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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Nuclear structure physics
B Factories are particle colliders at which specific subatomic
particles - B mesons - are produced abundantly. The purpose is to
study the properties of their decays in great detail in order to
shed light on a mystery of eminently larger scale: why do we live
in a universe composed of anti-matter? This book introduces readers
to the physics laws of the CP asymmetry, touching on experimental
requirements needed to perform such measurements at the subatomic
level, and illustrating the main findings of the contemporary B
Factories.
This monograph takes stock of the situation in higher spin gauge
theories for the first time. Besides a thorough recapitulation of
the field's history, it reviews the progress that has been made and
offers a pedagogical introduction to the subject. Abstract
approaches to the theory are offered to facilitate a conceptual
rethinking of the main problems and to help see patterns hidden by
heavy formalism.
The dielectric properties especially of glassy materials are
nowadays explored at widely varying temperatures and pressures
without any gap in the spectral range from Hz up to the Infrared,
thus covering typically 20 decades or more. This extraordinary span
enables to trace the scaling and the mutual interactions of
relaxation processes in detail, e.g. the dynamic glass transition
and secondary relaxations, but as well far infrared vibrations,
like the Boson peak. Additionally the evolution of intra-molecular
interactions in the course of the dynamic glass transition is also
well explored by (Fourier Transform) Infrared Spectroscopy. This
volume within 'Advances in Dielectrics' summarizes this knowledge
and discusses it with respect to the existing and often competing
theoretical concepts.
High-resolution spectroscopic data of paramagnetic diatomic
molecules are presented in data sheets. All relevant properties of
a molecule and the corresponding parameters can be found
concentrated under its sum formula: rotational and related
constants, the dipole moments, barriers to internal rotation,
hyperfine coupling parameters, or Zeeman data.
The growing number of scientific and technological applications of
plasma physics in the field of Aerospace Engineering requires that
graduate students and professionals understand their principles.
This introductory book is the expanded version of class notes of
lectures I taught for several years to students of Aerospace
Engineering and Physics. It is intended as a reading guide,
addressed to students and non-specialists to tackle later with more
advanced texts. To make the subject more accessible the book does
not follow the usual organization of standard textbooks in this
field and is divided in two parts. The first introduces the basic
kinetic theory (molecular collisions, mean free path, etc.) of
neutral gases in equilibrium in connection to the undergraduate
physics courses. The basic properties of ionized gases and plasmas
(Debye length, plasma frequencies, etc.) are addressed in relation
to their equilibrium states and the collisional processes at the
microscopic level. The physical description of short and long-range
(Coulomb) collisions and the more relevant collisions (elementary
processes) between electrons' ions and neutral atoms or molecules
are discussed. The second part introduces the physical description
of plasmas as a statistical system of interacting particles
introducing advanced concepts of kinetic theory, (non-equilibrium
distribution functions, Boltzmann collision operator, etc). The
fluid transport equations for plasmas of electron ions and neutral
atoms and the hydrodynamic models of interest in space science and
plasma technology are derived. The plasma production in the
laboratory in the context of the physics of electric breakdown is
also discussed. Finally, among the myriad of aerospace applications
of plasma physics, the low pressure microwave electron multipactor
breakdown and plasma thrusters for space propulsion are presented
in two separate chapters.
The aim of the book is to provide a comprehensive and unified
description of high-intensity short laser pulses and their
applications at the simplest level compatible with a correct
physical understanding. The idea is to provide an intuitive picture
of the phenomena under consideration with simple mathematical
description useful for a better understanding. The book is based on
the teaching experience of the graduate course of the Politecnico
di Milano "HIGH INTENSITY LASERS FOR NUCLEAR AND PHYSICAL
APPLICATIONS I + II" and is particularly addressed to graduate
students with a background in electromagnetism; is mostly suitable
for master students in Nuclear Engineering, in Engineering Physics,
and in Physics and It's recommended also to students in material
sciences (or similar) and to PhD students. The text organization is
due to help to follow the lessons in the classroom and to be used
for self-study by students.
This book revisits many of the problems encountered in introductory
quantum mechanics, focusing on computer implementations for finding
and visualizing analytical and numerical solutions. It subsequently
uses these implementations as building blocks to solve more complex
problems, such as coherent laser-driven dynamics in the Rubidium
hyperfine structure or the Rashba interaction of an electron moving
in 2D. The simulations are highlighted using the programming
language Mathematica. No prior knowledge of Mathematica is needed;
alternatives, such as Matlab, Python, or Maple, can also be used.
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a mega-scale,
technically complex project, requiring large financial resources
and cooperation of thousands of scientists and engineers from all
over the world. Such a big and expensive project has to be
discussed publicly, and the planned goals have to be clearly
formulated. This book advocates for the demand for the project,
motivated by the current situation in particle physics. The natural
and most powerful way of obtaining new knowledge in particle
physics is to build a new collider with a larger energy. In this
approach, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was created and is now
operating at the world record center of-mass energy of 13 TeV.
Although the design of colliders with a larger energy of 50-100 TeV
has been discussed, the practical realization of such a project is
not possible for another 20-30 years. Of course, many new results
are expected from LHC over the next decade. However, we must also
think about other opportunities, and in particular, about the
construction of more dedicated experiments. There are many
potentially promising projects, however, the most obvious
possibility to achieve significant progress in particle physics in
the near future is the construction of a linear e+e- collider with
energies in the range (250-1000) GeV. Such a project, the ILC, is
proposed to be built in Kitakami, Japan. This book will discuss why
this project is important and which new discoveries can be expected
with this collider.
This book provides a systematic and comprehensive introduction to
fusion neutronics, covering all key topics from the fundamental
theories and methodologies, as well as a wide range of fusion
system designs and experiments. It is the first-ever book focusing
on the subject of fusion neutronics research. Compared with other
nuclear devices such as fission reactors and accelerators, fusion
systems are normally characterized by their complex geometry and
nuclear physics, which entail new challenges for neutronics such as
complicated modeling, deep penetration, low simulation efficiency,
multi-physics coupling, etc. The book focuses on the neutronic
characteristics of fusion systems and introduces a series of
theories and methodologies that were developed to address the
challenges of fusion neutronics. Further, it introduces readers to
the unique principles and procedures of neutronics design,
experimental methodologies and methodologies for fusion systems.
The book not only highlights the latest advances and trends in the
field, but also draws on the experiences and skills collected in
the author's more than 40 years of research. To make it more
accessible and enhance its practical value, various representative
examples are included to illustrate the application and efficiency
of the methods, designs and experimental techniques discussed.
This book presents computer simulations using molecular dynamics
techniques in statistical physics, with a focus on macromolecular
systems. The numerical methods are introduced in the form of
computer algorithms and can be implemented in computers using any
desired computer programming language, such as Fortran 90, C/C++,
and others. The book also explains how some of these numerical
methods and their algorithms can be implemented in the existing
computer programming software of macromolecular systems, such as
the CHARMM program. In addition, it examines a number of advanced
concepts of computer simulation techniques used in statistical
physics as well as biological and physical systems. Discussing the
molecular dynamics approach in detail to enhance readers
understanding of the use of this method in statistical physics
problems, it also describes the equations of motion in various
statistical ensembles to mimic real-world experimental conditions.
Intended for graduate students and research scientists working in
the field of theoretical and computational biophysics, physics and
chemistry, the book can also be used by postgraduate students of
other disciplines, such as applied mathematics, computer sciences,
and bioinformatics. Further, offering insights into fundamental
theory, it as a valuable resource for expert practitioners and
programmers and those new to the field.
The objective of this volume is to present a full and critical
spectral data coverage of the entire major fields relating to
tetraphenyl and analogous porphyrins, their precursors, catabolic
derivatives, and related systems electronically. The porphyrins are
an important class of naturally occurring macro cyclic compounds
that play a very important role in the metabolism of living
organisms. They have a universal biological distribution and were
involved in the oldest metabolic phenomena on earth. Without
porphyrins and their relative compounds, life as we know it would
be impossible and therefore the knowledge of these systems and
their excited states is essential in understanding a wide variety
of biological processes, including oxygen binding, electron
transfer, catalysis and the initial photochemical step in
photosynthesis.
This book describes advanced research on the structures and
photochemical properties of polyatomic molecules and molecular
clusters having various functionalities under cold gas-phase
conditions. Target molecules are crown ethers, polypeptides, large
size protonated clusters, metal clusters, and other complex
polyatomic molecules of special interest. A variety of advanced
frequency and time-domain laser spectroscopic methods are applied.
The book begins with the principle of an experimental setup for
cold gas-phase molecules and various laser spectroscopic methods,
followed by chapters on investigation of specific molecular
systems. Through a molecular-level approach and analysis by quantum
chemical calculation, it is possible to learn how atomic and
molecular-level interactions (van der Waals, hydrogen-bonding, and
others) control the specific properties of molecules and clusters.
Those properties include molecular recognition, induced fitting,
chirality, proton and hydrogen transfer, isomerization, and
catalytic reaction. The information will be applicable to the
design of new types of functional molecules and nanoparticles in
the broad area that includes applied chemistry, drug delivery
systems, and catalysts.
This book presents 140 problems with solutions in introductory
nuclear and particle physics. Rather than being only partially
provided or simply outlined, as is typically the case in textbooks
on nuclear and particle physics, all solutions are explained in
detail. Furthermore, different possible approaches are compared.
Some of the problems concern the estimation of quantities in
realistic experimental situations. In general, solving the problems
does not require a substantial mathematics background, and the
focus is instead on developing the reader's sense of physics in
order to work out the problem in question. Consequently, sections
on experimental methods and detection methods constitute a major
part of the book. Given its format and content, it offers a
valuable resource, not only for undergraduate classes but also for
self-assessment in preparation for graduate school entrance and
other examinations.
Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis: Radiation Physics and
Detectors, Volume One, and Radioanalytical Applications, Volume
Two, Fourth Edition, is an authoritative reference on the
principles, practical techniques and procedures for the accurate
measurement of radioactivity - everything from the very low levels
encountered in the environment, to higher levels measured in
radioisotope research, clinical laboratories, biological sciences,
radionuclide standardization, nuclear medicine, nuclear power, and
fuel cycle facilities, and in the implementation of nuclear
forensic analysis and nuclear safeguards. It includes sample
preparation techniques for all types of matrices found in the
environment, including soil, water, air, plant matter and animal
tissue, and surface swipes. Users will find a detailed discussion
of our current understanding of the atomic nucleus, nuclear
stability and decay, nuclear radiation, and the interaction of
radiation with matter relating to the best methods for radionuclide
detection and measurement.
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