This book presents many types of tidal phenomena. The contributions evolved from a seminar in Oberwolfach, Black Forest, where German experts on tidal research met in October 1994 to present their views and experience to interested graduate students and scientists in an informal way. The seminar focused on earth tides, tides of the atmosphere and the oceans, including solar-induced variations of the magnetic field and climate, and tidal phenomena in the planetary system and universe. This book has an introductory character, but some contributions describe the state of the art in tidal research.

The multidisciplinary character of this Encyclopedia of Marine Sciences (biology, chemistry, geology, physics in oceanography) is reflected in some 1980 up-to-date alphabetically listed keywords, and many illustrations, to give scientists, teachers, and students a helpful and time-saving aid when studying marine scientific literature. The brief explanation of the concepts, terminology and methods makes this book more valuable than just a glossary or dictionary.

This book explores the types of conflicts that occur over marine and coastal resources, the underlying causes, and attempts to prevent them. Despite the emergence of various marine and coastal governance approaches to address the effects of human activities within the marine environment, conflict continues. In this book, the author outlines the reasons conflicts can, and do, arise in the marine and coastal environment. Drawing on case studies from both the northern and southern hemispheres, the book takes a broad view of how we interact with our environment, of how and why conflict is perpetuated as a political and cultural phenomenon, and how this varies or remains constant across space and place. The case studies explore not only the underlying perceptions and needs of those involved in marine and coastal conflict and the types of conflicts that arise in oceanic and coastal areas, but also the underpinning reasons for these conflicts. Marine and coastal resource conflicts have the potential to derail conservation efforts and blue growth policies, as well as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Thus, it is imperative we understand the drivers and exacerbating factors of marine and coastal conflict. Arguing that there is an urgent need for renewed thinking and focus on conflict prevention, the author develops a theory of marine and coastal conflict which allows us to understand those factors and the means to help prevent such conflicts arising in the first place. This book will be of interest to students and researchers of coastal and marine science and environmental management as well as those working in the field of marine resource management, including coastal zone managers and fisheries managers.

This book takes the reader through the complete weathering cycle, from the continents to the oceans, from the perspective of modern radiogenic isotope geochemistry. Topics include surface weathering, fluvial processes, environmental pollution, oceanography and paleoceanography, sedimentary mineral diagenesis and radiometric dating, thus bridging the gap between processes acting on the Earth today and the geological record. Extensive use is made of carefully selected case studies, both pioneering and state-of-the-art. This book enables the reader to critically assess previous work from the literature as well as encouraging already established researchers to apply the most modern isotopic approaches to their particular field of study.

The 1993 Southwest Hokkaido Earthquake of Magnitude 7. 9 (July 12, 22: 17 JST) caused serious tsunami disasters in the southwestern part of Hokkaido, particularly on Okushiri Island (a tiny island off the southwest coast of Hokkaido with a population of about 4,500 at the time of earthquake). Of 230 casualties, including 28 missing, about 200 deaths are attributable to the tsunami. We have conducted detailed field surveys of tsunami disasters to learn lessons from this costly natural experiment for the future prevention of similar tsunami disasters. Our field work was conducted in four surveys totaling 39 days. During the first field survey (July 16 through July 21, 1994), we worked mostly on the estimation of the subsidence of Okushiri Island during the earthquake. Hence, our main work on tsunami disasters initiated from the second field survey (July 31 through Aug. 15, 1994). Several groups have conducted detailed surveys of the distribution of tsunami runup height as measured from the level of sea water (TsUJI et al. , 1 994a, b; MATSUTOMI and SHUTO, 1994; GOTO et al. , 1994). Such a precise runup height distribution is essential for characterizing tsunami, including its overall size. Indeed, the height distribution is the fundamental data for inferring earthquake source parameters through the simulation of tsunami generation (TAKAHASHI et al. , 1994; IMAMURA et al. , 1994; TSUJI et al. , 1994a; SATAKE and TANIOKA 1994; ABE, 1994; TANIOKA et al. , in review).

Working at advanced levels of oceanography requires a firm grasp of the mathematical and physical underpinnings of oceanic processes. George Mellor's Introduction to Physical Oceanography provides the appropriate analytical foundation. Written for advanced undergraduate/first-year graduate students, the book focuses on the elements of fluid dynamics essential to further study and research in oceanography. Based on lecture notes for his introductory class in physical oceanography, Mellor's text provides clear descriptions of concepts and simple analytical models of oceanic processes in a systematic presentation. Specific topics include the equations of motion, scaling analysis, geostrophic flow, atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers, barotropic and baroclinic flows, ocean circulation, surface waves, tides, and vorticity concepts. The text is enhanced by numerous figures and diagrams, with appendices providing details of mathematical topics. The information provided in the Introduction to Physical Oceanography give students the background they need for further study of the oceans. Physicists, meteorologists, and engineers in other specialties will find it a useful reference on fluid dynamics relevant to oceanography.

This book gives a comprehensive, theoretical account of the wave-wave interaction process responsible for high acoustic noise levels, including: a geometric description of the interaction mechanism, which provides the basis for a full-wave analysis of the source process, the inclusion of both the monogeneous and inhomogeneous components of the wave-induced pressure field in the analytical description of the source, an examination of the relative contributions of the sum and difference-frequency components of the wave interaction process, the removal of the deep-water assumption of earlier analyses, and the development of an "exact" analytical expression which allows the source function of the wave-induced pressure field to be calculated over the whole frequency-wave number domain.

The book content corresponds to a course of the International Summer School of Theoretical Geodesy held every 4 years under the sponsorship of the International Association of Geodesy. This particular course, that was given at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, has been dedicated to the theory of satellite altimetry as a response to the increasing need of scientific work in this field due to important recent and forthcoming space mission. The course was conceived to supply a good theoretical basis in both disciplines, i.e. geodesy and oceanography, which are deeply involved in the analysis and in the use of the altimetric signal. The main items of interest are the physical theory of ocean circulation, the theory of tides and the ocean time-variability, from the point of view of oceanography and the orbit theory, with particular regard to the formation of the radial orbital error, the so-called cross over adjustment, the analysis of geodetic boundary value problems, the integrated determination of the gravity field and of the radial orbital error, from the point of view of geodesy. All these arguments are treated from the foundation by very-well experts of the various fields, to introduce the reader into the more difficult subjects on which advanced research is currently performed. The peculiarity of the book is in its interdisciplinarity as it can serve to both communities of oceanographers and geodesists to get acquainted with advanced aspects one of the other.

Public awareness of the importance of Antarctic research, particularly in relation to global problems, has increased. The book spans a broad spectrum of Antarctic science from the "ozone hole" to microbiology to the sea ice. The main focus is on the role of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the world climate system, e.g. the formation of sea ice and its relevance to ocean circulation, the biological pump in relation to CO2 release. The past climate history is revealed by the analysis of ice cores and sediments. Studies of plate tectonics and fossil records reach further back in earth history. Key words in the biological chapters are krill and the rich Antarctic benthos. Finally, the potential conflict between conservationists, researchers and tourists is discussed.

In the early 1950s microseisms, with characteristic amplitudes of several micro meters, were considered insignificant relative to powerful destructive earthquakes. They were understood to be noise, as natural fluctuations, not carrying any in formation and distorting recordings on seismograms. Intensive investigations over subsequent decades have shown, however, that microseisins are only a single facet of a huge complex of phenomena comprising cyclone movement over oceans, sea roughness, infrasound, geomagnetic micropulsations, terrestial of these phenomena proved to be confined in time currents, etc. The source and space, whereas their effects propagated over global distances. This could be interpreted as a case of natural "remote sensing." It should be mentioned that all of the evidence gathered in the last few decades supports the theory of M. S. Longuet-Higgins published in 1950. The author has been engaged in problems of microseisms since 1955 and is deeply convinced that these phenomena are not only of theoretical interest but may also find practical application in meteorology, oceanology, navigation and other areas. She hopes. that this book will stimulate further research as well as new approaches to practical problems."

The laboratory work to the dynamics of turbidity currents, outlined in this volume, is the first experimental investigation of the nature of downslape gravity-driven currents of suspended sediments which are reflected/ deflected against obstacles such as seamounts oceanfloor slopes. Scientists and researchers working on the interpretation and understanding of features occurring in sequence stratigraphic sections will find useful clues.

Ocean Wave Dynamics is the most up-to-date book of its kind on the three main processes responsible for the generation and evolution of ocean waves: (i) atmospheric input from the wind, (ii) wave breaking and (iii) nonlinear interactions.Ocean waves are important for many reasons. They are the major environmental impact on in the design of coastal or offshore structures. Ocean waves are also fundamental to the processes of coastal flooding and beach erosion. They will play a major role in storm related coastal flooding which will rise in frequency as a result of sea level rise. Ocean waves are also an important part of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. They determine the roughness of the ocean surface and hence have an impact on winds, fluxes of energy, gases and heat to the ocean and even the stability of ice sheets.Containing the latest research on ocean waves, it is a valuable resource for an overview of knowledge in this important field.Related Link(s)

This book reviews the origin, development, morphology, environment and ecology of the world's coastal lagoons. There are particularly extensive series of lagoons - areas of salt or brackish water separated from the adjacent sea by a low-lying sand or shingle barrier - along the eastern and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the USA, in Mexico itself, in Brazil, West Africa, Natal, southern and eastern India, south-west and south-east Australia, Alaska, Siberia and around the shores of the Mediterranean, southern Baltic, Black and Caspian Seas. In several of these areas they support important fisheries. This book summarises what is known of the formation and fate of lagoons, the lagoonal environment, lagoonal ecology, the strategies of lagoonal species, the human use of lagoons, besides containing a general introduction and a section on methods for the study of coastal lagoons.

Have you ever wondered where waves come from? What makes every one different, why some peel nicely and others just close out? Why, some days, waves come in sets of six and others in sets of three, and what factors affect the behavior of a surfing break? If you have, this book is for you. Now in its third edition, Surf Science is the first book to talk in depth about the science of waves from a surfer's point of view. It fills the gap between surfing books and waves textbooks and will help you learn how to predict surf. You don't need a scientific background to read it--just curiosity and a fascination for waves.

This study of organic carbon accumulation in marine environments begins with a review of mechanisms controlling organic carbon deposition, concentrating on results from expeditions into Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea, as well as the Sea of Japan and the northwest coast of Africa. Major objects of the study were the reconstruction of changes in palaeoceanic variables and the history of palaeoclimates in different environments. The contributors also developed more general models for organic carbon accumulation and compared organic-carbon characteristics derived from different analytical techniques in order to reach the best-fitting interpretation model.

A revision of this introduction to the study of the sea, the second edition has been expanded and reorganized, with many new figures and tables. Every chapter has been updated and many have been rewritten. A new chapter on man's use of the oceans has been included to cover satellites and position fixing, renewable energy sources in the sea, seabed minerals, oil and gas, pollution and maritime law. In this edition, the authors refer to original references and review articles, so that readers can find their way into the literature more easily. The text draws on examples from a wide range of seas.

It is widely accepted that there is a relationship between ice volume and the solar insolation in summer in the northern hemisphere. The Earth's glacial cycles are driven by cyclic changes in the Earth's orbital elements. This conclusion is based on the strong coherence between the approx. 20000 and 40000 year spectral components of ice volume and insolation (Milankovitch-curve) records. These frequencies are determined by the variation of the obliquity of the Earth's axis and by its position relative to the Earth's orbit around the sun. The degree of sum mer insolation on the Earth's northern Hemisphere is believed to be relevant to climate because the North Atlantic is where cold saline water is being formed. Present day deep water circulation is driven by salt build-up in due to net evapora tion. In contrast, in the North Pacific precipitation exceeds evaporation. Thus, deep water transfers a surplus of salt from the N. Atlantic to the North Pacific. This surface water delivers also oxygen to the deep ocean. In contrast, upwelling deep water transfers nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface water. Today the time of renewal of deep water is in the order of 1000 years."

This selection of papers emphasizes the advances in the field and covers a wide range of topics in geophysics, geodynamics, and oceanography to which modern geodesy is contributing.

Originally published in 1987, Conservation of Ecosystems and Species examines conservation as a major world issue for governments, industrialists and the general public. The need for conservation has become more urgent as human activity continues to encroach upon the remaining natural ecosystems of our planet. This book examines a wide range of conservation issues and explains the scientific reasons why conservation of ecosystems and species is important, not merely for its own sake, but for the future of humanity. It charts the development of conservation policy around the concept and understanding of the ecosystem. The roles of the planner, the industrialist and the politician in the development of a conservation policy are described.

It is now nine years since the first edition appeared and much has changed in marine science during that time. For example, satellites are now routinely used in remote sensing of the ocean surface and hydrothermal vents at sea floor spreading centres have been extensively researched. The second edition has been considerably expanded and reorganised, and many new figures and tables have been included. Every chapter has been carefully updated and many have been rewritten. A new chapter on man's use of the oceans has been included to cover satellites and position fixing, renewable energy sources in the sea, seabed minerals, oil and gas, pollution and maritime law. In this edition we have also referred to a number of original references and review articles so that readers can find their way into the literature more easily. As in the first edition, PSM has been mainly responsible for the text and lIC for the illustrations, although each has responded to advice from the other and also from many colleagues. In this context readers should note that the illustrations form an integral and major part of the book. The text will almost certainly be too concise for many readers if they do not study the illustrations carefully at the same time. The book has been written as an introductory text for students, although it can serve anyone who is beginning a study of the sea.

Every Alaskan king crab season, brothers Andy and Johnathan Hillstrand risk their lives and seek their fortunes upon the treacherous waters of the Bering Sea. Sons of a hard-bitten, highly successful fisherman, and born with brine in their blood, the Hillstrand boys couldn't imagine a life without a swaying deck underfoot and a harvest of mighty king crabs waiting to be pulled from the ocean floor. In pursuit of their daily catch, the brothers brave ice floes and heaving waves sixty feet high, the perils of thousand-pound steel traps thrown about by the punishing wind, and the constant menace of the open, hungry water--epitomized in the chorus of a haunting sailors' sing-along: "Many brave hearts are asleep in the deep, so beware, beware."
By turns raucous and reflective, exhilarating and anguished, enthralling, suspenseful, and wise, Time Bandit chronicles a larger-than-life love affair as old as civilization itself--a love affair between striving, willful man and inscrutable, enduring nature.

For future studies of oceanic circulation it is necessary to develop the tritium measurement via 3He ingrowth into a routine procedure with a high capacity for efficient use. This paper attempts to demonstrate that this can be achieved using a commercial helium isotope mass spectrometer and special procedures for sample preparation, storage for 3He ingrowth, and 3He transfer from the ingrowth containers into the mass spectrometer. This method allows for measurement with a much higher precision and lower detection limit than is possible with counting techniques. Additionally, the parameters and blanks in routine operation of the system are discussed.

Along much of the shoreline of the world, tidal inlets play an important role in nearshore processes, providing links between the coastal oceans and protected embayments. Their study is of particular importance not only for the understanding of fundamental processes in coastal oceanography but also for engineering and the proper management of the delicate equilibrium of our shorelines. This volume, based on the International Symposium on Hydrodynamics and Sediment Dynamics of Tidal Inlets held at Woods Hole, MA, presents the reader with an overview of contemporary research on these important features. The coverage includes: - mathematical modelling, including a review of inlet hydrodynamics, - observations on hydrodynamics, - sedimentology and morphology, - tidal deltas, - processes and policies pertaining to sedimentation, and the - impacts of shore protection and dredging in beaches.

Lying along the eastern seaboard of South Africa, the province of Natal has many important associations with the ocean. There is a considerable wealth of information available, presented by specialists from academia and state-funded research organizations. Thus, this volume provides the reader with a broad and thorough overview of the oceanography of this important region of the Southern African coastline. This volume will be of interest to a wide audience of oceanographers, marine geologists, and geographers.

Written for anyone interested in coastal geomorphology, this is the complete guide to the processes at work on our coastlines and the resulting features seen in coastal systems across the world. Accessible to students from a range of disciplines, the quantitative approach of this book helps to build a solid understanding of wave and current processes that shape coastlines. From sandy beaches to coral reefs, the major coastal features are related to contemporary processes and to sea-level changes over the past 25,000 years. Key equations describing these processes and standard methods and instrumentation used to collect measurements are all presented in this wide-ranging overview. Designed to support a one- or two-semester course and grounded in current research, this second edition has been substantially updated and rewritten - featuring cutting-edge new topics, insights from new models and technologies, additional global examples and an enhanced package of online teaching materials.