This book is a collection of the lectures, held at the International Summer School ISSAOS-2000 in L'Aquila (Italy), given by invited lecturers coming from both Europe and the USA. The goal of the book is to provide a broad panorama of spaceborne remote sensing techniques, at both microwave and visible-infrared bands and by both active and passive sensors, for the retrieval of atmospheric and oceanic parameters. A significant emphasis is given to the physical modeling background, instrument potential and limitations, inversion methods and applications. Topics on international remote sensing programs and assimilation techniques into numerical weather forecast models are also touched.

The main purpose of the book is to offer to young scientists, Ph.D. or equivalent students, and to all who would like to have a broad-spectrum understanding of spaceborne remote sensing capabilities, introductory material to each remote sensing topic written by the most qualified experts in the field.

The aim of this International Symposium on Dynamics of Vibro-Impact Systems is to provide a forum for the discussion of recent developments in the theory and industrial applications of vibro-impact ocean systems. A special effort has been made to invite active researchers from engineering, science, and applied mathematics communities. This symposium has indeed updated engineers with recent analytical developments of vibro-impact dynamics and at the same time allowed engineers and industrial practitioners to alert mathematicians with their unresolved issues. The symposium was held in Troy, Michigan, during the period October 1-3, 2008. It included 28 presentations grouped as follows: The first group comprises of nine papers dealing with the interaction of ocean systems with slamming waves and floating ice. It also covers related topics such as sloshing-slamming dynamics, and non-smooth dynamics associated with offshore structures. Moreover, it includes control issues pertaining to marine surface vessels. The second group consists of fifteen papers treats the interaction of impact systems with friction and their control, Hertzian contact dynamics, parameter variation in vibro-impact oscillators, random excitation of vibro-impact systems, vibro-impact dampers, oscillators with a bouncing ball, limiting phase trajectory corresponding to energy exchange between the oscillator and external source, frequency-energy distribution in oscillators with impacts, and discontinuity mapping. The third group is covered in four papers and addresses some industrial applications such as hand-held percussion machines, rub-impact dynamics of rotating machinery, impact fatigue in joint structures.

Theareanorthwardof50 N. Source:AMAP(2003). EstablishmentinMay,1937,ofthe?rstdrifting'NorthPole-1'(NP-1)stationin the Arctic Ocean and organization of the ?rst 'Sever' airborne high-latidudinal expedition(AHE)continuedtheSecondIPYinthestudyoftheArctic.Theexpe- ence of these expeditions convincingly proved the possibility of organizing and conducting(directlyfromtheice)long-termcomplexmeteorological,oceanographic andiceobservations. WorldWarIIinterruptedforalongtimethelarge-scalestudiesintheArctic. The'Sever'AHEswereresumedin1948,andorganizationofdriftingstationsin 1950. Todate,whilsttheRussianresearch'NP-33'stationdriftsinthevicinityofthe NorthPole,itcanbestatedthatourknowledgeoftheArcticOceanforthelast70 yearshasachievedaleveldi?eringlittlefromthelevelofknowledgeoftheother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

This book presents in an integrated approach results from five years of interdisciplinary research in the project Zirkulation und SchadstojJumsatz in der Nordsee (ZlSCH) (Circulation and Contaminant Fluxes in the North Sea). From 1984 to 1989 over 30 scientists and technicians worked in the project, which was supported by the Bundesminister fUr Forschung und Technologie (German Minister for Research and Technology). Together with the UniversiHit Hamburg, which initiated ZISCH, the following institutions participated: Technische Universitat Hamburg-Harburg, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut (now Bundesamt fUr Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie), GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht, Alfred-Wegener Institut Bremerhaven, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Universitat Paderborn. More than other national and international projects, the ZISCH project aimed at a holistic view of the marine ecosystem. For this reason, the different disciplines working together were not limited to purely marine sciences (oceanography, marine biology and chemistry), but atmospheric sciences (meteorology, atmospheric chemistry) and food chemistry also participated. Previous to ZISCH, no North Sea wide investigation of comparable complexity had ever been carried out. The area under investigation is shown in Fig. 1. 1. The ZISCH research project was established in view of the obvious threat to the North Sea environment generated by human activities. The primary causes are considered to be industrial, agricultural and municipal discharges which reach the sea over different pathways. Table 1. 1 summarizes the sources and amounts of various contaminants entering the North Sea."

The ocean plays a central role in determining the climate of the earth. The oceanic circulation largely controls the temporal evolution of cli mate changes resulting from human activities such as the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and also affects the magnitude and regional distribution of those changes. On interannual and longer time scales the ocean is, through its interaction with the atmosphere, a source of important natural climate variations which we are only now beginning to recognise but whose cause has yet to be properly determined. Chem ical and biological processes in the ocean are linked to climate change, particularly through interaction with the global carbon cycle. A quantitative understanding of the oceanic role in the climate system requires models which include many complex processes and interactions, and which are systematically verified with observations. This is the ob jective of global research programs such as TOGA, WOCE, and JGOFS. Coupled numerical models of the oceanic and atmospheric circulation constitute the basis of every climate simulation. Increasingly it is recog nized that in addition a biological/chemical component is necessary to capture the pathways of carbon and other trace gases. The development of such coupled models is a challenging task which needs scientists who must be cognizant of several other disciplines beyond their own specialty."

Key biogeochemical events in the ocean take place in less than a second, are studied in experiments lasting a few hours, and determine cycles that last over seasons or even years. Models of the controlling processes thus have to take into account these time scales. This book aims at achieving consensus among these controlling processes at all relevant time scales. It helps understand the global carbon cycle including the production and breakdown of solved organic matter and the production, sinking and breakdown of particles. The emphasis on considering all time scales in submodel formulation is new and of interest to all those working in global ocean models and related fields.

A comprehensive progress report on the multi-disciplinary field of ocean and climate change research is given. It compiles introductory background papers and leading scientific results on the ocean-atmosphere carbon cycle with emphasis on the ocean's carbon inventory and the various components involved. The relationship between plankton productivity, carbon fixation, oceanic PCO2 and climate change is investigated from the viewpoint of long-term climatic change during the late Quaternary cycles of ice ages and warm ages. The various approaches range from micropaleontology over organic and trace element geochemistry to molecular isotope geochemistry.

In Physical Processes in Estuaries the present day knowledge of the physics of transport phenomena in estuaries and their mathematical treatment is summarized: It is divided into following parts: - Water movements in estuaries - Estuarine fronts and river plumes - Internal waves and interface stability - Fine sediment transport, aggregation of particles, settling velocity of mud flocs - Sedimentation and erosion of fine sediments. For each topic an up-to-date review and recommendations for future research are given, followed by results of original studies. Since estuarine environments are the first to be threatened by urbanization and industrial exploitation this book is an important tool for students and researchers of environmental problems as well as for consultants and water authorities.

The ocean floor spreading theory was proposed during 1961 and 62 by Robert Dietz and Harry Hess. This concept was a revolutionary one, and renewed the scientists thoughts on the dynamics of the ocean bottom. Then, for example, the coincidence of the Wadati-Benioff Zone with the subduction zone proposed by new concept was well understood. Further development of the ocean floor spreading theory was the proposal of new concept "plate tectonics" proposed by Xavier LePichon and by a few others during 1967 and 68. This new idea could solve the various conflicts involved in the "ocean floor spreading theory." Therefore, today, scientists understand that the plate tectonics theory was born by the ocean floor spreading theory, which is able to cover the weak points of the latter. D/V Glomar Challenger started her Leg Ion 20 July, 1968 from Orange, Texas to implement the Deep Sea Drilling Project. The timing almost coincided with the proposal period of the plate tectonics. After carrying out a few legs of the drilling operations, the results obtained by D I V Glomar Challenger well proved the rightness of the newly proposed theories of the ocean floor spreading and the plate tectonics. For us, the successful processes started by the ocean floor spreading theory, improved by the concept of plate tectonics and proved by the DSDP results have been a golden monument in the field of earth sciences probably for several centuries.

In the summer of 1988, under NATO sponsorship, approximately 80 scientists lived and worked together in Plymouth for two weeks to evaluate the ecological role of protozoa in the sea. Through the convivial surroundings, close working conditions and special facilities that had been brought together for NATO ASI 604/87 a 'melting pot' of ideas was formed, which stimulated the multidisciplinary creativity which is expressed in this book and in a second series of papers which will be published in Marine Microbial Food Webs under the title - "Protozoa and their Role in Marine Microbial Food Webs." Discussions of the role of protozoa in the microbial food web, in the cycling of carbon and nitrogen and the extent to which this web acts as a link or sink to metazoa in the water column were major themes of the ASI. Structured sessions covering oral and poster presentations, field work, model 1 ing, laboratory practicals and demonstrations of techniques such as image analysis and flow cytometry, formed the core of the meeting. Participants took part enthusiastically in the practical sessions developing new concepts and obtaining new insights into their work. The practicals included a 'protozoo' and some beautiful films and videos. Field excursions were made to a range of sites including a unique marine sewage farm at Looe in Cornwall, (Jones this volume). Interactive workshops allowed scientists with no modelling experience to input their results to three simulation models and a flow analysis package.

The zone where land and sea meet is composed of a variety of complex environments. The coastal areas of the world contain a large percentage of its population and are therefore of extreme economic importance. Industrial, residential, and recreational developments, as well as large urban complexes, occupy much of the coastal margin of most highly developed countries. Undoubtedly future expansion in many undeveloped maritime countries will also be concentrated on coastal areas. Accompanying our occupation of coasts in this age of technology is a dependence on coastal environments for transportation, food, water, defense, and recreation. In order to utilize the coastal zone to its capacity, and yet not plunder its resources, we must have extensive knowledge of the complex environments contained along the coasts. The many environments within the coastal zone include bays, estuaries, deltas, marshes, dunes, and beaches. A tremendously broad range of conditions is represented by these environments. Salinity may range from essentially fresh water in estuaries, such as along the east coast of the United States, to extreme hypersaline lagoons, such as Laguna Madre in Texas. Coastal environments may be in excess of a hundred meters deep (fjords) or may extend several meters above sea level in the form of dunes. Some coastal environments are well protected and are not subjected to high physical energy except for occasional storms, whereas beaches and tidal inlets are continuously modified by waves and currents.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Bremen, Germany, October 10-14, 1988

A distinction between contamination and pollution is useful when we wish to consider what strategies to adopt in researching the impact of anthropogenic activities on the marine environment. Contamination strictly refers to the chemical burden imposed on the system and is evaluated in terms of the concentrations of chemical compounds in various abiotic (e. g water, suspended particulate matter, sediments) and biotic (plant and animal, pelagic and benthic) components. The concept of pollution, on the other hand, infers an assessment of biological response to the measured levels of contamination. This response may be measured at various levels of biological organisation, from molecular events within the cell to changes in such ecosystem properties as nutrient flux and biological productivity. Such measures of biological response need not infer any value judgements regarding putative damage or disturbance to the natural systems, although the biologist will usually have in mind a reference point of normality with which to compare the measured response; departure from this "normality" may then provide a quantitiative index of disturbance. The challenge to scientists engaged in research into marine contamination and pollution is to weld the chemical and biological elements together (always with reference also to the physical features of the environment) so as to provide a coherent framework for the quantitative evaluation of environmental response.

WOLFGANG E. KRUMBEIN In this section we deal with special aspects of the Gavish Sabkha, and in two contributions with the very similar environments of the Ras Muhammad Pool (Chap. 10) and the Solar Lake (Chap. 15). Comparisons are made, however, in the individual contributions to other evaporative systems. Much ofthe work was stimulated by our late friend Eli Gavish during his pro- ductive years of sedimentological studies along the shores of the Gulf of Elat. An- other stimulus was initiated by the agreement that the Solar Lake and the Gavish Sabkha were selected as model cases for a Project of the International Geological Correlation Program. Its subject is Early Organic Evolution and Mineral and En- ergy Resources. It is presently chaired by one of the chapter authors (M. Schid- lowski). A subproject, chaired by S. Golubic and W. E. Krumbein is entitled Fossil stromatolitic microbial ecosystems and their modern analog. Another sub- project chaired by G. Eglinton deals with the possibilities of finding marker mol- ecules in ancient oil-producing sedimentary environments by comparison with nonpolluted modern systems. Also, this group had chosen the Solar Lake and the Gavish Sabkha as case study systems. Organic geochemistry, metal deposit for- mation in the biosedimentary environment and the comparison of recent and an- cient productivity and sulfate reduction systems thus were the main purposes of the specialized studies undertaken in the Gavish Sabkha and the Solar Lake.

This book is focused on fundamental aspects of climate variability in the ocean, in particular changes of the wind-driven circulation. The vertical movement of isopycnal (isothermal) layers, including their stretching and compression, is called heaving and stretching. A major part of climate variability in the ocean is heaving in nature. Heave is primarily associated with the adiabatic motions of isopycnal layers due to change of wind stress. It is rather difficult to separate the contributions from adiabatic and diabatic processes. Isopycnal analysis has been widely used in climate study; however, it is much more accurate to study the isopycnal layers. Here climate signals are examined in terms of changes of layer depth, layer thickness, layer temperature/salinity, spicity and others. In addition to the traditional Theta-S diagram, the sigma-pi (potential density - potential spicity) diagram can also be used in analyzing water mass property distribution and climate variability. In fact, a radius of signal can be defined rigorously for signals in the sigma-pi diagram; the combination of isopycnal analysis and evaluation of radius of signal provides a powerful tool in analyzing climate variability in the world oceans.

Palaeoclimatology is presently experiencing a period of rapid growth of techniques and concepts. Studies of earth's past climates ryrovide excellent opportunities to examine the interactions between the atmosrhere, oceans, cryosphere and the land surfaces. Thus, there is a growing recognition of the need of close collaboration between palaeoclimatologists and the climate mode 11 ers. The workshop "Palaeoclimatic Research and Models (PRaM)" was organized by the Directorate General for Science, Research and Development within the framework of the Climatology Research Programme of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC). The aim of the workshop was to give to the members of the Contact Group "Climate Models" and "Reconstitution of Past Climates" of the CEC Climatology Research Program~e and to some invited scientists the opportunity to discuss problems of mutual interest. About 35 experts fr.om 10 countries took nart in the workshop. In general, palaeoclimatologists were asked to identify and discuss the data corresponding to the three topics as defined by the programme committee: 1) Abrupt Climate Changes 2) Initiation of Glaciation 3) Glaciated polar regions and their impact on global climate. Climate modellers were asked to give their views as to how these specific problems could be modelled, what use could be ~ade of the available palaeoclimatic data and which complementary data are needed for modelling.

This volume is based on the proceedings of the COSPAR/SCOR/ IUCRM Symposium "Oceanography From Space" held in May 1980 in Venice, Italy. COSPAR (The Committee for Space Research) suggested holding a joint symposium with SCOR (The Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research) as a major review of space oceanography. Since this meeting fitted well with a series of colloquia organized by the IUCRM (The Inter-Union Commission on Radio Meteorology), these three bodies joined in sponsoring the meeting. The conference was hald 16 years after the first discussions of possible spaceborne observations of the ocean at a meeting organized in 1964 in Woods Hole. Gifford'Ewing was then keen to see oceanography benefit from the new satellite technology being developed, and he begins this volume by noting that most of the suggestions put forward in 1964 have now, at last, been successfully demonstrated in practice. The papers that follow show the variety of measurement techniques available or possible, and many of the types of studies in which they can be used. Papers are arranged in a general section, and in 6 specialized sections each of which starts with a brief introduction summarizing important results.

Changes in sea level caused by global warming can be disastrous to modern civilization. Therefore, it is important to use accurate and reliable methods to monitor any change. During this century, and, in particular, the last three decades, tide-gauge records have been used to show these changes related to the world's oceans. Aubrey and Emery suggest, however, that tidal gauges should not be used unquestioningly as a benchmark for measuring eustatic sea-level changes. Tectonism, subsidence, ocean current variability, and human activity can, and do, affect the accuracy of these records. Understanding the reasons for changes in land and sea levels is essential for the proper development of coastal regions. The results of this study provide guiding data for scientific, engineering, and policy solutions to coastal flooding. Determining the true causes of relative subsidence, and how to use geological and oceanological controls, will allow us to exist within our natural environment, rather than force nature to conform to our legal and temporary 'remedies.'

The proceedings of the joint BMB 15 and ECSA 27 Symposium provides the reader with some of the advances in the study of biology, ecology, and physical and biochemical modelling of enclosed or semi-enclosed marine, brackish and estuarine systems (the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the White Sea, the Black Sea, and the Ionian Sea). The book covers a wide range of topics in this field, including hydrography and modelling, eutrophication, environmental gradients, pelagic and benthic communities, introduced species and case studies of environmental impact. This volume of 28 papers summarizes current knowledge on the broad-scale topics of enclosed and semi-enclosed marine systems, and should be of interest to scientists, students and administrators within the field of marine ecology, environmental impact control and conservation.

From a general point of view the importance of striving to minimize envir- mental disturbances on the continental shelf cannot be overemphasized. Coastal areas are sites of population centers, navigation and recreation activities, and - source development, all of which contribute to environmental stress on the shelf. Proper management of the shelf for optimum use requires a thorough understanding of shelf processes. Complex problems, such as the influence of hydrodynamics on sediment dispersal, element differentiation and migration, physiochemical changes at the sediment water interface, the relationship - tween the pollutants and sediments, and the type of substrate with regard to benthic community and/or man-made structures require a multidisciplinary approach to their solution. The present study interrelates meteorologic, hyd- graphic, sedimentologic, and geochemical parameters to derme specific envir- ments on the Alaskan Shelf. These observations are then related to geologic principles in an effort to elucidate the sedimentary processes and elemental migration on the shelf. Attempts have also been made to relate the sediment texture to the geochem- try of the sediments. Obviously the chemistry is complicated as a result of b- genic contributions and variable provenance; however, to some extent elemental differentiation accompanies textural differentiation in sediments. The distribution of elements in various phases of crustal (source) rocks is gen- ally interpreted on the basis of crystallographic concepts, especially the concept of isomorphism.

This volume, "Oceanography: The Past," is the Proceedings of the Third Inter national Congress on the History of Oceanography, organized under the auspices of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, September 22-26, 1980. The Congress is a part of the year-long celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It will be followed by an Assembly, September 29 -October 2, in which invited speakers will address the question, ''Will we use the oceans wisely-the next SO years in oceanogra phy?" The papers from the Assembly will also be published by Springer-Verlag as "Oceanography: The Present and Future," a companion volume to this book. The First International Congress on the History of Oceanography was held at the Musee Ocean graphique in Monaco, December 12-17, 1966. It coincided with the centennial of the beginning of the distinguished career of Prince Albert I as a student and patron of oceanography, for it was in 1866 that he first went to sea-on the armored frigate Tetuan of the Royal Spanish Navy. The results of this Congress were published as 57 papers in the Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanogra phique (special no. 2, vols. 1-3, pp. XLII + 807, 1968)."

One of the greatest scientific and technological achievements of the 21st century will be to cast a light on the eternal darkness of the deep ocean and this book identifies the key determinants of life or death in its extreme environment. Dr. Erik Seedhouse examines how individuals survive free dives to 200m, how humans adapt to breathing exotic gas mixes at depths exceeding 700m, and how technological innovation will enable humans to enter unendurable realms. The book describes the problems unique to the hostile environment of the deep ocean, such as decompression sickness, discusses how the human body responds to increased pressure, and what happens when adaptive mechanisms fail. Ocean Outpost describes how the technology will evolve, how crews will be selected and trained and what a typical underwater mission will entail. The book also chronicles the frontiers of diving medicine that will eventually take humans into the midst of a world we could once only guess at.

Up to about 30 years' ago diving activity was centred primarily on the naval services, who provided a lead in the development of equipment, techniques and procedures. Apart from one or two spectacular salvage undertakings, the main commercial activity up until that time was fairly low-key work in docks and harbours. The concept of saturation diving emerged from subsea habitats of which Captain Cousteau was one of the pioneers. This led the way to commercial development in support of exploration and the production of offshore oil and gas, and I believe that my friend Henri Delauze was one of the first to mount the subsea habitat on deck and provide a sealed bell to convey divers from the habitat to the seabed without change of pressure. A remarkable feature of offshore oil and gas technology in the North Sea has been the willingness of all concerned to exchange information regarding R&D. This has had a major effect on the advance in technology over the last few years. As far as diving is concerned, it is to some extent 'Hobson's Choice'. Legal patents are difficult to achieve in this field, and the casual nature of diver employment to date has meant that ideas and techniques circulate almost as freely as the divers themselves. In addition, the advertis ing of the new technologies which one has to offer almost auto matically means disclosure of what otherwise might be secret."

The support of subsea oil and gas production operations involves the use of many underwater work systems. Divers can be used for support tasks in water depths to 300 m, but at more extreme depths operations become restrictively expensive and the efficiency of task performance is reduced. Remote controlled unmanned vehicles can replace the diver to a limited extent, performing inspection and maintenance tasks and supporting drilling opera tions. Operations in deepwaters performed by remote controlled vehicles and one man submersible vehicles, such as JIM and WASP, are more cost effective than the use of divers. The areas of operation of the more complex multi-manned submersibles and bells are today generally restricted to their use for diver lock-out operations, manned intervention to subsea enclosures and the deployment of other underwater work systems. Oil and gas exploration activity is being undertaken in progres sively deeper waters. In the North Sea, Shell have discovered a large gas accumulation off the Norwegian coast in 323 m water depth and B. P. have made oil finds West of the Shetlands in 500 m and West of Eire in 450 m. Exploration drilling is today being carried out in many areas of the world in water depths greater than 1000 m, i. e. Western Mediterranean, Offshore Argentina, Offshore Western Australia and in the Niger Basin, West Africa. The existing discoveries of Shell and B. P."

The promontory of Gargano in the southern Adriatic Sea represents one of the most interesting Italian coastal zones subjected to tsunami hazard. Figure la gives the geographical map of Italy; with a box embracing the region of Gargano; details of that region are in turn sketched in Figure lb. Because of the incompleteness of the earthquake and tsunami catalogues, no reports on tsunamis in this area are available prior to 1600 AD. The Gargano events have been recently revised in order to establish their reliability and to attain the phenomenological reconstruction of the tsunamis (Guidoboni and Tinti, 1987 and 1988; Tinti et. al. , 1995). This work fits the general purpose of assessing tsunami hazard along the Italian coasts and represents a continuation of a previous study, where the first quantitative description of the 1627 tsunami from a numerical modeling viewpoint was performed (Tinti and Piatanesi, 1996). The earthquake took place on 30 July 1627 about mid-day and was followed by four large aftershocks. It claimed more than 5,000 victims and destroyed completely numerous villages in the northern Gargano area, with the most severe damage located between S. Severo and Lesina. The earthquake excited a tsunami with the most impressive effects in proximity of the Lesina Lake where the most reliable contemporary chronicles report about an initial sea water withdrawal of about 2 miles and a subsequent penetration inland.