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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Nuclear structure physics
Na+-K+ ATPase or Na-pump ATPase, a member of "P"-type ATPase
superfamily, is characterized by association of multiple isoforms
mainly of it's - and - subunits. At present four different - ( -1,
-2, -3 and -4) and three - ( -1, -2, and -3) isoforms have been
identified in mammalian cells and their differential expressions
are tissue specific. Regulation of Na+-K+ ATPase activity is an
important but a complex process, which involves short-term and
long-term mechanisms. Short-term regulation of Na+-K+ ATPase is
either mediated by changes in intracellular Na+ concentrations that
directly affect the Na+-pump activity or by
phosphorylation/dephosphorylation-mediated by some stimulants
leading to changes in its expression and transport properties. On
the other hand, long-term regulation of Na+-K+ ATPase is mediated
by hormones, such as mineralocorticoids and thyroid hormones, which
cause changes in the transcription of genes of - and - subunits
leading to an increased expression in the level of Na+-pump.
Several studies have revealed a relatively new type of regulation
that involves the association of small, single span membrane
proteins with this enzyme. These proteins belong to the FXYD
family, the members of which share a common signature sequence
encompassing the transmembra ne domain adjacent to the isoform(s)
of - subunits of Na+-K+ ATPase. Considering the extraordinary
importance of Na+-K+ ATPase in cellular function, several
internationally established investigators have contributed their
articles in the monograph entitled "Regulation of Membrane Na+-K+
ATPase" for inspiring young scientists and graduate students to
enrich their knowledge on the enzyme, and we are sure that this
book will soon be considered as a comprehensive scientific
literature in the area of Na+-K+ ATPase regulation in health and
disease.
This book tells the curious story of an unexpected finding that
sheds light on a crucial moment in the development of physics: the
discovery of artificial radioactivity induced by neutrons. The
finding in question is a notebook, clearly written in Fermi's
handwriting, which records the frenzied days and nights that Fermi
spent experimenting alone, driven by his theoretical ideas on beta
decay. The notebook was found by the authors while browsing through
documents left by Oscar D'Agostino, the chemist among Fermi's
group. From Fermi's notes, they reconstruct with skill and
expertise the detailed timeline of the critical days leading up to
his vital discovery. While much is already known about the road
that led Fermi to his important result, this is the first time that
it has been possible to reconstruct precisely when and how the
initial evidence of neutron-induced decay was obtained. In relating
this fascinating story, the book will be of great interest not only
to those with a passion for the history of science but also to a
wider audience.
The effect which now bears his name, was discovered in 1958 by
Rudolf Moessbauer at the Technical University of Munich. At first,
this appeared to be a phenomenon related to nuclear energy levels
that provided some information about excited state lifetimes and
quantum properties. However, it soon became apparent that
Moessbauer spectroscopy had applications in such diverse fields as
general relativity, solid state physics, chemistry, materials
science, biology, medical physics, archeology and art. It is the
extreme sensitivity of the effect to the atomic environment around
the probe atom as well as the ability to apply the technique to
some interesting and important elements, most notably iron, that is
responsible for the Moessbauer effect's extensive use. The present
volume reviews the historical development of the Moessbauer effect,
the experimental details, the basic physics of hyperfine
interactions and some of the numerous applications of Moessbauer
effect spectroscopy.
Volume 1 of this three-part series introduces the fundamental
concepts of quantum field theory using the formalism of canonical
quantization. This volume is intended for use as a text for an
introductory quantum field theory course that can include both
particle and condensed matter physics students. Dr. Strickland
starts with a brief review of classical field theory and uses this
as a jumping off point for the quantization of classical field,
thereby promoting them to proper quantum fields. He then presents
the formalism for real and complex scalar field theories, fermion
field quantization, gauge field quantization, toy models of the
nuclear interaction, and finally the full Lagrangian for QED and
its renormalization. Part of IOP Series in Nuclear Medicine.
The interactions of DNA with force are central to manifold fields
of inquiry, including the de novo design of DNA nanostructures, the
use of DNA to probe the principles of biological self-assembly, and
the operation of cellular nanomachines. This work presents a survey
of three distinct ways coarse-grained simulations can help
characterize these interactions. A non-equilibrium energy landscape
reconstruction technique is validated for use with the oxDNA model
and a practical framework to guide future applications is
established. A novel method for calculating entropic forces in DNA
molecules is outlined and contrasted with existing, flawed
approaches. Finally, a joint experimental-simulation study of large
DNA origami nanostructures under force sheds light on design
principles and, through vivid illustrations, their unfolding
process. This text provides an accessible and exciting launching
point for any student interested in the computational study of DNA
mechanics and force interactions.
This first book to critically summarize the latest achievements and
emerging applications within this interdisciplinary topic focuses
on one of the most important types of detectors for elementary
particles and photons: resistive plate chambers (RPCs). In the
first part, the outstanding, international team of authors
comprehensively describes and presents the features and design of
single and double-layer RPCs before covering more advanced
multi-layer RPCs. The second part then focuses on the application
of RPCs in high energy physics, materials science, medicine and
security. Throughout, the experienced authors adopt a didactic
approach, with each subject presented in a simple way, increasing
in complexity step by step.
A deeper understanding of neutrinos, with the goal to reveal their
nature and exact role within particle physics, is at the frontier
of current research. This book reviews the field in a concise
fashion and highlights the most pressing issues and areas of
strongest topical interest. It provides a clear, self-contained,
and logical treatment of the fundamental physics aspects,
appropriate for graduate students. Starting with the relevant
basics of the SM, neutrinos are introduced, and the quantum
mechanical effect of oscillations is explained in detail. A strong
focus is then set on the phenomenon of lepton number violation,
especially in 0nbb decay, as the crucial probe to understand the
nature of neutrinos. The role of neutrinos in astrophysics,
expected to be of increasing importance for future research, is
then described. Finally, models to explain the neutrino properties
are outlined. The central theme of the book is the nature of
neutrino masses and the above topics will revolve around this
issue.
Volume 3 of this three-part series presents more advanced topics
and applications of relativistic quantum field theory. The
application of quantum chromodynamics to high-energy particle
scattering is discussed with concrete examples for how to compute
QCD scattering cross sections. Experimental evidence for the
existence of quarks and gluons is then presented both within the
context of the naive quark model and beyond. Dr Strickland then
reviews our current understanding of the weak interaction, the
unified electroweak theory, and the Brout-Higgs-Englert mechanism
for the generation of gauge boson masses. The last two chapters
contain a self-contained introduction to finite temperature quantum
field theory with concrete examples focusing on the
high-temperature thermodynamics of scalar field theories, QED, and
QCD.
The complexity and vulnerability of the human body has driven the
development of a diverse range of diagnostic and therapeutic
techniques in modern medicine. The Nuclear Medicine procedures of
Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed
Tomography (SPECT) and Radionuclide Therapy are well-established in
clinical practice and are founded upon the principles of radiation
physics. This book will offer an insight into the physics of
nuclear medicine by explaining the principles of radioactivity, how
radionuclides are produced and administered as radiopharmaceuticals
to the body and how radiation can be detected and used to produce
images for diagnosis. The treatment of diseases such as thyroid
cancer, hyperthyroidism and lymphoma by radionuclide therapy will
also be explored.
Volume 1 of this three-part series introduces the fundamental
concepts of quantum field theory using the formalism of canonical
quantization. This volume is intended for use as a text for an
introductory quantum field theory course that can include both
particle and condensed matter physics students. Dr. Strickland
starts with a brief review of classical field theory and uses this
as a jumping off point for the quantization of classical field,
thereby promoting them to proper quantum fields. He then presents
the formalism for real and complex scalar field theories, fermion
field quantization, gauge field quantization, toy models of the
nuclear interaction, and finally the full Lagrangian for QED and
its renormalization. Part of IOP Series in Nuclear Medicine.
The objective of this volume is to present a full and critical
spectral data coverage of the entire major fields relating to
porphyrin isomers and expanded porphyrins, their precursors,
catabolic derivatives and related systems electronically. The
porphyrins are an important class of naturally occurring macro
cyclic compounds that play a very important role in the metabolism
of living organisms. They have a universal biological distribution
and were involved in the oldest metabolic phenomena on earth.
Without porphyrins and their relative compounds, life as we know it
would be impossible and therefore the knowledge of these systems
and their excited states is essential in understanding a wide
variety of biological processes, including oxygen binding, electron
transfer, catalysis and the initial photochemical step in
photosynthesis.
The work describes the production technology of standard medical
radionuclides using reactors and cyclotrons for patient diagnosis
and therapy. A special focus lies on the science and technology
involved in the development of novel radionuclides for positron
emission tomography (PET) and internal targeted radiotherapy. The
availability of those radionuclides is opening up new potential in
clinical research, especially in neurology, cardiology and
oncology. The future perspectives of the developing technology are
also discussed.
This book explains - in simple terms and with almost no mathematics
- the physics behind recent and glamorous discoveries in Cosmology,
Quantum Mechanics, Elementary Particles (e.g. Higgs bosons) and
Complexity Theory. En route it delves into the historical landmarks
and revolutions that brought about our current understanding of the
universe. The book is written mainly for those with little
scientific background, both college students and lay readers alike,
who are curious about the world of modern physics. Unsolved
problems are highlighted and the philosophical implications of the
sometimes astounding modern discoveries are discussed. Along the
way the reader gains an insight into the mindset and methodology of
a physicist.
The porphyrins are an important class of naturally occurring
macrocyclic compounds that play a very important role in the
metabolism of living organisms. They have a universal biological
distribution and were involved in the oldest metabolic phenomena on
earth. Without porphyrins and their relative compounds, life as we
know it would be impossible and therefore the knowledge of these
systems and their excited states is essential in understanding a
wide variety of biological processes, including oxygen binding,
electron transfer, catalysis, and the initial photochemical step in
photosynthesis. The objective of this volume is to present a full
and critical spectral data coverage of the entire major fields
relating to porphyrin isomers and expanded porphyrins, their
precursors, catabolic derivatives, and related systems
electronically.
Vortices comprising swirling motion of matter are observable in
classical systems at all scales ranging from atomic size to the
scale of galaxies. In quantum mechanical systems, such vortices are
robust entities whose behaviours are governed by the strict rules
of topology. The physics of quantum vortices is pivotal to basic
science of quantum turbulence and high temperature superconductors,
and underpins emerging quantum technologies including topological
quantum computation. This handbook is aimed at providing a
dictionary style portal to the fascinating quantum world of
vortices.
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