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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Nuclear structure physics
Our world has been radioactive ever since! Humans are primarily
exposed to natural radiation from the Sun, cosmic rays, and
naturally-occurring radionuclides found in the Earth's crust.
Besides the natural radioactivity, industries, which produce
radioactive wastes during their normal operations or during their
dismantling and decommissioning processes, do contaminate the
environment through the release of radionuclides into the air, soil
and water. Among them, nuclear power plants, NORM (Naturally
Occurring Radioactive Materials) related industries, hospitals,
radionuclide production facilities, uranium mining and other
nuclear facilities, along with radioactive/nuclear disposal sites
are a potential source of environmental contamination by
emission/discharging of natural/artificial radionuclides through
water, air and soil to the other environmental compartments like
plants, animals and foods. In a word, everything that makes our
existence! The book ''Radionuclides: Properties, Behavior and
Potential Health Effects" is a comprehensive overview of some
information on radiation in the environment and human exposure to
radioactivity. This book highlights the sources, properties,
behaviors, and biological and ecological effects of radioactivity
from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The emphasis is on the
environmental aspects of radionuclides and their eventual effects
on biota, particularly humans.
Vortices comprising swirling motion of matter are observable in
classical systems at all scales ranging from atomic size to the
scale of galaxies. In quantum mechanical systems, such vortices are
robust entities whose behaviours are governed by the strict rules
of topology. The physics of quantum vortices is pivotal to basic
science of quantum turbulence and high temperature superconductors,
and underpins emerging quantum technologies including topological
quantum computation. This handbook is aimed at providing a
dictionary style portal to the fascinating quantum world of
vortices.
The Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), is the
cornerstone of non-proliferation and disarmament efforts.Yet its
negotiation and success were not inevitable. This book aims to
address the developments that led to the negotiation of the treaty,
examine its implementation, and address challenges that the NPT
faces going forward.
The book describes how field-charges, split into isotopic pairs,
can commute and identifies the group of transformations that
governs this exchange between their states. Invariance under this
group is defined as Hypersymmetry. The book develops the physical
consequences of Hypersymmetry such as conserved property, quanta
and mediating bosons of the interaction field. Since all this
expands beyond the standard model, the work determines the energy
limits of the applicability of Hypersymmetry and discusses, how to
remove the unwanted mass of the predicted set of bosons. Finally,
it presents how the model can be applied in the four fundamental
interactions. * Comprehensive work covering recent research. *
Detailed calculations for a step by step understanding. * Useful
reading for master students and researchers in theoretical and
experimental physics. * A practical textbook for courses on the
physics of the isotopic field-charges, their conservation and
interactions.
This book is an invaluable guide to calibrating any infrared
spectrum using noble gases as a reference. Featuring a detailed
graphical and tabular overview of highly excited (Rydberg) states
of neutral noble gases in the infrared range of 700-7000 cm-1, it
helps researchers by providing high-precision experimental data
that can be used in almost every infrared spectroscopic laboratory.
On the fiftieth anniversary of Hiroshima, Nobel-winning physicist
Hans Bethe called on his fellow scientists to stop working on
weapons of mass destruction. What drove Bethe, the head of
Theoretical Physics at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project, to
renounce the weaponry he had once worked so tirelessly to create?
That is one of the questions answered by Nuclear Forces, a riveting
biography of Bethe's early life and development as both a scientist
and a man of principle. As Silvan Schweber follows Bethe from his
childhood in Germany, to laboratories in Italy and England, and on
to Cornell University, he shows how these differing environments
were reflected in the kind of physics Bethe produced. Many of the
young quantum physicists in the 1930s, including Bethe, had Jewish
roots, and Schweber considers how Liberal Judaism in Germany helps
explain their remarkable contributions. A portrait emerges of a man
whose strategy for staying on top of a deeply hierarchical field
was to tackle only those problems he knew he could solve. Bethe's
emotional maturation was shaped by his father and by two women of
Jewish background: his overly possessive mother and his wife, who
would later serve as an ethical touchstone during the turbulent
years he spent designing nuclear bombs. Situating Bethe in the
context of the various communities where he worked, Schweber
provides a full picture of prewar developments in physics that
changed the modern world, and of a scientist shaped by the
unprecedented moral dilemmas those developments in turn created.
The development of nuclear weapons during the Manhattan Project is
one of the most significant scientific events of the twentieth
century. This revised and updated 4th edition explores the
challenges that faced the scientists and engineers of the Manhattan
Project. It gives a clear introduction to fission weapons at the
level of an upper-year undergraduate physics student by examining
the details of nuclear reactions, their energy release, analytic
and numerical models of the fission process, how critical masses
can be estimated, how fissile materials are produced, and what
factors complicate bomb design. An extensive list of references and
a number of exercises for self-study are included. Revisions to
this fourth edition include many upgrades and new sections.
Improvements are made to, among other things, the analysis of the
physics of the fission barrier, the time-dependent simulation of
the explosion of a nuclear weapon, and the discussion of tamped
bomb cores. New sections cover, for example, composite bomb cores,
approximate methods for various of the calculations presented, and
the physics of the polonium-beryllium "neutron initiators" used to
trigger the bombs. The author delivers in this book an
unparalleled, clear and comprehensive treatment of the physics
behind the Manhattan project.
This book is about the structure of multielectron atoms and
predominantly adopts a perturbative approach to the total
Hamiltonian. A key concept is the central-field approximation and,
beyond the standard LS-coupling and jj-coupling schemes,
intermediate cases are also treated. After that, the book covers
hyperfine structure and other nuclear effects, as well as
interactions with static external fields. Throughout the book, an
analytical approach is adopted. Working knowledge of basic quantum
mechanics (including the non-relativistic hydrogen atom, basic
angular momentum and perturbation theory) is assumed, and it begins
with a brief recap of the hydrogen orbitals, before turning towards
the symmetry aspects of multi-electron atoms, spin-orbit
interaction and couplings of angular momenta.
A standard view of elementary particles and forces is that they
determine everything else in the rest of physics, the whole of
chemistry, biology, geology, physiology and perhaps even human
behavior.This reductive view of physics is popular among some
physicists. Yet, there are other physicists who argue this is an
oversimplified and that the relationship of elementary particle
physics to these other domains is one of emergence. Several
objections have been raised from physics against proposals for
emergence (e.g., that genuinely emergent phenomena would violate
the standard model of elementary particle physics, or that genuine
emergence would disrupt the lawlike order physics has revealed).
Many of these objections rightly call into question typical
conceptions of emergence found in the philosophy literature. This
book explores whether physics points to a reductive or an emergent
structure of the world and proposes a physics-motivated conception
of emergence that leaves behind many of the problematic intuitions
shaping the philosophical conceptions. Examining several detailed
case studies reveal that the structure of physics and the practice
of physics research are both more interesting than is captured in
this reduction/emergence debate. The results point to stability
conditions playing a crucial though underappreciated role in the
physics of emergence. This contextual emergence has
thought-provoking consequences for physics and beyond, and will be
of interest to physics students, researchers, as well as those
interested in physics.
A standard view of elementary particles and forces is that they
determine everything else in the rest of physics, the whole of
chemistry, biology, geology, physiology and perhaps even human
behavior.This reductive view of physics is popular among some
physicists. Yet, there are other physicists who argue this is an
oversimplified and that the relationship of elementary particle
physics to these other domains is one of emergence. Several
objections have been raised from physics against proposals for
emergence (e.g., that genuinely emergent phenomena would violate
the standard model of elementary particle physics, or that genuine
emergence would disrupt the lawlike order physics has revealed).
Many of these objections rightly call into question typical
conceptions of emergence found in the philosophy literature. This
book explores whether physics points to a reductive or an emergent
structure of the world and proposes a physics-motivated conception
of emergence that leaves behind many of the problematic intuitions
shaping the philosophical conceptions. Examining several detailed
case studies reveal that the structure of physics and the practice
of physics research are both more interesting than is captured in
this reduction/emergence debate. The results point to stability
conditions playing a crucial though underappreciated role in the
physics of emergence. This contextual emergence has
thought-provoking consequences for physics and beyond, and will be
of interest to physics students, researchers, as well as those
interested in physics.
This book presents the latest advances and future trends in
electron and phonon spectrometrics, focusing on combined techniques
using electron emissions, electron diffraction, and phonon
absorption and reflection spectrometrics from a substance under
various perturbations to obtain new information on
bond-electron-phonon dynamics. Discussing the principles of the
bond order-length-strength (BOLS) correlation, nonbonding electron
polarization (NEP), local bond average (LBA), and multi-field
lattice oscillation dynamics for systems under perturbation, the
book covers topics like differential photoelectron/phonon
spectrometrics (DPS), which distils transition of the length,
energy, stiffness and the fraction of bonds upon chemical or
physical conditioning; and the derived performance of electrons in
various bands in terms of quantum entrapment and polarization. This
book appeals to researchers, scientists and engineers in the fields
of chemistry, physics, surface and interface science, and materials
science and engineering who are interested in electron and phonon
spectrometrics.
The effect which now bears his name, was discovered in 1958 by
Rudolf Moessbauer at the Technical University of Munich. At first,
this appeared to be a phenomenon related to nuclear energy levels
that provided some information about excited state lifetimes and
quantum properties. However, it soon became apparent that
Moessbauer spectroscopy had applications in such diverse fields as
general relativity, solid state physics, chemistry, materials
science, biology, medical physics, archeology and art. It is the
extreme sensitivity of the effect to the atomic environment around
the probe atom as well as the ability to apply the technique to
some interesting and important elements, most notably iron, that is
responsible for the Moessbauer effect's extensive use. The present
volume reviews the historical development of the Moessbauer effect,
the experimental details, the basic physics of hyperfine
interactions and some of the numerous applications of Moessbauer
effect spectroscopy.
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