This book discusses the tribological, rheological and optical properties of liquid-crystal nanomaterials as well as lubricant media. It also describes the formation of liquid-crystal materials and the application of cholesteric liquid-crystal compounds in technical friction units and in human and animal joints. Further, it shows the connection between the tribological and other physical properties of liquid-crystal cholesterol compounds and develops a lubricity conceptual model of cholesteric-nematic, liquid-crystalline nanostructures on the basis of physical and energetic interpretations. This general model is valid for all surfaces and friction pairs, including biopolymers, and could lead to applications of cholesteric liquid-crystalline nanomaterials in different friction units and tribosystems as well as in the treatment of joint diseases.

This book provides a comprehensive review of established, cutting-edge, and future trends in the exponentially growing field of nanomaterials and their applications in biosensors and bioanalyses. Part I focuses on the key principles and transduction approaches, reviewing the timeline featuring the important historical milestones in the development and application of nanomaterials in biosensors and bioanalyses. Part II reviews various architectures used in nanobiosensing designs focusing on nanowires, one- and two-dimensional nanostructures, and plasmonic nanobiosensors with interferometric reflectance imaging. Commonly used nanomaterials, functionalization of the nanomaterials, and development of nanobioelectronics are discussed in detail in Part III with examples from screen-printed electrodes, nanocarbon films, and semiconductor quantum dots. Part IV reviews the current applications of carbon nanotubes, nanoneedles, plasmonic sensors, electrochemical scanning microscopes, and field-effect transistors with the future outlook for emerging technologies. Attention is also given to potential challenges, in particular, of taking these technologies at the point-of-need. The book concludes by providing a condensed summary of the contents, with emphasis on future directions. Nanomaterials have become an essential part of biosensors and bioanalyses in the detection and monitoring of medical, pharmaceutical, and environmental conditions, from cancer to chemical warfare agents. This book, with its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, will be an essential guide for all those involved in the research, design, development, and application of nanomaterials in biosensors and bioanalyses.

Focuses on Myconanotechnology as an emerging branch of nanotechnology. Discusses diverse applications of biogenic nanoparticles in human and plant diseases, targeting multi-drug resistance problem, application as antioxidants, in cancer, nanofertilizers, nanonutrients, nanomedicine, etc. Incorporates the toxicity to environment and human and provides solutions.

This book discusses the processing and properties of silicene, including the historical and theoretical background of silicene, theoretical predictions, the synthesis and experimental properties of silicene and the potential applications and further developments. It also presents other similar monolayer materials, like germanene and phosphorene. Silicene, a new silicon allotrope with a graphene-like, honeycomb structure, has recently attracted considerable interest, because its topology affords it the same remarkable electronic properties as those of graphene. Additionally, silicene may have the potential advantage of being easily integrated in current Si-based nano/micro-electronics, offering novel technological applications. Silicene was theoretically conjectured a few years ago as a stand-alone material. However, it does not exist in nature and had to be synthesized on a substrate. It has since been successfully synthesized and multi-layer silicene structures are already being discussed. Within just a few years, silicene is now on the brink of technological applications in electronic devices.

This book provides a comprehensive summary of nanowire research in the past decade, from the nanowire synthesis, characterization, assembly, to the device applications. In particular, the developments of complex/modulated nanowire structures, the assembly of hierarchical nanowire arrays, and the applications in the fields of nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, quantum devices, nano-enabled energy, and nano-bio interfaces, are focused. Moreover, novel nanowire building blocks for the future/emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology are also discussed.Semiconducting nanowires represent one of the most interesting research directions in nanoscience and nanotechnology, with capabilities of realizing structural and functional complexity through rational design and synthesis. The exquisite control of chemical composition, morphology, structure, doping and assembly, as well as incorporation with other materials, offer a variety of nanoscale building blocks with unique properties.

This open access book relates to the III Annual Conference hosted by The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in December 2016. This event has summarized, analyzed and discussed the interim results, academic outputs and scientific achievements of the Russian Federal Targeted Programme "Research and Development in Priority Areas of Development of the Russian Scientific and Technological Complex for 2014-2020." It contains 75 selected papers from 6 areas considered priority by the Federal Targeted Programme: computer science, ecology & environment sciences; energy and energy efficiency; lifesciences; nanoscience & nanotechnology and transport & communications. The chapters report the results of the 3-years research projects supported by the Programme and finalized in 2016.

Manipulation of matter at the nanoscale level is the key factor in nanotechnology, and it is considered as a great driving force behind the current industrial revolution since it offers facile and feasible remedies for many problems. Because of the unique characteristic properties of nanomaterials, they can be employed in a wide variety of fields such as agriculture and food technology, catalysis, biomedical applications, tissue culture engineering and fertilizers, etc. In this regard, characterization of nanomaterials plays a significant role in determining their optical, thermal, and physicochemical properties. Many techniques have been used in nanomaterial characterization and the most important techniques are discussed in detail in this book with its principles, basic operation procedures and applications with suitable examples. In summary, this book offers a broad content on the most important chemical and structural characterization techniques of nanomaterials. The book offers comprehensive coverage of the most essential topics, including: Provides a comprehensive understanding about physical and chemical characterization techniques of nanomaterials Includes details about basic principles of each characterization technique with appropriate examples Covers most of the important characterization techniques that need to know under the level of undergraduate/early career scientists/beginners in materials chemistry Provides all the basic knowledge to understand and carry out the respective analysis of nanomaterials Fulfills the timely need of a book that covers the most important and useful characterization techniques in nanomaterial characterization Up to date, there are no other books/book chapters which discuss most of these nanocharacterization techniques in one segment with all the basic instrumentation details and narrated examples of nanomaterial characterization. In a nutshell, this book will be a great asset to undergraduates/early career scientists/beginners of material science since it provides a comprehensive and complete understanding about most of the techniques nanocharacterization tools in a short time. Intended audience is based on science education while specifically focusing on undergraduates/graduate students/early scientists and beginners of chemistry, materials chemistry and nanotechnology and nanoscience.

Combines catalysis and sensor applications of nanomaterials including detailed synthesis techniques of these materials Explores methods of designing, engineering, and fabricating nanomaterials Covers material efficiency, their detection limit for sensing different analytes and other properties of the materials Discusses sustainability of nano materials in the industrial sector Includes case studies to address the challenges faced by research and development sectors

This book covers various aspects of cancer chemoprevention, including an overview of chemoprevention in the process of tumorigenesis; the roles of various phytochemicals, functional foods, and dietary interventions in disease prevention; and techniques such as cancer stem cell targeting, nano-formulations, and so forth. The nutrigenomic and epigenetic effects of natural products at the molecular and genetic levels are also covered alongside their potential for additive and synergistic effect, as well as overcoming drug resistance. The key selling features of the book are as follows: Discusses holistic and comprehensive areas of chemoprevention Includes diverse techniques, such as cancer stem cell targeting, nano-formulations, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems Introduces various mechanisms involved in prevention of the diseases, including targeting cancer stem cells Reviews various aspects which can reduce the toxicity and cost of treatment of diseases by alternative medicine Explores various sources, mechanisms, and ways to develop cancer chemopreventive agents with minimal toxicity compared to traditional cancer therapy drugs This book is focused on researchers and graduate students in drug delivery and formulation, nanobiotechnology, cancer chemoprevention, prevention, and therapeutics.

Authored by many of the world's leading experts on high-Tc superconductivity, this volume presents a panorama of ongoing research in the field, as well as insights into related multifunctional materials. The contributions cover many different and complementary aspects of the physics and materials challenges, with an emphasis on superconducting materials that have emerged since the discovery of the cuprate superconductors, for example pnictides, MgB2, H2S and other hydrides. Special attention is also paid to interface superconductivity. In addition to superconductors, the volume also addresses materials related to polar and multifunctional ground states, another class of materials that owes its discovery to Prof. Muller's ground-breaking research on SrTiO3.

This book comprehensively reviews recent and emerging applications of carbon nanotubes and graphene materials in a wide range of sectors. Detailed applications include structural materials, ballistic materials, energy storage and conversion, batteries, supercapacitors, smart sensors, environmental protection, nanoelectronics, optoelectronic and photovoltaics, thermoelectric, and conducting wires. It further covers human and structural health monitoring, and thermal management applications. Key selling features: Exclusively takes an application-oriented approach to cover emerging areas in carbon nanotubes and graphene Covers fundamental and applied knowledge related to carbon nanomaterials Includes advanced applications like human and structural health monitoring, smart sensors, ballistic protection and so forth Discusses novel applications such as thermoelectrics along with environmental protection related application Explores aspects of energy storage, generation and conversion including batteries, supercapacitors, and photovoltaics This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in electrical, nanomaterials, chemistry, and other related areas.

The population of the world continues to increase at an alarming rate. The trouble linked with overpopulation ranges from food and water scarcity to inadequacy of space for organisms. Overpopulation is also linked with several other demographic hazards, for instance, population blooming will not only result in exhaustion of natural repositories, but it will also induce intense pressure on the world economy. Today nanotechnology is often discussed as a key discipline of research but it has positive and negative aspects. Also, due to industrialization and ever-increasing population, nano-pollution has been an emerging topic among scientists for investigation and debate. Nanotechnology measures any substance on a macromolecular scale, molecular scale, and even atomic scale. More importantly, nanotechnology deals with the manipulation and control of any matter at the dimension of a single nanometer. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles (NPs) play important roles in sustainable development and environmental challenges as well. NPs possess both harmful and beneficial effects on the environment and its harboring components, such as microbes, plants, and humans. There are many beneficial impacts exerted by nanoparticles, however, including their role in the management of waste water and soil treatment, cosmetics, food packaging, agriculture, biomedicines, pharmaceuticals, renewable energies, and environmental remedies. Conversely, NPs also show some toxic effects on microbes, plants, as well as human beings. It has been reported that use of nanotechnological products leads to the more accumulation of NPs in soil and aquatic ecosystems, which may be detrimental for living organisms. Further, toxic effects of NPs on microbes, invertebrates, and aquatic organisms including algae, has been measured. Scientists have also reported on the negative impact of NPs on plants by discussing the delivery of NPs in plants. Additionally, scientists have also showed that NPs interact with plant cells, which results in alterations in growth, biological function, gene expression, and development. Thus, there has been much investigated and reported on NPs and plant interactions in the last decade. This book discusses the most recent work on NPs and plant interaction, which should be useful for scientists working in nanotechnology across a wide variety of disciplines.

This book describes for readers the protection of electronic hardware in space vehicles from the negative effects of space dust and electromagnetic irradiation. The authors explain the mechanisms of "space dust" (high velocity particles in space), the effects on the on-board electronic hardware of space vehicles, and development of protection methods from these influences on humans, equipment and microcircuits. Coverage includes hard-to-find technical information on the design of special boosters for accelerating microparticles to space velocities, techniques for conducting experiments on Earth, data processing, and practical examples. The authors also discuss fabrication technologies and composition of special, radio absorbent materials for protecting space vehicles from the electromagnetic irradiation.

As the requirements of the semiconductor industry have become more demanding in terms of resolution and speed it has been necessary to push photoresist materials far beyond the capabilities previously envisioned. Currently there is significant worldwide research effort in to so called Next Generation Lithography techniques such as EUV lithography and multibeam electron beam lithography. These developments in both the industrial and the academic lithography arenas have led to the proliferation of numerous novel approaches to resist chemistry and ingenious extensions of traditional photopolymers. Currently most texts in this area focus on either lithography with perhaps one or two chapters on resists, or on traditional resist materials with relatively little consideration of new approaches. This book therefore aims to bring together the worlds foremost resist development scientists from the various community to produce in one place a definitive description of the many approaches to lithography fabrication.

First book to introduce strain engineering in the design of flexible and stretchable electronic devices Computer aided microelectronics education to enhance students learning Presents detailed examples of two- and three-dimensional process and device simulation Broad coverage spanning conventional to the state-of-the-art stress- and strain-engineered devices at 7 nm and smaller technology nodes

* Covers the state-of-the-art progress in one-dimensional nanomaterials polymeric materials * Presents synthesis, characterization, and applications of one-dimensional polymeric nanocomposites for energy production, storage, flexible electronics, sensors, and biomedical applications * Provides fundamentals of electrochemical behavior and their understanding of energy devices such as fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, etc. * Provides new directions to scientists, researchers, and students to better understand the chemistry, technologies, and applications of one-dimensional polymeric nanocomposites

Presents comprehensive information on nanocarbon synthesis and properties and some specific applications Covers growth of carbon nanoparticles, nanotubes, ribbons, graphene, graphene derivatives, porous /spongy phases, graphite, and 3D carbon fabrics Documents large variety of characterizations and evaluation on nature of growth causing effect onto structure-properties Contains dedicated chapters on miniaturized, flat, and 2D devices Discusses variety of applications from military to public domain including prevalent topics related to carbon

The series Advances in Polymer Science presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science. It covers all areas of research in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics, material science.The thematic volumes are addressed to scientists, whether at universities or in industry, who wish to keep abreast of the important advances in the covered topics.Advances in Polymer Science enjoys a longstanding tradition and good reputation in its community. Each volume is dedicated to a current topic, and each review critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume. The volumes typically summarize the significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years and discuss them critically, presenting selected examples, explaining and illustrating the important principles, and bringing together many important references of primary literature. On that basis, future research directions in the area can be discussed. Advances in Polymer Science volumes thus are important references for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymer science - as an introduction to a neighboring field, or as a compilation of detailed information for the specialist.Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Single contributions can be specially commissioned.Readership: Polymer scientists, or scientists in related fields interested in polymer and biopolymer science, at universities or in industry, graduate students

This book describes new trends in the nanoscience of isotopic materials science. Assuming a background in graduate condensed matter physics and covering the fundamental aspects of isotopic materials science from the very beginning, it equips readers to engage in high-level professional research in this area. The books main objective is to provide insight into the question of why solids are the way they are, either because of how their atoms are bonded with one another, because of defects in their structure, or because of how they are produced or processed. Accordingly, it explores the science of how atoms interact, connects the results to real materials properties, and demonstrates the engineering concepts that can be used to produce or improve semiconductors by design. In addition, it shows how the concepts discussed are applied in the laboratory. The book addresses the needs of researchers, graduate students and senior undergraduate students alike. Although primarily written for materials science audience, it will be equally useful to those teaching in electrical engineering, materials science or even chemical engineering or physics curricula. In order to maintain the focus on materials concepts, however, the book does not burden the reader with details of many of the derivations and equations nor does it delve into the details of electrical engineering topics.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of nanoscale electronics and systems packaging, and covers nanoscale structures, nanoelectronics packaging, nanowire applications in packaging, and offers a roadmap for future trends. Composite materials are studied for high-k dielectrics, resistors and inductors, electrically conductive adhesives, conductive "inks," underfill fillers, and solder enhancement. The book is intended for industrial and academic researchers, industrial electronics packaging engineers who need to keep abreast of progress in their field, and others with interests in nanotechnology. It surveys the application of nanotechnologies to electronics packaging, as represented by current research across the field.

Carbon forms a variety of allotropes due to the diverse hybridization of s- and p-electron orbitals, including the time-honored graphite and diamond as well as new forms such as C60 fullerene, nanotubes, graphene, and carbyne. The new family of carbon isotopes-fullerene, nanotubes, graphene, and carbyne-is called "nanostructured carbon" or "nanocarbon." These isotopes exhibit extreme properties such as ultrahigh mechanical strength, ultrahigh charge-carrier mobility, and high thermal conductivity, attracting considerable attention for their electronic and mechanical applications as well as for exploring new physics and chemistry in the field of basic materials science. Electron sources are important in a wide range of areas, from basic physics and scientific instruments to medical and industrial applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene behave as excellent electron-field emitters owing to their exceptional properties and offer several benefits compared to traditional cathodes. Field emission (FE) produces very intense electron currents from a small surface area with a narrow energy spread, providing a highly coherent electron beam-a combination that not only provides us with the brightest electron sources but also explores a new field of electron beam-related research. This book presents the enthusiastic research and development of CNT-based FE devices and focuses on the fundamental aspects of FE from nanocarbon materials, including CNTs and graphene, and the latest research findings related to it. It discusses applications of FE to X-ray and UV generation and reviews electron sources in vacuum electronic devices and space thrusters. Finally, it reports on the new forms of carbon produced via FE from CNT.

Presents the state of the art in conductive composite materials and their application in flexible strain sensors Uniquely combines the processing, structure, properties, and applications of conductive polymer composites Integrates theory and practice Benefits plastics converters who wish to take full advantage of the potential of conductive plastic materials

Explains theory and practical applications of nanomaterials as antiviral agents Reviews upscaling of nanomaterials from laboratory to fabrication stage Illustrates nanocurcumin, silver nanoparticles, and carbon nanoparticles for biomedical applications Highlights role of nanotechnology in effectively combating viral infections and pandemics Includes case studies of specific pharma companies

Introduces fundamentals of nanomaterials from renewable resources, including processing and characterization Covers nanomaterials for applications in food and packaging, including nanocellulose, lignin- and chitosan-based nanomaterials, and nanostarch Discusses applications in energy conservation, such as supercapacitors, electrolyte membranes, energy storage devices, and insulation Describes environmental uses such as water remediation and purification and oil spill clean-ups Highlights advantages and challenges in commercialization of green nanoparticle-based materials