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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Nuclear structure physics
Materials in a nuclear environment are exposed to extreme
conditions of radiation, temperature and/or corrosion, and in many
cases the combination of these makes the material behavior very
different from conventional materials. This is evident for the four
major technological challenges the nuclear technology domain is
facing currently: (i) long-term operation of existing Generation II
nuclear power plants, (ii) the design of the next generation
reactors (Generation IV), (iii) the construction of the ITER fusion
reactor in Cadarache (France), (iv) and the intermediate and final
disposal of nuclear waste. In order to address these challenges,
engineers and designers need to know the properties of a wide
variety of materials under these conditions and to understand the
underlying processes affecting changes in their behavior, in order
to assess their performance and to determine the limits of
operation. Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, Second Edition, Seven
Volume Set provides broad ranging, validated summaries of all the
major topics in the field of nuclear material research for fission
as well as fusion reactor systems. Attention is given to the
fundamental scientific aspects of nuclear materials: fuel and
structural materials for fission reactors, waste materials, and
materials for fusion reactors. The articles are written at a level
that allows undergraduate students to understand the material,
while providing active researchers with a ready reference resource
of information. Most of the chapters from the first Edition have
been revised and updated and a significant number of new topics are
covered in completely new material. During the ten years between
the two editions, the challenge for applications of nuclear
materials has been significantly impacted by world events, public
awareness, and technological innovation. Materials play a key role
as enablers of new technologies, and we trust that this new edition
of Comprehensive Nuclear Materials has captured the key recent
developments.
Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics merges two long-running
serials, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances
in Optical and Electron Microscopy. The series features extended
articles on the physics of electron devices (especially
semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies,
microlithography, image science, digital image processing,
electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and the
computing methods used in all these domains.
This book summarizes the enormous amount of material accumulated in
the field of nuclear density functional theory over the last few
decades. The goal of the theory is to provide a complete
quantum-mechanical description and explanation of nuclear phenomena
in terms of the local density distribution as a basic ingredient
rather than the many-particle wavefunction. This leads to a
considerable reduction in the mathematical complexity of nuclear
many-body problems and to a great conceptual simplicity and visual
clarity in its theoretical treatment. The authors develop the
mathematical framework on which the theory is based and consider
the associated approaches used to analyse experimental data in a
variety of nuclei and nuclear processes with widely differing
properties.
Resonance Self-Shielding Calculation Methods in Nuclear Reactors
presents the latest progress in resonance self-shielding methods
for both deterministic and Mote Carlo methods, including key
advances over the last decade such as high-fidelity resonance
treatment, resonance interference effect and multi-group
equivalence. As the demand for high-fidelity resonance
self-shielding treatment is increasing due to the rapid development
of advanced nuclear reactor concepts and progression in high
performance computational technologies, this practical book guides
students and professionals in nuclear engineering and technology
through various methods with proven high precision and efficiency.
Radioactivity: History, Science, Vital Uses and Ominous Peril,
Third Edition provides an introduction to radioactivity, the
building blocks of matter, the fundamental forces in nature, and
the role of quarks and force carrier particles. This new edition
adds material on the dichotomy between the peaceful applications of
radioactivity and the threat to the continued existence of human
life from the potential use of more powerful and sophisticated
nuclear weapons. The book includes a current review of studies on
the probability of nuclear war and treaties, nonproliferation and
disarmament, along with historical insights into the achievements
of over 100 pioneers and Nobel Laureates. Through multiple worked
examples, the book answers many questions for the student, teacher
and practitioner as to the origins, properties and practical
applications of radioactivity in fields such as medicine,
biological and environmental research, industry, safe nuclear power
free of greenhouse gases and nuclear fusion. Ratings and Reviews of
Previous Editions: CHOICE Magazine, July 2008: "This work provides
an overview of the many interesting aspects of the science of
radioactive decays, including in-depth chapters that offer
reminiscences on the history and important personalities of the
field...This book can be useful as supplemental reading or as a
reference when developing course material for nuclear physics,
nuclear engineering, or health physics lectures. Special attention
has been given to a chapter on the role radioactivity plays in
everyday life applications...Generally the book is well produced
and will be a valuable resource...Many lectures can be lightened up
by including material from this work. Summing up: RECOMMENDED.
Upper division undergraduates through professionals; technical
program students." U. Greife, Colorado School of Mines, USA "I
found the biographical accounts of the various stalwarts of Physics
inspirational. Most of them, if not all, had to overcome economic
hardships or p[ersonal tragedies or had to do their groundbreaking
work in the face of tyranny and war. The biographies also
highlighted the high standards of moral convictions that the
scientists had as they realized the grave implications of some of
their work and the potential threats to humanity. This ought to
inspire and motivate young men and women aspiring to be physicists.
Even people who have been in the field for a while should find your
book re-energizing. It certainly had that effect on me." -- Dr.
Ramkumar Venkataraman, Canberra Industries, Inc., Meriden, CT, USA
Winner of an Honorable Mention in the 2017 PROSE Awards in the
category of Chemistry and Physics
(https://proseawards.com/winners/2017-award-winners/ )
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors: CANDU, the seventh volume in the
JSME Series on Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation series,
provides a comprehensive and complete review of a single type of
reactor in a very accessible and practical way. The book presents
the full lifecycle, from design and manufacturing to operation and
maintenance, also covering fitness-for-service and long-term
operation. It does not relate to any specific vendor-based
technology, but rather provides a broad overview of the latest
technologies from a variety of active locations which will be of
great value to countries invested in developing their own nuclear
programs. Including contemporary capabilities and challenges of
nuclear technology, the book offers practical solutions to common
problems faced, along with the safe and approved processes to reach
suitable solutions. Professionals involved in nuclear power plant
lifecycle assessment and researchers interested in the development
and improvement of nuclear energy technologies will gain a deep
understanding of PHWR nuclear reactor physics, chemistry and
thermal-hydraulic properties.
Sustainability of Life Cycle Management for Nuclear
Cementation-Based Technologies, edited by Dr. Rahman and Dr.
Ojovan, presents the latest knowledge and research on the
management of cementitious systems within nuclear power plants. The
book covers aging, development and updates on regulatory frameworks
on a global scale, the development of cementitious systems for the
immobilization of problematic wastes, and the decommissioning and
decontamination of complex cementitious systems. The book's editors
and their team of experts combine their practical knowledge to
provide the reader with a thorough understanding on the
sustainability of lifecycle management of cementitious systems
within the nuclear industry. Sections provide a comparative tool
that presents national regulations concerning cementitious systems
within nuclear power plants, check international and national
evaluation results of the sustainability of different systems, help
in the development of performance test procedures, and provide a
guide on aging nuclear power plants and the long-term behavior of
these systems in active and passive safety environments.
Hybrid Nuclear Energy Systems: A Sustainable Solution for the 21st
Century provides practical insights on the environmental impact of
the hybrid systems discussed, as well as important technical,
economic, licensing and safety considerations. This book acts as a
guide for the implementation of hybrid energy systems and
authoritatively compares the benefits and possible downfalls of
each technology. This enables the reader to analyze their own
setting or research and evaluate the most economical and effective
solution. Energy engineering researchers and professional engineers
will benefit from the practical and technical approach of this
book. This book will also benefit regulators and economists who
will gain a clear understanding of how a hybrid system is not only
designed, but also how societies will benefit from a cleaner and
more abundant energy source.
Recent advances witness the potential to employ nanomedicine and
game-changing methods to deliver drug molecules directly to
diseased sites. To optimize and then enhance the efficacy and
specificity, the control and guidance of drug carriers in
vasculature has become crucial. Current bottlenecks in the optimal
design of drug carrying particles are the lack of knowledge about
the transport of particles, adhesion on endothelium wall and
subsequent internalization into diseased cells. To study the
transport and adhesion of particle in vasculature, the authors have
made great efforts to numerically investigate the dynamic and
adhesive motions of particles in the blood flow. This book
discusses the recent achievements from the establishment of
fundamental physical problem to development of multiscale model,
and finally large scale simulations for understanding transport of
particle-based drug carriers in blood flow.
The transport of electric charge through most materials is well
described in terms of their electronic band structure. The present
book deals with two cases where the charge transport in a solid is
not described by the simple band structure picture of the solid.
These cases are related to the phenomena of the quantum Hall effect
and superconductivity. Part I of this book deals with the quantum
Hall effect, which is a consequence of the behavior of electrons in
solids when they are constrained to move in two dimensions. Part II
of the present volume describes the behavior of superconductors,
where electrons are bound together in Cooper pairs and travel
through a material without resistance.
The author is ready to assert that practically none of the readers
of this book will ever happen to deal with large doses of
radiation. But the author, without a shadow of a doubt, claims that
any readers of this book, regardless of gender, age, financial
situation, type of professional activity, and habits, are actually
exposed to low doses of radiation throughout their life. This book
is devoted to the effect of small doses on the body. To understand
the basic effects of radiation on humans, the book contains the
necessary information from an atomic, molecular and nuclear
physics, as well as from biochemistry and biology. Special
attention is paid to the issues that are either not considered or
discussed very briefly in existing literature. Examples include the
ionization of inner atomic shells that play an essential role in
radiological processes, and the questions of transformation of the
energy of ionizing radiation in matter. The benefits of ionizing
radiation to mankind is reflected in a wide range of radiation
technologies used in science, industry, agriculture, culture, art,
forensics, and, what is the most important application, medicine.
Radiation: Fundamentals, Applications, Risks and Safety provides
information on the use of radiation in modern life, its usefulness
and indispensability. Experiments on the effects of small doses on
bacteria, fungi, algae, insects, plants and animals are described.
Human medical experiments are inhuman and ethically flawed.
However, during the familiarity of mankind with ionizing radiation,
a large number of population groups were subject to accumulation,
exposed to radiation at doses of small but exceeding the natural
background radiation. This book analyzes existing, real-life
radiation results from survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
Chernobyl and Fukushima, and examines studies of radiation effect
on patients, radiologists, crews of long-distant flights and
astronauts, on miners of uranium copies, on workers of nuclear
industry and on militaries, exposed to ionizing radiation on a
professional basis, and on the population of the various countries
receiving environmental exposure. The author hopes that this book
can mitigate the impact of radiation phobia, which prevails in the
public consciousness over the last half century.
Optical properties, particularly in the infrared range of
wavelengths, continue to be of enormous interest to both material
scientists and device engineers. The need for the development of
standards for data of optical properties in the infrared range of
wavelengths is very timely considering the on-going transition of
nano-technology from fundamental R&D to manufacturing.
Radiative properties play a critical role in the processing,
process control and manufacturing of semiconductor materials,
devices, circuits and systems. The design and implementation of
real-time process control methods in manufacturing requires the
knowledge of the radiative properties of materials. Sensors and
imagers operate on the basis of the radiative properties of
materials. This book reviews the optical properties of various
semiconductors in the infrared range of wavelengths. Theoretical
and experimental studies of the radiative properties of
semiconductors are presented. Previous studies, potential
applications and future developments are outlined. In Chapter 1, an
introduction to the radiative properties is presented. Examples of
instrumentation for measurements of the radiative properties is
described in Chapter 2. In Chapters 3-11, case studies of the
radiative properties of several semiconductors are elucidated. The
modeling and applications of these properties are explained in
Chapters 12 and 13, respectively. In Chapter 14, examples of the
global infrastructure for these measurements are illustrated.
The effect which now bears his name, was discovered in 1958 by
Rudolf Moessbauer at the Technical University of Munich. At first,
this appeared to be a phenomenon related to nuclear energy levels
that provided some information about excited state lifetimes and
quantum properties. However, it soon became apparent that
Moessbauer spectroscopy had applications in such diverse fields as
general relativity, solid state physics, chemistry, materials
science, biology, medical physics, archeology and art. It is the
extreme sensitivity of the effect to the atomic environment around
the probe atom as well as the ability to apply the technique to
some interesting and important elements, most notably iron, that is
responsible for the Moessbauer effect's extensive use. The present
volume reviews the historical development of the Moessbauer effect,
the experimental details, the basic physics of hyperfine
interactions and some of the numerous applications of Moessbauer
effect spectroscopy.
Optics has been part of scientific enquiry from its beginning and
remains a key element of modern science. This book provides a
concise treatment of physical optics starting with a brief summary
of geometrical optics. Scalar diffraction theory is introduced to
describe wave propagation and diffraction effects and provides the
basis for Fourier methods for treating more complex diffraction
problems. The rest of the book treats the physics underlying some
important instruments for spectral analysis and optical metrology,
reflection and transmission at dielectric surfaces and the
polarization of light. This undergraduate-level text aims to aid
understanding of optical applications in physical, engineering and
life sciences or more advanced topics in modern optics.
While neutron halos were discovered 30 years ago, this is the first
book written on the subject of this exotic form of nuclei that
typically contain many more neutrons than stable isotopes of those
elements. It provides an introductory description of the halo and
outlines the discovery and evidence for its existence. It also
discusses different theoretical models of the halo's structure as
well as models and techniques in reaction theory that have allowed
us to study the halo. This is written at a level accessible to
graduate students starting a PhD in nuclear physics. Halo nuclei
are an exotic form of atomic nuclei that contain typically many
more neutrons than stable isotopes of those elements. To give you a
famous example, an atom of the element lithium has three electrons
orbiting a nucleus with three protons and, usually, either 3 or 4
neutrons. The difference in the number of neutrons gives us two
different isotopes of lithium, Li6 and Li7. But if you keep adding
neutrons to the nucleus you will eventually reach Li11, with still
3 protons (that means it's lithium) but with 8 neutrons. This
nucleus is so neutron-rich that the last two are very weakly bound
to the rest of the nucleus (a Li9 core). What happens is a quantum
mechanical effect: the two outer neutrons float around beyond the
rest of the nuclear core at a distance that is beyond the range of
the force that is holding them to the core. This is utterly
counterintuitive. It means the nucleus looks like a core plus
extended diffuse cloud of neutron probability: the halo. The author
of the book, Jim Al-Khalili, is a theoretician who published some
of the key papers on the structure of the halo in the mid and late
90s and was the first to determine its true size. This monograph is
based on review articles he has written on the mathematical models
used to determine the halo structure and the reactions used to
model that structure.
Progress in Optics, Volume 62, an ongoing series, contains more
than 300 review articles by distinguished research workers that
have become permanent records for many important developments. In
this updated volume, users will find valuable updates on topics
such as optical testing, the modern aspects of intensity
interferometry with classical light, the generation of partially
coherent beams, optical models and symmetries, and more. This
book's contributions have become standard references in scientific
articles, providing the state-of-the-art to researchers and
practitioners who work in the field of optics.
This book on TENR discusses the basic Physics and Chemistry
principles of natural radiation. The current knowledge of the
biological effects of natural radiation is summarized. A wide
variety of topics, from cosmic radiation to atmospheric,
terrestrial and aquatic radiation is addressed, including radon,
thoron, and depleted uranium. Issues like terrorism and
geochronology using natural radiation are also examined.
Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics provides a
comprehensive compilation of recent developments in a field that is
in a state of rapid growth, as new experimental and theoretical
techniques are used on many problems, both old and new. Topics
covered include related applied areas, such as atmospheric science,
astrophysics, surface physics, and laser physics, with timely
articles written by distinguished experts that contain relevant
review material and detailed descriptions of important developments
in the field.
The growing number of scientific and technological applications of
plasma physics in the field of Aerospace Engineering requires that
graduate students and professionals understand their principles.
This introductory book is the expanded version of class notes of
lectures I taught for several years to students of Aerospace
Engineering and Physics. It is intended as a reading guide,
addressed to students and non-specialists to tackle later with more
advanced texts. To make the subject more accessible the book does
not follow the usual organization of standard textbooks in this
field and is divided in two parts. The first introduces the basic
kinetic theory (molecular collisions, mean free path, etc.) of
neutral gases in equilibrium in connection to the undergraduate
physics courses. The basic properties of ionized gases and plasmas
(Debye length, plasma frequencies, etc.) are addressed in relation
to their equilibrium states and the collisional processes at the
microscopic level. The physical description of short and long-range
(Coulomb) collisions and the more relevant collisions (elementary
processes) between electrons' ions and neutral atoms or molecules
are discussed. The second part introduces the physical description
of plasmas as a statistical system of interacting particles
introducing advanced concepts of kinetic theory, (non-equilibrium
distribution functions, Boltzmann collision operator, etc). The
fluid transport equations for plasmas of electron ions and neutral
atoms and the hydrodynamic models of interest in space science and
plasma technology are derived. The plasma production in the
laboratory in the context of the physics of electric breakdown is
also discussed. Finally, among the myriad of aerospace applications
of plasma physics, the low pressure microwave electron multipactor
breakdown and plasma thrusters for space propulsion are presented
in two separate chapters.
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