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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Nuclear structure physics
This book provides the first comprehensive description of time
crystals which have a repeating structure in time. It introduces
the fundamental concepts behind time crystals and explores the many
different branches of this new research area. The book starts with
the original idea of the time crystallization in quantum systems as
introduced by Wilczek and follows the development of the field up
to the present day. Both spontaneous formation of crystalline
structures in time and concepts of the condensed matter physics in
the time domain, ranging from Anderson localization in time to
many-body systems with exotic interactions, are described. The
prospect of creation of novel objects by means of time engineering
is also presented. The book assumes knowledge of quantum mechanics
to the graduate level. It serves as a valuable reference with
pointers to future research directions for graduate students and
senior scientists alike.
Electrostatic Accelerators have been at the forefront of modern
technology since the development by Sir John Cockroft and Ernest
Walton in 1932 of the first accelerator, which was the first to
achieve nuclear transmutation and earned them the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1951. The applications of Cockroft and Walton's
development have been far reaching, even into our kitchens where it
is employed to generate the high voltage needed for the magnetron
in microwave ovens. Other electrostatic accelerator related Nobel
prize winning developments that have had a major socio-economic
impact are; the electron microscope where the beams of electrons
are produced by an electrostatic accelerator, X-rays and computer
tomography (CT) scanners where the X-rays are produced using an
electron accelerator and microelectronic technology where ion
implantation is used to dope the semiconductor chips which form the
basis of our computers, mobile phones and entertainment systems.
Although the Electrostatic Accelerator field is over 90 years old,
and only a handful of accelerators are used for their original
purpose in nuclear physics, the field and the number of
accelerators is growing more rapidly than ever. The objective of
this book is to collect together the basic science and technology
that underlies the Electrostatic Accelerator field so it can serve
as a handbook, reference guide and textbook for accelerator
engineers as well as students and researchers who work with
Electrostatic Accelerators.
B Factories are particle colliders at which specific subatomic
particles - B mesons - are produced abundantly. The purpose is to
study the properties of their decays in great detail in order to
shed light on a mystery of eminently larger scale: why do we live
in a universe composed of anti-matter? This book introduces readers
to the physics laws of the CP asymmetry, touching on experimental
requirements needed to perform such measurements at the subatomic
level, and illustrating the main findings of the contemporary B
Factories.
This edited, multi-author book gathers selected, peer-reviewed
contributions based on papers presented at the 23rd International
Workshop on Quantum Systems in Chemistry, Physics, and Biology
(QSCP-XXIII), held in Mopani Camp, The Kruger National Park, South
Africa, in September 2018. The content is primarily intended for
scholars, researchers, and graduate students working at
universities and scientific institutes who are interested in the
structure, properties, dynamics, and spectroscopy of atoms,
molecules, biological systems, and condensed matter.
This book discusses the spectral properties of solid-state laser
materials, including emission and absorption of light, the law of
radiative and nonradiative transitions, the selection rule for
optical transitions, and different calculation methods of the
spectral parameters. The book includes a systematic presentation of
the authors' own research works in this field, specifically
addressing the stimulated nonradiative transition theory and the
apparent crystal field model. This volume is helpful resource for
researchers and graduate students in the fields of solid
spectroscopy and solid-state laser material physics, while also
serving as a valuable reference guide for instructors and advanced
students of physics.
This book presents developments of techniques for detection and
analysis of two electrons resulting from the interaction of a
single incident electron with a solid surface. Spin dependence in
scattering of spin-polarized electrons from magnetic and
non-magnetic surfaces is governed by exchange and spin-orbit
effects. The effects of spin and angular electron momentum are
shown through symmetry of experimental geometries: (i) normal and
off normal electron incidence on a crystal surface, (ii) spin
polarization directions within mirror planes of the surface, and
(iii) rotation and interchange of detectors with respect to the
surface normal. Symmetry considerations establish relationships
between the spin asymmetry of two-electron distributions and the
spin asymmetry of Spectral Density Function of the sample, hence
providing information on the spin-dependent sample electronic
structure. Detailed energy and angular distributions of electron
pairs carry information on the electron-electron interaction and
electron correlation inside the solid. The "exchange - correlation
hole" associated with Coulomb and exchange electron correlation in
solids can be visualized using spin-polarized two-electron
spectroscopy. Also spin entanglement of electron pairs can be
probed. A description of correlated electron pairs generation from
surfaces using other types of incident particles, such as photons,
ions, positrons is also presented.
This thesis investigates the behavior of two candidate materials
(a-SiO2 and MgO) for applications in fusion (e.g., the
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER) and
Generation IV fission reactors. Both parts of the thesis - the
development of the ionoluminescence technique and the study of the
ion-irradiation effects on both materials - are highly relevant for
the fields of the ion-beam analysis techniques and irradiation
damage in materials. The research presented determines the
microstructural changes at different length scales in these
materials under ion irradiation. In particular, it studies the
effect of the irradiation temperature using several advanced
characterization techniques. It also provides much-needed insights
into the use of these materials at elevated temperatures. Further,
it discusses the development of the ion-beam-induced luminescence
technique in different research facilities around the globe, a
powerful in situ spectroscopic characterization method that until
now was little known. Thanks to its relevance, rigorosity and
quality, this thesis has received twoprestigious awards in Spain
and France.
Self-organization of matter is observed in every context and on all
scales, from the nanoscale of quantum fields and subatomic
particles to the macroscale of galaxy superclusters. This book
analyzes the wide range of patterns of organization present in
nature, highlighting their similarities rather than their
differences. This unconventional approach results in an
illuminating read which should be part of any Physics student's
background.
B Factories are particle colliders at which specific subatomic
particles - B mesons - are produced abundantly. The purpose is to
study the properties of their decays in great detail in order to
shed light on a mystery of eminently larger scale: why do we live
in a universe composed of anti-matter? This book introduces readers
to the physics laws of the CP asymmetry, touching on experimental
requirements needed to perform such measurements at the subatomic
level, and illustrating the main findings of the contemporary B
Factories.
This monograph takes stock of the situation in higher spin gauge
theories for the first time. Besides a thorough recapitulation of
the field's history, it reviews the progress that has been made and
offers a pedagogical introduction to the subject. Abstract
approaches to the theory are offered to facilitate a conceptual
rethinking of the main problems and to help see patterns hidden by
heavy formalism.
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