case study of a different approach,
which allows judges to assess military action in real-time and to
issue non-binding results of their evaluation. This raises the
question: How was the Court actually able to uphold this challenge?
In Judicial Review of National Security, David Scharia explains how
the Supreme Court of Israel developed unconventional judicial
review tools and practices that allowed it to provide judicial
guidance to the Executive in real-time. In this book, he argues
that courts could play a much more dominant role in reviewing
national security, and demonstrates the importance of intensive
real-time inter-branch dialogue with the Executive, as a tool used
by the Israeli Court to provide such review. This book aims to show
that if one Supreme Court was able to provide rigorous judicial
review of national security in real-time, then we should reconsider
the conventional wisdom regarding the limits of judicial review of
national security.
This book seeks to explore and compare the right to counsel that
has been afforded the American serviceman and that which has been
granted his citizen counterpart in the civil courts. The civil and
constitutional rights of the serviceman and the civilian in the
context of criminal prosecutions are implemented in two distinct
legal settings a civil system of state and federal courts,
including the United States Supreme Court, and a military system
composed of courts martial, boards of review, and the United States
Court of Military Appeals. The author's primary thesis suggests
that in a political system in which individual preferences are
given equal weight, the values of the priorities adopted in the
civil society will inevitably encroach upon the variant values of
any military sub-society involving substantial numbers of people
who participate in both. S. Sidney Ulmer is professor of political
science at the University of Kentucky.
Nuclear Weapons under International Law is a comprehensive
treatment of nuclear weapons under key international law regimes.
It critically reviews international law governing nuclear weapons
with regard to the inter-state use of force, international
humanitarian law, human rights law, disarmament law, and
environmental law, and discusses where relevant the International
Court of Justice's 1996 Advisory Opinion. Unique in its approach,
it draws upon contributions from expert legal scholars and
international law practitioners who have worked with conventional
and non-conventional arms control and disarmament issues. As a
result, this book embraces academic consideration of legal
questions within the context of broader political debates about the
status of nuclear weapons under international law.
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