Still the only book of its kind, this intensely practical text helps nurses build the skills they need to gain and use influence throughout their entire careers. This second edition is updated throughout with new information on nursing, health care, and technology - including social media. Readable, timely, and upbeat, BECOMING INFLUENTIAL: A GUIDE FOR NURSES teaches through real-life examples, offering proven advice for using influence to solve many contemporary workplace problems. Self-assessments help readers evaluate their current organizational power, communication and goal-setting skills, negotiating and interviewing expertise, and even their abilities to manage confrontation. The book contains specific steps for career planning, resume building, career progress tracking, speech preparation, and more. Flexible learning activities include role plays, debates, observations, interviews, and networking assignments; up-to-date web and print resources support further exploration.

The women of the Red Cross at war
The author of this book, Violetta Thurston was a trained Red Cross volunteer senior administrator and nurse sent to Belgium by the organisation in the early days of the First World War in charge of a party of British nurses expecting to assist wounded British soldiers. Instead, they arrived to find the country on the brink of collapse and the roads around the capital clogged with refugees fleeing the combat zone. They had just arrived in Brussels when the German Army marched in, ostensibly passing through, but in reality establishing its presence and becoming their first patients. Soon, and to her relief, Violetta moved to a hospital at Charleroi nursing the wounded irrespective of nationality. After a return to Brussels she was sent to Copenhagen in Denmark and then to the eastern front and the Red Cross operations in Warsaw, Poland before moving on towards Lodz-which was at that time under bombardment with the so called Red Cross 'Flying Column.' Working among Russian troops on the front lines Violetta and her team from the 'flying Column' moved into the trenches at Radzivlow where they undertook their difficult and humane work in close proximity to the German line and under constant firing. This book gives readers an insight into the work of the members of the Red Cross during the Great War and illustrates the work that brave women undertook in most trying and dangerous conditions.
Leonaur editions are newly typeset and are not facsimiles; each title is available in softcover and hardback with dustjacket; our hardbacks are cloth bound and feature gold foil lettering on their spines and fabric head and tail bands.

This comprehensive new textbook covers core ethical and legal content for pre-registration nursing students. It provides readers with a sound understanding of the interrelationships between the NMC's code of conduct, standards and competencies, ethics and relevant sections of the English legal system.

The only truly integrated text in the field, it opens with overviews of law and nursing, and ethical theories and nursing. It goes on to explore key areas of contention such as negligence, confidentiality and consent from legal and ethical perspectives, mapping the discussion onto the NMC code of conduct. The chapters include objectives, patient-focused case scenarios, key points, activities, questions, areas for reflection, further reading and a summary. Case law and statutes and ethical theories are presented where appropriate.

Written by an experienced nurse-lecturer with a law and ethics teaching background, Law, Ethics and Professional Issues for Nursing is essential reading for all pre-registration nursing students, as well as students of other healthcare professions.

Advanced Practice in Healthcare outlines the key components of advanced practice in which healthcare professionals are engaged. With a clear skills focus, it explores issues critical to providing effective enhanced care to patients whilst managing and negotiating the complexities of the healthcare delivery system. Perspectives on advanced practice are illuminated throughout the text and are designed to promote the formation of new thinking in relation to practice, education and research. The text is comprised of three sections that address different aspects of advanced practice and these in turn: Provide guidance on the development of clinical skills, including consultation, clinical decision making, holistic care, and the role of care planning in advanced practice. Explain management skills and how to manage, negotiate and monitor the complexities of the healthcare system in order to ensure the delivery of quality patient care. Clarify the professional role of the advanced practice clinician and how implementation of the role can improve the delivery of patient care. In each chapter activities are presented that assist in the development, implementation and extension of advanced level practice. This text is especially relevant to nurses, midwives and allied health professionals practising within primary and secondary care who wish to advance their practice or clarify their roles within the context of advanced practice, particularly those undertaking masters level study.

Caring is at the core of what nurses and other health professionals do. But caring encompasses more than simply looking after people's physical health needs. People requiring any health service will have psychological needs that affect their feelings, thoughts, and behaviour. Good psychological care can even help improve physical health outcomes. An Introduction to Psychological Care in Nursing and the Health Professions explains and promotes the importance of psychological care for people when they become physically ill, giving a sound theoretical basis to ensure care is evidence-based. It encourages the reader to think about the effects of illness and disability on patients, and to understand what can be done to identify and minimise any difficulties they might be experiencing in these areas. The chapters cover: the meaning and elements of care and holistic care; a model of psychological care in practice; the personal qualities and skills of carers that best underpin psychological care delivery, and how these might be enhanced; the knowledge needed for effective psychological caregiving; psychological care as it might be practised in a range of health care settings. This text contains key learning points, practical activities, reflective exercises and case illustrations. It is ideal for student and practising nurses, and health professionals who would like to improve their care for patients in this essential area.

This 2nd edition focuses on the preprocedural, procedural, and postprocedural care of the moderately sedated patient. It is designed for any clinician involved in the administration of moderate sedation and written by a clinician involved in the practice on a daily basis. The primary focus of this new edition is to provide all the content and tools necessary to demonstrate competency in moderate sedation/analgesia. Includes a greater focus on the core competencies necessary for clinical practice. Concept Checks are integrated throughout to help the learner assess the mastering of the content presented. Includes the recommended standards of practice from the ANA, AORN, American Academy of Pediatrics, and JCAHO's Sample Policies & Procedures. Contains sample clinical competencies for moderate sedation so the book can be used as a study guide and measurement tool. Incorporates throughout important information on the specific moderate sedation parameters of the pediatric and geriatric patients addressing preprocedural assessment, physiologic variations, pharmacologic considerations and sedative techniques. Includes a comprehensive pharmacologic profile of each medication used in the moderate sedation practice setting. Follows a recommended 'core curriculum' format, but each idea and concept are discussed in detail. Increased integration of actual Clinical Scenarios facilitates the application of content knowledge and utilization of critical thinking skills. Integration of herbal preparations and their impact on pre-sedation care. Latest JCAHO Sedation/Anesthesia Guidelines (2004) incorporated throughout. A larger trim size (8.5 x 11) provides more of a 'manual' feel and allows the reader to make notes and work through various tools throughout the book.

When it comes to managing the care of a patient receiving conscious sedation/analgesia during a short-term therapeutic, diagnostic, or surgical procedure, this easy-to-follow book is an ideal clinical reference. It covers everything you need to know - from practice guidelines for administering sedation, to pre-sedation requirements, intra-procedure monitoring and documentation, and discharge criteria. Detailed sections discuss the basic concepts of medications, administration techniques, potential complications and emergencies, monitoring parameters, developing a credentialing program, legal implications, and patient discharge, as well as separate chapters on pediatric and geriatric sedation. The book also provides practical learning tools such as sample documentation forms, learner feedback, and questions and answer sections. Thorough content provides all the key, essential information needed for a complete understanding of moderate sedation/analgesia in practice. Detailed sections address the basic concepts of medications, administration techniques, potential complications and emergencies, monitoring parameters, developing a credentialing program, legal implications, and patient discharge. Learning tools focus on practical implementations, such as sample documentation forms, learner feedback, and questions and answer sections. A chapter on Pediatric Sedation presents the latest techniques and recommended guidelines for the proper management of this special population. The latest JCAHO Standards for Sedation and Analgesia are included to assist nurses and institutions with meeting these standards. A new chapter on geriatric sedation focuses on specific considerations for older adults receiving moderate sedation. A new chapter on risk management and legal issues provides important guidelines for understanding the scope of practice as it pertains to administering and monitoring patients receiving moderate sedation/analgesia. More in-depth discussion on aspects of care examines topics such as the role of the RN in monitoring the patient, the standards of care as applied to all types of facilities, and the discharge criteria within the PACU.

This new edition of a classic text is the go-to reference for anyone concerned with the developmental progress of pre-school children. It provides the knowledge required for understanding children's developmental progress with age and within each developmental domain. Including new sections on atypical development for each of the core domains of development and additional material on the development of attention and self-regulation, this fifth edition integrates findings from the latest research throughout. An updated companion website is available at www.routledge.com/cw/sharma, which includes the following additional learning material: an interactive timeline of the key developmental domains; introductions to theory with links to further reading; research summaries; video clips demonstrating practical assessment skills; downloadable resources including pictures to support examination of verbal and non-verbal development, and tips to facilitate and promote development. Fully aligned with current child development philosophies and practices, Mary Sheridan's From Birth to Five Years: Children's Developmental Progress is designed to support the wider group of practitioners - including those from health professions, social work and early years - that are now required to take steps for promoting children's development as part of their assessment and management plans.

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has been extensively researched and shown to be solidly underpinned by evidence. Broadly applicable across a wide range of personal and social problems - from depression and phobias to child behavioural problems - it is only now beginning to be used to its full potential in health and social care practice. This second edition of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy is comprehensively revised and updated. It takes into account the significant amount of new research in the discipline, and integrates theory, research and practice. The text includes plentiful case studies from across health and social care to illustrate particular approaches, different problems and different professional circumstances. Topics covered include: a discussion of the development and distinctive features of CBT; a comprehensive review of research on learning and cognition, examining the therapeutic implications of these studies; a thorough guide to assessment and therapeutic procedures, including methods of evaluation; illustrations of the main methods of helping with case examples from social work, nursing and psychotherapy; consideration of the ethical implications of such methods as part of mainstream practice. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy is written in a lively and accessible style, and is designed to give a thorough grounding in cognitive-behavioural methods and their application. It is essential reading for students and professionals in psychology, social work, psychiatric nursing and psychotherapy.

Understanding Pharmacology: Essentials for Medication Safety, 3rd Edition uses a unique combination of simplified language, easy-to-follow headers, and engaging boxes and icons - such as Memory Joggers, Critical Points for Safety, Do Not Confuse, and Drug Alerts - to help you really understand how drugs work, instead of simply memorizing drug information. Updated drug tables with nursing implications ensure you are equipped with all the tools and information you need to safely prepare and administer drugs. Online case studies help you prepare for the Next Generation NCLEX-PN® and NCLEX-RN®. Sections on "Priority Actions to Take Before," "Priority Actions to Take After," and "Teaching Priorities for Patients" emphasize important aspects of drug administration, monitoring, follow-up, and patient teaching. Life span considerations outline nursing implications for drugs used in children, older adults, and pregnant women. Math and dosage calculations review reinforces medication preparation safety. Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! sections at the end of each chapter summarize key points and provide review questions that reinforce important concepts learned in the chapter. An array of marginal cartoon icons in Common Side Effects boxes help visual learners remember essential drug side effects. Drug Alert and Do Not Confuse boxes highlight areas of common drug/dosage errors. Memory Jogger boxes help you retain important drug information. Try This! boxes in the math chapter allow you to practice dosage calculation concepts. NEW! Clinical Judgment questions at the end of each clinical chapter offer additional self-assessment on pharmacology and medication administration. NEW! Critical Point for Safety boxes emphasize very important pharmacologic concepts to remember. NEW! Approximately 40 animations on the companion Evolve website supplement important concepts related to understanding pharmacology. NEW! Printed answer key with rationales in the back of the book makes it easy to check your answers and assess your comprehension. UPDATED! Revised drug tables provide adult dosages and nursing implications for individual drugs.

Psychiatric and Mental Health Essentials in Primary Care addresses key mental health concepts and strategies for time-pressured practitioners in various healthcare settings serving diverse populations. It offers theoretically sound and succinct guidelines for compassionate, efficient, and effective service to people in emotional and physical pain and distress, capturing the essentials of mental health care delivered by primary care providers. The text provides a theoretical overview, discussing mental health assessment, crisis care basics, alternative therapies, and vulnerable groups such as children, adolescents and older people. It includes chapters that focus on the following topics in Primary Care Practice: Suicide and Violence Anxiety Mood disorders Schizophrenia Substance Abuse Chronic illness and mental health. This invaluable text is designed for primary care providers in either graduate student or practice roles across a range of primary care practice, including nurse practitioners and physician assistants.

This book explores the diverse manner in which family dynamics shaped Jewish identities in ways that were unique and directly connected to their experiences within their families of origin. Highlighted is the diversity of experience of ethnic identity within members of a group of women who are similar in many respects and who belong to an ethnic group that is often invisible. Jewish people, like members of other ethnic groups are often treated as if their identities were homogeneous. However, gender, social class, sexual orientation, factors surrounding immigration status, proximity of family members to the holocaust or pogroms, the number of generations one's family has been in the US and other salient aspects of experience and identites transform and inform the meaning and experience by group members. The book explores these diversities of experience and goes on to highlight the way in which the intermingling of family dynamics and subsequent Jewish identity in these women is manifested in the practice of psychotherapy. In 2012, the book had been awarded the Jewish Women Caucus of the Association for Women in Psychology Award for Scholarship, for that year. This book was published as a special issue of Women and Therapy.

The mental health needs of older people are all too often overlooked or put down to the inevitable consequences of ageing. This textbook will make it much easier for health, social care and third sector workers to identify, treat and support the needs of this population. The book takes an interdisciplinary team approach and sets the scene by looking at different practice contexts in the United Kingdom and the increasingly important role played by social care in addressing the mental health needs of older people. A number of more clinically focused chapters then cover: *mental health promotion *anxiety and depression *ageing and psychosis *alcohol and dual diagnosis *dementia *later life liaison services *complex and enduring mood disorders. Each clinical chapter makes use of extended and detailed case studies which illuminate the team's role in the assessment- intervention-evaluation cycle and ensure the text's application to practice. Service user and family perspectives are drawn on throughout and current practice exemplars outlined. The final chapter distils key messages from the book and sets a number of key challenges. Mental Health and Later Life highlights the rewards and complexity of working with older people with mental health needs and their families. It is invaluable reading for all those learning about, or working with, this population.

With an easy-to-follow approach and unmatched learning support, Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health Assessment, 9th Edition is the most widely used, authoritative, complete, and easily implemented learning solution for health assessment in nursing. This hub of a tightly integrated learning package continues to center on Carolyn Jarvis's clear, logical, and holistic approach to physical examination and health assessment across the patient lifespan. It's packed with vivid illustrations, step-by-step guidance, and evidence-based content to provide a complete approach to health assessment and physical examination. With an enhanced focus on today's need-to-know information, the 9th edition integrates concepts from the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) initiative, concepts of interprofessional collaboration, enhanced transgender considerations, and integrated content and electronic resources for success on the Next Generation NCLEX (R). Clear, conversational, step-by-step, evidence-based approach covers physical examination and health assessment of patients throughout the lifespan. Consistent format from chapter to chapter features sections on structure and function, subjective data, objective data, documentation and critical thinking, abnormal findings, and health promotion and patient teaching to help you learn to assess systematically. Inclusion of LGBTQ issues and Cultural Assessment chapter equip you with the skills to practice with greater sensitivity and inclusivity. Engaging online learning resources include assessment video clips; review questions for the NCLEX (R); case studies for the NGN; audio clips of heart, lung, and abdominal sounds; assessment checklists; and much more. Promoting a Healthy Lifestyle boxes present opportunities for patient teaching and health promotion while performing the health assessment. Developmental Competence sections highlight content specific to infants, children, adolescents, pregnant women, and older adults. Culture and Genetics sections include information on biocultural and transcultural variations in an increasingly diverse patient population. Standalone Vital Signs chapter and focused nutrition content emphasize the national epidemic of obesity. Integration of interprofessional collaboration emphasizes how to ensure patient safety during the physical exam and how to collaborate with other health professionals to promote optimal health. Enhanced content on the electronic health record, charting, and narrative recording exemplifies how to document assessment findings using state-of-the-art systems with time-tested thoroughness. UPDATED! Photos identify common skin conditions in both light skin and dark skin, increasing inclusivity and representation for better health outcomes. UPDATED! Expanded transgender considerations promote culturally competent care of this underserved patient population. NEW! Fully integrated print and electronic coverage of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (NCJMM) helps equip you for the Next Generation NCLEX (R) (NGN). UPDATED! An unsurpassed collection of more than 1,100 full-color illustrations vividly showcases anatomy and physiology, examination techniques, and abnormal findings. UPDATED! Increased focus on social determinants of health (SODH) addresses the disparities that can affect health outcomes, enabling a whole-health approach.

This study guide for Understanding Pharmacology: Essentials for Medication Safety, 3rd Edition offers content review and a wide range of engaging activities and medication safety practice questions to help you master pharmacology concepts, learn drug safety, and practice dosage calculation. A variety of learning activities, including matching, fill-in-the-blank, true/false, identification, and multiple-choice questions, plus crossword puzzles, help reinforce learning. Medication Safety Practice sections emphasize important safety concepts related to medication administration. Practice quizzes, comprised of multiple-choice and select-all-that-apply questions for the NCLEX (R), assess students' knowledge of important chapter concepts to prepare them for the NCLEX-PN (R) and NCLEX-RN (R) Examinations. Reader-friendly writing style and organization increases understanding for entry-level students. NEW! Case studies for the Next Generation NCLEX (R) in clinical chapters help students practice for the next generation licensure exam. Updated exercises cover newly approved pharmaceutical treatments and drugs.

Mentoring, Learning and Assessment in Clinical Practice E-Book

Health institutions are investing in and fielding information technology solutions at an unprecedented pace. With the recommendations from the Institute of Medicine around information technology solutions for patient safety, mandates from industry groups such as Leapfrog about using infor mation systems to improve health care, and the move toward evidence based practice, health institutions cannot afford to retain manual practices. The installation of multi-million dollar computerized health systems repre sents the very life blood of contemporary clinical operations and a crucial link to the financial viability of institutions. Yet, the implementation of health information systems is exceptionally complex, expensive and often just plain messy. The need for improvement in the art and science of systems implemen tation is clear: up to 70-80% of information technology installations fail. The reasons are multi-faceted, ranging from the complexity of the diverse workflows being computerized, the intricate nature of health organizations, the knowledge and skills of users to other reasons such as strategies for obtaining key executive support, weaving through the politics peculiar to the institution, and technical facets including the usability of systems. Thus, the art and science of successfully implementing systems remains deeply layered in elusiveness. Still, given the pervasiveness of system implementa tions and the importance of the outcomes, this is a critical topic, especially for nurses and informatics nurse specialists."

Clinical skills are essential to the practice of nursing and learning these skills requires a wealth of both factual knowledge and technical expertise. Supplementing practical teaching, Developing Practical Skills for Nursing Children and Young People is a comprehensive skills text that describes clinical skills in the style of a tutor teaching at the bedside. Each chapter presents the essential skills for practice in a step-by-step format alongside an evidence-based rationale-anticipating common problems and suggesting practical solutions. The book is essential reading for all student nurses working with child patients, as well as qualified paediatric nurses. It is also relevant to anyone assessing and planning care for an infant, child, or young person on the ward, clinic, or in the community. An accompanying website provides further reading lists, self-assessment questions, and PowerPoint presentations for each chapter. From fundamental care processes to advanced nursing skills, the book and website enables readers to make a smooth transition from learner to hands-on-nurse.

Use this set of colorful cards to learn and remember pathophysiology! With 96 full-color cartoons covering pathophysiologic concepts, Mosby's (R) Pathophysiology Memory NoteCards uses humor and mnemonics to make review easier and more fun. These durable, detachable cards are useful in preparing for the NCLEX (R) or classroom exams, as a clinical reference, for writing care plans, or for patient teaching information. This convenient study tool may be used as either a spiral-bound notebook or as individual flashcards. UNIQUE! 96 full-color, illustrated mnemonics cover key pathophysiology concepts. Concise What You Need to Know monographs on each card provide more detailed information and specific nursing implications. UNIQUE! Color highlights emphasize four central topics - serious/life-threatening implications in pink, common clinical findings in blue, important nursing implications in yellow, and patient teaching in green. Colored tabs make it easy to find specific topics. Sturdy, spiral-bound cards offer durability as well as portability. NEW! All-new cartoons cover contemporary and timely pathophysiology topics, including epigenetics and pulmonary immunology.

Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach, 12th Edition, remains the go-to resource on the nurse's role in today's challenging critical care practice, delivering essential coverage of theory and principles within a practical context to prepare students to care for patients who are critically ill and their families. The text's popular holistic approach emphasizes comprehensive patient care, incorporating psychosocial concepts, assessment, and management of a variety of disorders. Updated with the latest research and practices, this 12th Edition streamlines content to make complex information more approachable. Authors Patricia G. Morton and Paul Thurman along with a team of expert contributors have optimized the text to reflect essential coverage in an efficient approach ideal for a single-semester course. Clear, concise writing, engaging visuals, and application-focused learning features work together to promote critical thinking and clinical judgment, helping students build the clinical competence for effective patient care and make a confident transition to practice in critical care nursing. New to this edition: NEW! Updated content reflects important updates on pandemic response, bioterrorism, COVID-19 and SARS, and the opioid epidemic. UPDATED! Streamlined organization helps students learn efficiently and stay focused on essential concepts and practices for effective patient care.

The Disordered Mind, Third Edition, is a wide-ranging introduction to the philosophy of mental disorder or illness. It examines and explains, from a philosophical standpoint, what mental disorder is: Its reality, causes, consequences, compassionate treatment, and more. Revised and updated throughout, the third edition includes enhanced discussions of the distinction between mental health and illness, selfhood and delusions about the self, impairments of basic psychological capacities in mental disorder, and the distinct roles that mental causation and neural mechanisms play in mental illness. The book is organized around four questions: * What is a mental disorder or illness? * What makes mental disorder something bad? * What are various mental disorders and what do they tell us about the mind? * What is mental health and how may it be restored? Numerous disorders are discussed, including addiction, agoraphobia, delusion, depression, dissociative identity disorder, obsession-compulsion, schizophrenia, and religious scrupulosity, among others. Several neurological disorders are examined. Various problems associated with DSM-5 and with psychiatric diagnosis are explored. Including chapter summaries and suggestions for further reading, The Disordered Mind is an ideal text for courses in philosophy and should appeal to not just philosophers, but to readers in cognitive science, psychology, psychiatry, and related mental health professions.

Written for surgical technologists, surgical first assistants, registered nurses, physicians, physicians assistants, central service technicians, and surgical sales representatives, Surgical Instrumentation: An Interactive Approach, 4th Edition offers a level of visual clarity and realism unmatched by any other surgical instrument book. Many photos include close-up views of the instrument tip, so you can quickly discern differences between instruments. Interactive resources on the Evolve companion website allow you to view 360-degree rotations of more than 100 instruments. Also included are flash cards, timed memory exercises, Mayo stands, back-table setups, quizzes, and instrument sets for common procedures in various surgical specialties. Instruments organized by category within their surgical specialty make it easy to find specific instruments. More than 660 full-color instrument photographs with inset instrument tip photos help you learn the most common surgical instruments for all surgical procedures. Consistent, clear, and concise instrument monographs include names, category, use, and insight. Caution bullets detail potential hazards or concerns you must consider when using an instrument. Surgical Setups chapter familiarizes you with common instrument setups for various procedures. Reader-friendly layout with two instruments per page makes it easier to see the details of each instrument. Evolve companion website offers interactive exercises, practice quizzes, flash cards, and 360-degree instrument rotations to reinforce understanding. NEW! Basic Sterilization chapter provides comprehensive coverage of decontamination and sterilization of instruments. NEW! Basic Operating Room Supplies and Equipment chapter familiarizes you with what you will encounter in the OR. NEW! Additional close-up/inset photos of instruments give you a detailed way to examine and learn about instruments you'll be working with on a daily basis.

Get a leg up in your medical-surgical nursing class and on the Next-Generation NCLEX (R) (NGN) Examination! With chapters corresponding to those in the market-leading Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, 12th Edition, this study guide provides the review and practice you need to master the nurse's role in medical-surgical care. Questions reflect the most current NCLEX Exam test plan and include multiple-choice, matching, fill-in-the-blank, prioritization, delegation, and alternate item formats, along with new NGN-style case studies and questions. To reinforce your understanding, answers to all questions are included in the back of the book. Wide variety of clinically relevant exercises includes NCLEX (R) Examination-style items consisting of multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, matching, and prioritization and delegation questions. Case studies for dozens of diseases and disorders allow you to develop clinical judgment skills. Alternate item format questions familiarize you with the types of questions seen on the NCLEX Exam. Answers to all questions are included in the back of the book, providing immediate feedback. Attractive full-color design makes learning easier. NEW! Updated content throughout corresponds to the updates in the Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing, 12th Edition textbook. NEW! Next-Generation NCLEX (R) Examination (NGN)-style case studies and question types help you review and practice for the NGN.