As a spectroscopic method, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has seen spectacular growth over the past two decades, both as a technique and in its applications. Today the applications of NMR span a wide range of scientific disciplines, from physics to biology to medicine. Each volume of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance comprises a combination of annual and biennial reports which together provide comprehensive of the literature on this topic. This Specialist Periodical Report reflects the growing volume of published work involving NMR techniques and applications, in particular NMR of natural macromolecules which is covered in two reports: "NMR of Proteins and Acids" and "NMR of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Membranes." For those wanting to become rapidly acquainted with specific areas of NMR, this title provides unrivalled scope of coverage. Seasoned practitioners of NMR will find this an in valuable source of current methods and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject areas, the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, with regular, in-depth accounts of progress in particular fields of chemistry. Subject coverage within different volumes of a given title is similar and publication is on an annual or biennial basis.

This volume presents the proceedings of the 8th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics, which focused on the interaction between experimentalists and theorists. The papers reflect the attention that was given to working out unifying concepts between different energy regimes - from the Coulomb barrier to the ultra-relativistic RHIC domain.

Metallic (magnetic and non-magnetic) nanocrystalline materials have been known for over ten years but only recent developments in the research into those complex alloys and their metastable amorphous precursors have created a need to summarize the most important accomplishments in the field. This book is a collection of articles on various aspects of metallic nanocrystalline materials, and an attempt to address this above need.

The main focus of the papers is on the new issues that emerge in the studies of nanocrystalline materials, and, in particular, on (i) new compositions of the alloys, (ii) properties of conventional nanocrystalline materials, (iii) modeling and simulations, (iv) preparation methods, (v) experimental techniques of measurements, and (vi) different modern applications. Interesting phenomena of the physics of nanocrystalline materials are a consequence of the effects induced by the nanocrystalline structure. They include interface physics, the influence of the grain boundaries, the averaging of magnetic anisotropy by exchange interactions, the decrease in exchange length, and the existence of a minimum two-phase structure at the atomic scale.

Attention is also paid to the special character of the local atomic ordering and to the corresponding interatomic bonding as well as to anomalies and particularities of electron density distributions, and to the formation of metastable, nanocrystalline (or quasi-crystalline) phases built from exceptionally small grains with special properties. Another important focus of attention are new classes of materials which are not based on new compositions, but rather on the original and special crystalline structure in thenanoscale.

THE EURATOM WORKING GROUP ON REACTOR DOSIMETRY AND THE ASTM-EURATOM SYMPOSIA The Euratom Working Group on Reactor Dosimetry (EWGRD) started around 1960 with members having been nominated by the governments, from each European la boratory working in reactor physics and technology. The goal was to exchange di rectly experience and know-how in reactor dosimetry and related programmes. A need for normalisation was felt in order to guarantee that: the same nuclear data is used; measurements in different laboratories give the same results (need for in tercalibration experiments and standards); results are expressed such that a com parison with results from other laboratories is possible. In sub-groups, specific arguments were discussed resulting in final recommenda tions. These final recommendations were then discussed in a plenary meeting and accepted as a recommendation for European usage. Several of these recommenda tions were published, e.g. radiation damage dosimetry guidebooks, and a nuclear data guidebook. Also a programme, executed by the BCMN GEEL, for the produc tion and selling of Reference Materials for Neutron Dosimetry is sponsored by the EWGRD. Workshops in the field of radiation damage and on the pressure vessel steels programme in Europe were successfully organised. The group works in close contact with ASTM (American Society for Testing of Mate rials). Altogether seven symposia were jointly organized, and held, alternatively in Europe and USA. The next symposium, the eighth, will be organized by ASTM in 1993 in the USA.

The publication of the first edition of "Introduction to Supersymmetry and Supergravity" was a remarkable success. This second edition contains a substantial amount of new material especially on two-dimensional supersymmetry algebras, their irreducible representations as well as rigid and local (i.e. supergravity) theories of 2-dimensional supersymmetry both in x-space and superspace. These theories include the actions for the superstring and the heterotic string. In addition, a chapter is devoted to a discussion on superconformal algebras in two dimensions and contains an account of super operator product expansion.

Stability and Transport in Magnetic Confinement Systems provides an advanced introduction to the fields of stability and transport in tokamaks. It serves as a reference for researchers with its highly-detailed theoretical background, and contains new results in the areas of analytical nonlinear theory of transport using kinetic theory and fluid closure. The use of fluid descriptions for advanced stability and transport problems provide the reader with a better understanding of this topic. In addition, the areas of nonlinear kinetic theory and fluid closure gives the researcher the basic knowledge of a highly relevant area to the present development of transport physics.

Filling a gap in the current literature, this book is the first entirely dedicated to high energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD) including parton saturation and the color glass condensate (CGC). It presents groundbreaking progress on the subject and describes many problems at the forefront of research, bringing postgraduate students, theorists and interested experimentalists up to date with the current state of research in this field. The material is presented in a pedagogical way, with numerous examples and exercises. Discussion ranges from the quasi-classical McLerran-Venugopalan model to the linear BFKL and nonlinear BK/JIMWLK small-x evolution equations. The authors adopt both a theoretical and an experimental outlook, and present the physics of strong interactions in a universal way, making it useful for physicists from various subcommunities of high energy and nuclear physics, and applicable to processes studied at all high energy accelerators around the world. A selection of color figures is available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521112574.

A comprehensive survey of recent theoretical and experimental progress in the area of electron-photon interaction and dense media. A state-of-the-art discussion of radiation production, with descriptions of new ideas and technologies that enhance the production of X-rays in the form of channelling, transition and parametric X-ray production. Progress in electron beam physics to produce sub-picosecond electron bunches from low-energy linear accelerators make it possible to produce coherent, high brightness, submillimeter radiation and sub-picosecond X-ray pulses. Micro-undulators in the form of bent crystalline structures hold great promise as future X-ray sources.

There is a growing need in both industrial and academic research to obtain accurate quantitative results from continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments. This book describes various sample-related, instrument-related and software-related aspects of obtaining quantitative results from EPR expe- ments. Some speci?c items to be discussed include: selection of a reference standard, resonator considerations (Q, B, B ), power saturation, sample position- 1 m ing, and ?nally, the blending of all the factors together to provide a calculation model for obtaining an accurate spin concentration of a sample. This book might, at ?rst glance, appear to be a step back from some of the more advanced pulsed methods discussed in recent EPR texts, but actually quantitative "routine CW EPR" is a challenging technique, and requires a thorough understa- ing of the spectrometer and the spin system. Quantitation of CW EPR can be subdivided into two main categories: (1) intensity and (2) magnetic ?eld/mic- wave frequency measurement. Intensity is important for spin counting. Both re- tive intensity quantitation of EPR samples and their absolute spin concentration of samples are often of interest. This information is important for kinetics, mechanism elucidation, and commercial applications where EPR serves as a detection system for free radicals produced in an industrial process. It is also important for the study of magnetic properties. Magnetic ?eld/microwave frequency is important for g and nuclear hyper?ne coupling measurements that re?ect the electronic structure of the radicals or metal ions.

This book provides an exhaustive account of the origin and dynamics of cosmic rays. Divided into three parts, it first gives an up-to-date summary of the observational data, then -- in the following theory section -- deals with the kinetic description of cosmic ray plasma. The underlying diffusion-convection transport equation, which governs the coupling between cosmic rays and the background plasma, is derived and analyzed in detail. In the third part, several applications of the solutions of the transport equation are presented and how key observations in cosmic ray physics can be accounted for is demonstrated. The applications include cosmic ray modulation, acceleration near shock waves and the galactic propagation of cosmic rays. While the book is primarily of interest to scientists working at the forefront of research, the very careful derivations and explanations make it suitable also as an introduction to the field of cosmic rays for graduate students.

The dynamics of nuclear structures described in this book furnish the basis for a comprehensive understanding of how the higher-order organization and function of the nucleus is established and how it correlates with the expression of a variety of vital activities such as cell proliferation and differentiation. The resulting volume creates an invaluable source of reference for researchers in the field.

This Workshop was organized to bring once more tagether the scientists of the rather heterogeneaus field of exotic atoms. At present the main topic of the field seems to be the study of the atomic cascade. There are some who study it intentionally -Iet us call them cascadeurs -and others who think they investigate other features of the exotic atoms (like Coulomb capture, particle transfer, muon catalyzed fusion, chemical effects, fundamental properties, etc.) -users-while in fact they study some special consequences of the same atomic cascade. We decided to get cascadeurs and users discuss the problems of exotic atoms at wonderful Erice, at the 5th Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms. Our Workshop was quite successful, we have heard excellent talks from participants from a dozen countfies and most of them have prepared written contributions for this volume. The Organizers express their gratitude to all participants for their contributions, especially to David Measday for bis concluding remarks (not printed here) and to James Cohen for jumping in for Leonid Ponomarev who had to leave unexpectedly in the middle of the meeting. We greatly appreciate the enthusiastic help of Marianne Signer in every stage of the organization work. Am , of course, the Workshop could not happen at all without the incredibly efficient organization by the Ettore Majorana Centre of Scientific Culture. Leopold M. Simons Dezso Horvath Gabriele Torelli V CONTENTS OPENING ADDRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi . . . . . . ."

This book, a completely new and different version from the old 'Serber Says' published forty years ago, is intended for graduate students in the field of nuclear physics. Written with a pedagogical aim it emphasizes topics of basic interest not only in nuclear physics, but also other branches of physics such as atomic physics, solid state physics and nuclear engineering.

This book, a completely new and different version from the old 'Serber Says' published forty years ago, is intended for graduate students in the field of nuclear physics. Written with a pedagogical aim it emphasizes topics of basic interest not only in nuclear physics, but also other branches of physics such as atomic physics, solid state physics and nuclear engineering.

The development of linear-scaling density functional theory (LS-DFT) has made ab initio calculations on systems containing thousands of atoms possible. These systems range from nanostructures to biomolecules. These methods rely on the use of localized basis sets, which are optimised for the representation of occupied Kohn-Sham states but do not guarantee an accurate representation of the unoccupied states. This is problematic if one wishes to combine the power of LS-DFT with that of theoretical spectroscopy, which provides a direct link between simulation and experiment. In this work a new method is presented for optimizing localized functions to accurately represent the unoccupied states, thus allowing theoretical spectroscopy of large systems. Results are presented for optical absorption spectra calculated using the ONETEP code, but the method is equally applicable to other spectroscopies and LS formulations. Other topics covered include a study of some simple one dimensional basis sets and the presentation of two methods for band structure calculation using localized basis sets, both of which have important implications for the use of localized basis sets within LS-DFT.

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Neutron radiography has in recent years emerged as a useful and complementary technology for radiation diagnosis. It is now routinely used in industrial quality assurance and in support of selected research and developmental activities. Conferences are held on the subject, pertinent handbooks exist, and technical papers appear regularly reporting on new developments. While neutron radiography has indeed passed through the transition from a scientific curiosity to technological relevance, it is a sign of its continuing dynamic evolution that little material has appeared which provides an integrated mathematical and physical analysis of the subject possessing both an instructional as well as reference function. It is our hope that this monograph will fill this need. The distinctiveness of neutron radiography rests on the unique interactions between neutrons and nuclei. This leads to some special relationships between the material and geometrical properties of an object and the neutron radiographic image. The evolution of a technical discipline demands that specific conceptual constructs be developed and their mathematical representations examined and compared with controlled experiments. Experience has convinced us that a particular and substantial body of knowledge has accumulated endowing neutron radiography with the essential foundations of a unique mathematical and physical science. Our scientific and professional involvement in neutron radiography began some 15 years ago when the senior author (A.A.H.) found himself with convenient access to the McMaster University Nuclear Reactor and research support from the Government of Canada.

The motivations, goals and general culture of theoretical physics and mathematics are different. Most practitioners of either discipline have no necessity for most of the time to keep abreast of the latest developments in the other. However on occasion newly developed mathematical concepts become relevant in theoretical physics and the less rigorous theoretical physics framework may prove valuable in understanding and suggesting new theorems and approaches in pure mathematics. Such interdis ciplinary successes invariably cause much rejoicing, as over a prodigal son returned. In recent years the framework provided by quantum field theory and functional in tegrals, developed over half a century in theoretical physics, have proved a fertile soil for developments in low dimensional topology and especially knot theory. Given this background it was particularly pleasing that NATO was able to generously sup port an Advanced Research Workshop to be held in Cambridge, England from 6th to 12th September 1992 with the title Low Dimensional Topology and Quantum Field Theory. Although independently organised this overlapped as far as some speak ers were concerned with a longer term programme with the same title organised by Professor M Green, Professor E Corrigan and Dr R Lickorish. The contents of this proceedings of the workshop demonstrate the breadth of topics now of interest on the interface between theoretical physics and mathematics as well as the sophistication of the mathematical tools required in current theoretical physics."

More than 50 years ago, in 1934, Chadwick and Goldhaber (ChG 34) published a paper entitled "A 'Nuclear Photo-effect' Disintegration of the Diplon by -y-Rays."l in the introduction: They noted "By analogy with the excitation and ionisation of atoms by light, one might expect that any complex nucleus should be excited or 'ionised', that is, disintegrated, by -y-rays of suitable energy," and furthermore: "Heavy hydrogen was chosen as the element first to be examined, because the diplon has a small mass defect and also because it is the simplest of all nuclear systems and its properties are as important in nuclear theory as the hydrogen is in atomic theory." Almost at the same time, in 1935, the first theoretical paper on the photodisinte gration of the deuteron entitled "Quantum theory of the diplon" by Bethe and Peierls (BeP 35) appeared. It is not without significance that these two papers mark the be ginning of photonuclear physics in general and emphasize in particular the special role the two-body system has played in nuclear physics since then and still plays. A steady flow of experimental and theoretical papers on deuteron photo disintegration and its inverse reaction, n-p capture, shows the continuing interest in this fundamental process (see fig. 1.1)."

The papers collected in this volume have been presented during a workshop on "Electron-Atom and Molecule Collisions" held at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of the University of Bielefeld in May 1980. This workshop, part of a larger program concerned with the "Properties and Reactions of Isolated Molecules and Atoms," focused on the theory and computational techniques for the quanti tative description of electron scattering phenomena. With the advances which have been made in the accurate quantum mechanical characterisation of bound states of atoms and molecules, the more complicated description of the unbound systems and resonances important in electron collision processes has matured too. As expli cated in detail in the articles of this volume, the theory for the quantitative explanation of elastic and inelastic electron molecule collisions, of photo- and multiple photon ionization and even for electron impact ionization is well developed in a form which lends itself to a complete quantitative ab initio interpretation and pre diction of the observable effects. Many of the experiences gained and the techniques which have evolved over the years in the com putational characterization of bound states have become an essential basis for this development. To be sure, much needs to be done before we have a complete and detailed theoretical understanding of the known collisional processes and of the phenomena and effects, which may still be un covered with the continuing refinement of the experimental tech niques."

The work presented in this book is a major step towards understanding and eventually suppressing background in the direct search for dark matter particles scattering off germanium detectors. Although the flux of cosmic muons is reduced by many orders of magnitude in underground laboratories, the remaining energetic muons induce neutrons through various processes, neutrons that can potentially mimic a dark matter signal. This thesis describes the measurement of muon-induced neutrons over more than 3 years in the Modane underground laboratory. The data are complemented by a thorough modeling of the neutron signal using the GEANT4 simulation package, demonstrating the appropriateness of this tool to model these rare processes. As a result, a precise neutron production yield can be presented. Thus, future underground experiments will be able to reliably model the expected rate of muon-induced neutrons, making it possible to develop the necessary shielding concept to suppress this background component.