This open access book covers recent advances in experiments using the ultra-cold, very weakly perturbing superfluid environment provided by helium nanodroplets for high resolution spectroscopic, structural and dynamic studies of molecules and synthetic clusters. The recent infra-red, UV-Vis studies of radicals, molecules, clusters, ions and biomolecules, as well as laser dynamical and laser orientational studies, are reviewed. The Coulomb explosion studies of the uniquely quantum structures of small helium clusters, X-ray imaging of large droplets and electron diffraction of embedded molecules are also described. Particular emphasis is given to the synthesis and detection of new species by mass spectrometry and deposition electron microscopy.

Until the publication of the first edition of Introduction to Nuclear Reactions in 2004, an introductory reference on nuclear reactions had been unavailable. Now, fully updated throughout, this second edition continues to provide an authoritative overview of nuclear reactions. It discusses the main formalisms, ranging from basic laws to the final formulae used in academic research to calculate measurable quantities. Well known in their fields, the authors begin with a basic introduction to elements of scattering theory followed by a study of its applications to specific nuclear reactions. Early chapters give a framework of compound nucleus formation and its decay, fusion, fission, and direct reactions, that can be easily understood by the novice. These chapters also serve as prototypes for applications of the underlying physical ideas presented in previous chapters. The largest section of the book comprises the physical models that have been developed to account for the various aspects of nuclear reaction phenomena, including reactions in stellar environments, cosmic rays, and during the big bang. The final chapters survey applications of the eikonal wavefunction and of nuclear transport equations to nuclear reactions at high energies. By combining a thorough theoretical approach with applications to recent experimental data, Introduction to Nuclear Reactions helps you understand the results of experimental measurements rather than describe how they are made. A clear treatment of the topics and coherent organization make this information understandable to students and professionals with a solid foundation in physics as well as to those with a more general science and technology background. Features: Analyses in detail different models of the nucleus and discusses their interrelations. Fully updated throughout, with new sections and additional discussions on stellar evolution, big bang nucleosynthesis, neutron stars and relativistic heavy ion collisions. Discusses the latest developments in nuclear reaction theory and experiments and explores both direct reaction theories and heavy ion reactions, which are newly important to nuclear physics in reactions with rare nuclear isotopes.

Proceedings of an International Meeting, Petten, The Netherlands, October 14-16, 1985

This book describes the forcefields/interatomic potentials that are used in the atomistic-scale and molecular dynamics simulations. It covers mechanisms, salient features, formulations, important aspects and case studies of various forcefields utilized for characterizing various materials (such as nuclear materials and nanomaterials) and applications. This book gives many help to students and researchers who are studying the forcefield potentials and introduces various applications of atomistic-scale simulations to professors who are researching molecular dynamics.

Biomaterials repair, reinforce or replace damaged functional parts of the (human) body. All mechanical and biological interactions between an implant and the body occur across the interface, which has to correspond as nearly as possible to its particular function. Much of the progress in adapting polymer materials for use in a biological environment has been obtained through irradiation techniques. For this reason the most recent developments in four key areas are reviewed in this special volume: (1) the analysis of the topology and the elemental composition of a functional surface, (2) the chemical modification of the surface which results in highly pure, sterile and versatile surfaces, (3) the sterilisation of implantable devices via ionising radiation and its possible effects on the structural mechanical properties of polymers, and (4) the radiation effects on living cells and tissues which are of particular importance for radiation protection and radiotherapy.

Before matter as we know it emerged, the universe was filled with the primordial state of hadronic matter called quark gluon plasma. This hot soup of quarks and gluon is effectively an inescapable consequence of our current knowledge about the fundamental hadronic interactions, quantum chromodynamics. This book covers the ongoing search to verify this prediction experimentally and discusses the physical properties of this novel form of matter.

Understand the theory and function of wireless antennas with this comprehensive guide As wireless technology continues to develop, understanding of antenna properties and performance will only become more critical. Since antennas can be understood as junctions of waveguides, eigenmode analysis--the foundation of waveguide theory, concerned with the unexcited states of systems and their natural resonant characteristics--promises to be a crucial frontier in the study of antenna theory. Foundations of Antenna Radiation Theory incorporates the modal analysis, generic antenna properties and design methods discovered or developed in the last few decades, not being reflected in most antenna books, into a comprehensive introduction to the theory of antennas. This book puts readers into conversation with the latest research and situates students and researchers at the cutting edge of an important field of wireless technology. The book also includes: Detailed discussions of the solution methods for Maxwell equations and wave equations to provide a theoretical foundation for electromagnetic analysis of antennas Recent developments for antenna radiation in closed and open space, modal analysis and field expansions, dyadic Green's functions, time-domain theory, state-of-the-art antenna array synthesis methods, wireless power transmission systems, and more Innovative material derived from the author's own research Foundations of Antenna Radiation Theory is ideal for graduate or advanced undergraduate students studying antenna theory, as well as for reference by researchers, engineers, and industry professionals in the areas of wireless technology.

This thesis investigates the behavior of two candidate materials (a-SiO2 and MgO) for applications in fusion (e.g., the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER) and Generation IV fission reactors. Both parts of the thesis - the development of the ionoluminescence technique and the study of the ion-irradiation effects on both materials - are highly relevant for the fields of the ion-beam analysis techniques and irradiation damage in materials. The research presented determines the microstructural changes at different length scales in these materials under ion irradiation. In particular, it studies the effect of the irradiation temperature using several advanced characterization techniques. It also provides much-needed insights into the use of these materials at elevated temperatures. Further, it discusses the development of the ion-beam-induced luminescence technique in different research facilities around the globe, a powerful in situ spectroscopic characterization method that until now was little known. Thanks to its relevance, rigorosity and quality, this thesis has received twoprestigious awards in Spain and France.

This volume, prepared by an acknowledged expert on the Manhattan Project, gives a concise, fast-paced account of all major aspects of the project at a level accessible to an undergraduate college or advanced high-school student familiar with some basic concepts of energy, atomic structure, and isotopes. The text describes the underlying scientific discoveries that made nuclear weapons possible, how the project was organized, the daunting challenges faced and overcome in obtaining fissile uranium and plutonium, and in designing workable bombs, the dramatic Trinity test carried out in the desert of southern New Mexico in July 1945, and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The primary objective of these lecture notes is to present the basic theories and analytical methods of plasma physics and to provide the recent status of fusion research for graduate and advanced undergraduate students. I also hope that this text will be a useful reference for scientists and engineers working in the relevant ?elds. Chapters 1-4 describe the fundamentals of plasma physics. The basic concept of the plasma and its characteristics are explained in Chaps.1 and 2. The orbits of ions and electrons are described in several magnetic ?eld con?gurations in Chap.3, while Chap.4 formulates the Boltzmann equation for the velocity space distribution function, which is the basic equation of plasma physics. Chapters 5-9 describe plasmas as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ?uids. The MHD equation of motion (Chap.5), equilibrium (Chap.6) and plasma transport (Chap.7) are described by the ?uid model. Chapter 8 discusses problems of MHD instabilities, i.e., whether a small perturbation will grow to disrupt the plasma or damp to a stable state. Chapter 9 describes resistive instabilities of plasmas with ?nite electrical resistivity. In Chaps.10-13, plasmas are treated by kinetic theory. The medium in which waves and perturbations propagate is generally inhomogeneous and anisotropic. It may absorb or even amplify the waves and perturbations. The cold plasma model described in Chap.10 is applicable when the thermal - locityofplasmaparticlesismuchsmallerthanthephasevelocityofthewave.

This book provides an itinerary to quantum mechanics taking into account the basic mathematics to formulate it. Specifically, it features the main experiments and postulates of quantum mechanics pointing out their mathematical prominent aspects showing how physical concepts and mathematical tools are deeply intertwined. The material covers topics such as analytic mechanics in Newtonian, Lagrangian, and Hamiltonian formulations, theory of light as formulated in special relativity, and then why quantum mechanics is necessary to explain experiments like the double-split, atomic spectra, and photoelectric effect. The Schroedinger equation and its solutions are developed in detail. It is pointed out that, starting from the concept of the harmonic oscillator, it is possible to develop advanced quantum mechanics. Furthermore, the mathematics behind the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is constructed towards advanced quantum mechanical principles. Relativistic quantum mechanics is finally considered.The book is devoted to undergraduate students from University courses of Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, and Engineering. It consists of 50 self-contained lectures, and any statement and theorem are demonstrated in detail. It is the companion book of "A Mathematical Journey to Relativity", by the same Authors, published by Springer in 2020.

This book focuses on complex shaped micro- and nanostructures for future biomedical and sensing applications that were investigated by both theory and experiments. The first part of the book explores rotation-translation coupling of artificial microswimmers at low Reynolds numbers. Usually corkscrew shapes, i.e chiral shapes, are considered in such experiments, due to their inspiration from nature. However, the analysis of the relevant symmetries shows that achiral objects can also be propulsive, which is experimentally demonstrated for the first time. In the second part, a new single-particle spectroscopy technique was developed and the role of symmetry in such measurements is carefully examined. Spectra stemming from one individual nanoparticle that is moving freely in bulk solution, away from a surface, and only due to Brownian motion, are presented. On that basis, the rotationally averaged chiroptical spectrum of a single nanoparticle is measured - a novel observable that has not been accessible before.

The behaviour of many complex materials extends over time- and lengthscales well beyond those that can normally be described using standard molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulation techniques. As progress is coming more through refined simulation methods than from increased computer power, this volume is intended as both an introduction and a review of all relevant modern methods that will shape molecular simulation in the forthcoming decade. Written as a set of tutorial reviews, the book will be of use to specialists and nonspecialists alike.

This BriefBook is a much extended glossary or a much condensed handbook, depending on the way one looks at it. It deals with detectors in particle and nuclear physics experiments. The authors describe, in encyclopedic format, the physics, the application, and the analysis of data from these detectors. Ample reference is made to the published literature. An introduction for newcomers, a reference for scientists.

This book introduces the research process and principles of the controlled super-coupling nuclear fusion experiment at the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) nuclear fusion reactor in Hefei, China. It uses straightforward language to explain how nuclear fusion can provide safe, environmentally friendly, clean, and inexhaustible energy in future. EAST is the world's first fully superconducting, non-circular cross-section tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device, independently developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This book helps demonstrate China's cutting-edge scientific and technological advances to the rest of the world, helps spread the scientific spirit to people around the globe, and promotes prosperity and development. The book is intended for all non-experts who would like to learn more about nuclear energy and related technologies.

This thesis explores two distinct applications of laser spectroscopy: the study of nuclear ground state properties, and element selective radioactive ion beam production. It also presents the methods and results of an investigation into isotope shifts in the mercury isotopic chain. These Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) developments are detailed, together with an RILIS ionization scheme that allowed laser ionized ion beams of chromium, germanium, radium and tellurium to be generated at the Isotope Mass Separator On-Line (ISOLDE) facility. A combination of laser spectroscopy with decay spectroscopy and mass spectrometry unambiguously demonstrated a cessation of the extreme shape staggering first observed in the 1970s and revealed the characteristic kink at the crossing of the N=126 shell closure. A series of RILIS developments were required to facilitate this experiment, including mercury "ionization scheme" development and the coupling of the RILIS with an arc discharge ion source. Laser spectroscopy has since become a powerful tool for nuclear physics and the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS), of the ISOLDE facility at CERN, is a prime example. Highlighting important advances in this field, the thesis offers a unique and revealing resource.

This textbook is a unique and ambitious primer of nuclear physics, which introduces recent theoretical and experimental progresses starting from basics in fundamental quantum mechanics. The highlight is to offer an overview of nuclear structure phenomena relevant to recent key findings such as unstable halo nuclei, superheavy elements, neutron stars, nucleosynthesis, the standard model, lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD), and chiral effective theory. An additional attraction is that general properties of nuclei are comprehensively explained from both the theoretical and experimental viewpoints. The book begins with the conceptual and mathematical basics of quantum mechanics, and goes into the main point of nuclear physics - nuclear structure, radioactive ion beam physics, and nuclear reactions. The last chapters devote interdisciplinary topics in association with astrophysics and particle physics. A number of illustrations and exercises with complete solutions are given. Each chapter is comprehensively written starting from fundamentals to gradually reach modern aspects of nuclear physics with the objective to provide an effective description of the cutting edge in the field.

This publication gives practical information and examples on safety analysis principles and methods as well as the contents of licensing documentation needed to support application of IAEA safety standards to nuclear fuel cycle facilities. A systematic methodology is presented, covering the establishment of acceptance criteria, hazard evaluation, identification of postulated initiating events, analysis of accident sequences and consequences. Information is also provided on application of the results of the safety analysis in the design and operational phases, and on appropriate management system processes. The publication applies to all lifetime stages of relevant facilities and for modifications and upgrades. The information presented may be used for periodic safety reviews and consideration of extended lifetime of facilities. With respect to licensing documentation, the publication provides indicative contents and format of the safety analysis report as a higher level document that incorporates the information required at various steps in the licensing and re-licensing process.

This book presents a detailed look at experimental and computational techniques for accurate structure determination of free molecules. The most fundamental property of a molecule is its structure - it is a prerequisite for determining and understanding most other important properties of molecules. The determination of accurate structures is hampered by a myriad of factors, subjecting the collected data to non-negligible systematic errors. This book explains the origin of these errors and how to mitigate and even avoid them altogether. It features a detailed comparison of the different experimental and computation methods, explaining their interplay and the advantages of their combined use. Armed with this information, the reader will be able to choose the appropriate methods to determine - to a great degree of accuracy - the relevant molecular structure.

This book describes the manipulation of molecular properties, such as orientation, structure, and dynamics, of small molecules and molecular clusters isolated in cold inert matrices by using unprecedentedly strong external electrostatic fields. Manipulation of molecules with controllable external forces is a dream of chemists. Molecules are inherently quantum-mechanical systems, control of which potentially can lead to quantum technology, such as quantum sensing and computing. This book demonstrates a combination of the ice film nanocapacitor method and the matrix isolation technique enabled the application of intense external dc electric fields across the isolated molecules and molecular clusters. Changes in molecular states induced by fields were monitored by means of vibrational spectroscopy. Also, the book presents manipulations of the inversion tunneling dynamics of ammonia molecule and the dislocation of acidic proton in hydrogen chloride-water complex. The book shows that the vibrational spectroscopy with the aid of unprecedentedly strong dc electric field can provide rich information on the electrostatic behaviors of molecules and molecular clusters, which underlie the understanding of intermolecular processes and molecular manipulation.

The search for examples of proton radioactivity has resulted in the discovery of a large number of proton emitters in the region 50 < Z < 84 [1]. Many of these proton emitters and their daughters are also a-emitters, and in some cases the a-decay chain from the daughter terminates on a nuclide closer to stability whose mass excess is known. This opens up the possibility of using a-and proton-decay Q-values to determine the mass excesses of a large group of nuclei connected by particle decay. The Q-values are derived from the measured kinetic energies of the emitted protons or a-particles. Where the decay chains are not connected to nuclei with known mass excesses, proton separation energies can be measured in some cases and derived in others. For the a-decay ofthe parent nucleus (Z, A) to the daughter (Z - 2, A - 4), the energy and momentum relations used to convert between Q-value, mass (M) and mass excess (ME) are: M(4He)E", (1) M(Z - 2, A - 4)Erecoil, (2) Q", E", + Erecoi\, ME(Z, A) Q", + ME(Z - 2, A - 4) + ME(4He). (3) In practice, one uses M(4He) ~ 4 and M(Z - 2, A - 4) (A - 4), so that Equation (3) becomes ME(Z, A) = E", (_A_) + ME(Z - 2, A - 4) + ME(4He). (4) A -4 Similarly, for protons, we have ME(Z, A) = Ep(_A_) +ME(Z - 1, A-I) +ME(lH).