Extensively revised and fully updated, Aphids on the World’s Crops is the only publication to provide non-specialist workers wherever they are in the world with the means both to identify to species level, and to access the literature on, one of the main groups of agriculturally important insects. This new edition incorporates:

• The latest information on the biology and distribution of both major and minor aphid pest species covering 445 species in 130 genera.
• 40 additional crops, bringing the total to almost 300.
• More aphid species in the keys.
• Approximately 500 new references.

An introductory section, featuring those aspects of the biology of aphids most relevant to their taxonomy and identification, is followed by a crop-oriented illustrated identification guide. The third section comprises a comprehensive, systematic account of the genera and species of aphids inhabiting crop plants, including for each species its appearance in life, host plants, virus-transmitting ability, present geographical distribution and salient features of biology, with selected references. The book also includes a summary of the techniques available for studying aphids, a list of further information sources and a photographic guide to the 150 most economically important species. Written by leading authorities in this field, Aphids on the World’s Crops is an essential reference tool for economic, applied and agricultural entomologists at universities, research institutes and advisory centres throughout the world.

The first review series in virology and published since 1953, Advances in Virus Research covers a diverse range of in-depth reviews, providing a valuable overview of the field. The series of eclectic volumes are valuable resources to virologists, microbiologists, immunologists, molecular biologists, pathologists, and plant researchers. Volume 90 features articles on control of plant virus diseases.

This book addresses these topical issues and is based on a Discussion Meeting held at the Royal Society, London, in April 1998. Contributors include scientists from leading research groups in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. The papers have also been published as an issue of the journal Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, published by the Royal Society. Topics covered include molecular genetics, mechanisms, ecological genetics and management. There is also discussion of the genetically delivered toxicant derived from the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. The book is essential reading for agricultural, medical and veterinary entomologists concerned with pest management.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture has had a fundamental impact on agricultural policy worldwide. The new WTO agreements will cover agriculture,sanitary and phytosanitary measures, technical barriers to trade and trade in intellectual property rights. This book addresses the interface between the law of international agricultural trade, the emerging legal and economic order for agricultural trade under the auspices of the WTO, and its impact on agricultural policy reform both in the European Union and the USA. With contributions from leading authorities in the appropriate areas.

Advances in analytical chemistry methodology now allow us to detect the most minute trace amounts of pesticides. As this capacity grows, so does public concern about toxic contamination, resulting in stricter government regulations and a growing demand for even more sensitive, precise, and reliable analysis.

Addressing the interplay between regulations and the development of analytical technology, this volume presents the first unified treatment of the regulatory and analytical aspects of pesticide residues. Current regulations, existing and emerging methodologies, state-of-the-art instrumentation, and the basic science of analyzing for pesticides in food and other environmental media are all covered.

The book provides step-by-step guidelines to analytical techniques, along with real-world examples from the latest research—showing the reader how to analyze minute traces of pesticides quickly and accurately, using both highly sophisticated and basic, less sensitive techniques. Many safety issues are explored in depth, as are the regulatory aspects of pesticide registration, residue analysis, exposure monitoring, risk assessment, and tolerance enforcement.

Timely, authoritative, and practical throughout, Pesticide Residues in Foods is an invaluable reference for analytical chemists and laboratory managers everywhere—in industry, agriculture, environmental sciences, research, and instrument manufacturing—and for anyone with an interest in the broader environmental, agricultural, and consumer-related implications of pesticide use.

An invaluable resource for analytical chemists and laboratory managers, Pesticide Residues in Foods provides a complete overview of the theory, practice, and regulatory aspects of pesticide residue analysis today, including:

• All regulatory issues, from risk assessment and tolerance to data-quality requirements to laboratory accreditation standards
• State-of-the-art methodologies and instrumentation, including high- performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
• The application of analytical technology to "green chemistry," such as the reduction of solvents and toxic reagents in the laboratory
• Novel solutions to the old problem of keeping the food supply safe from harmful levels of pesticides
• Ample examples to help analytical chemists select the most appropriate method for a given residue analysis
• Easy-to-use tables and figures throughout the text

Featuring completely updated chapters, additional authors, and an increased emphasis on alternatives to traditional pesticides, the second edition of Ecological Entomology is the field's leading reference on the role of insects in ecosystems. The authors cover insect growth and development, what they eat, how they reproduce, and how they move in various environments. The book also examines how insects interact with the plant community and how to control insect populations naturally.

This book is an essential companion volume to "Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd Edition" and "Illustrations of Quarantine Pests for Europe." The three titles are the result of collaboration between CABI and EPPO in the compilation of data on the pests of phytosanitary significance for the European and Mediterranean region. This present publication provides updated geographic distributions of over 350 pests for which data sheets and illustrations are already available. A map is provided for each pest showing the current world distribution graphically. This is supported by a list of the countries and provinces in which the pest has been recorded with a coded indication of its current status. Coverage extends to insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasitic plants. The pests concerned are either entirely absent from the European and Mediterranean region (A1 list) or have a restricted distribution (A2 list). Text within the book is provided in both English and French.

Written by leading experts from industry and academia, this is the first book devoted to the topic of chirality in agrochemicals, discussing the synthesis, activity and toxicology of chiral agrochemicals.
The importance of using optically pure compounds has long been recognized by the pharmaceutical industry. The discovery that opposite enantiomers can have similarly diverse effects on plants and insects has had no less a revolutionary impact on the agrochemical industry. In this review volume, interesting and topical examples of chiral agrochemicals are brought together.
It covers:
* Pyrethroid Insecticides
* Organophosphorus Insecticides and Fungicides
* Aryloxyophenoxypropanoate Herbicides
* Acylanilides
* Triazoles
* Insect Hormones and Pheromones
The book will provide invaluable information for all those in the field.

Biological control has made a major contribution to integrated pest management (IPM) in Africa, but its documentation has been scattered and often under-reported. This book provides a review of the most important studies, including not only successes, but also on-going challenges. The focus is on arthropod pests and weeds, but diseases are also covered where significant. In 24 chapters, case studies and promising research results are presented that cover biocontrol by naturally occurring agents, by exotic agents or by seasonal manipulation. This book provides a valuable resource for scientists worldwide. It is particularly useful for pest control professionals working in Africa.

Thrips have recently surged to prominence as insect pests of field, plantation and glasshouse crops in many countries, associated with increased international trade in fresh vegetables, fruit, flowers and plant propagation material. They can cause direct feeding damage to the aerial parts of plants, resulting in yield loss and spoilage, and some are vectors of destructive plant viruses. Their minute size and secretive habits make them particularly difficult to detect and control. This book, containing contributions from several world authorities from Europe, the USA and Asia, is the most comprehensive treatise on thrips as crop pests ever to be published. It brings together a vast amount of modern work set against a wealth of background knowledge, covering basic biology, ecology, applied science and pest control. The result is a book indispensable for agricultural advisers and growers concerned with thrips pests, and a unique reference source and stimulus for research entomologists studying these intriguing insects.

Plant pathogenic fungi cause devastating damage to crop production worldwide. The growing global population necessitates reduced crop losses to improve food security, and the control of fungal plant pathogens is vital to help maintain food production. Providing a concise and balanced review of fungicides used in crop protection, this book describes the science of fungicide use, selection and resistance within the context of farming situations. Major updates and additions reflecting the emergence of two new classes of fungicides (strobilurins and SDHI) and the increased incidence of fungicide resistance are included in this new edition, which also discusses legislative requirements to reduce fungicide applications, and current trends in fungicide use.

Methyl Bromide is a naturally occurring compound but also a man-made product, widely used as a fumigant in agriculture, horticulture and the preservation of structural materials. It is also believed to play a significant role in the depletion of the ozone layer. Since 1991, a fierce debate has raged on the relative merits of scientific, political, environmental and economic arguments for and against the use of this chemical. This book does not set out to convince the reader of a predetermined view point. Its purpose is to set out as much of the scientific debate as is possible to date and let the reader weigh up the available evidence. In this volume are covered the major relevant fields of science including agriculture, atmospheric chemistry, oceanography, environmental sciences, chemistry, biology and toxicology, as well as two chapters on potential alternatives to methyl bromide. The authors who have contributed to this book are international experts who have played pivotal roles in the international debate on methyl bromide.

Nematodes are major pests of a number of temperate crops and can cause significant economic losses to farmers. This book provides a comprehensive account of such parasites, with chapters focusing on nematode pests of the main crops of importance in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Written by leading authorities from the USA, UK, Canada, France, Netherlands, Australia, Bolivia and New Zealand, this book is a definitive reference work for plant pathologists in general, and nematologists in particular.

What are the ecological attributes of weeds that confer the ability to interfere with human activities? Roger Cousens and Martin Mortimer place weed management within an ecological context, with the focus on the manipulation of population size. The dynamics of abundance and spatial distribution are considered at both geographic and local scales. The basic processes of dispersal, reproduction and mortality are described, together with the factors that influence them. Management is shown to modify patterns of behaviour that are intrinsic to populations. Attention is given to the evolution and management of resistance to herbicides. This book provides weed science with the conceptual basis that has previously been lacking. It also gives ecologists access to the extensive database on the population ecology of weeds.

Long-Long Misis Bilong Plaua (A. Millar).

HISTORY.

History of Orchids in Europe, from Antiquity to the 17th Century (P. Jacquet).

ECOLOGY.

Interactions Between Orchids and Ants (R. Peakall).

DEVELOPMENT.

Resupination (R. Ernst & J. Arditti).

PHYSIOLOGY.

Physiology of Orchid Flowers (P. Avadhani, et al.).

ECONOMICS-HORTICULTURE.

Orchid Cut-Flower Production in ASEAN Countries (C. Hew).

POLLINATION.

Fly Pollination in the Orchidaceae (D. Christensen).

Appendix.

Indexes.

This volume provides background theory and practical protocols for bioassays of bacteria, viruses, fungi, microsporidia and nematodes that can be used as biological control agents against insect pests of agricultural and medical importance. In addition, experimental design and statistics, computational modeling for bioassay analysis, and relevant legislation are described. With contributions from internationally recognized scientists from their respective fields, this book will be of particular value to researchers both experienced and inexperienced in this area.

This book covers the statistical concepts of sampling in agricultural pest management. These can be summarized as how to obtain sample data from the field and how to use the data in decision-making. Options may include introducing natural enemies, spraying with pesticide, or adopting a wait-and-see approach. Some prior knowledge of pests and how they interact with crops is required of the reader, but only minimal mathematical background is assumed. Worked examples using the mathematical software program Mathcad are also included.

Domestic livestock in Africa are of importance not only as a source of milk and meat but also as a source of animal traction enabling farmers to cultivate larger areas, with crops providing the staple foods. Trypanosomosis, a parasitic disease transmitted cyclically by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.), is arguably still the main constraint to livestock production on the continent, preventing full use of the land to feed the rapidly increasing human population. Sleeping sickness, the disease caused in humans by species of Trypanosoma, is an important and neglected disease posing a threat to millions of people in tsetse-infested areas. Often wrongly thought of as a disease of the past, the prevalence of human sleeping sickness is increasing in many areas.Although alternative methods to control the disease are being investigated, such as immunological approaches, use of chemotherapy or exploitation of the trypanotolerance trait, it is only control or eradication of the tsetse fly vector which will remove the threat of the disease rather than providing a better means of "living" with it. As a result of the economic impact of tsetse-transmitted Trypanosomosis, a large amount of research literature has been produced. This book provides a comprehensive review of this literature. The text is divided into four parts: tsetse biology and ecology, epidemiology, vector control and control of trypanosomosis. The book is invaluable for medical and veterinary entomologists, parasitologists and epidemiologists.

The two closely related species of Potato Cyst-Nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis (Woll) and Globodera pallida Stone have a worldwide distribution. Both are internationally recognized plant quarantine organisms of actual or potential major economic importance wherever potatoes are grown or traded. They occur in large soil masses and also adhere to potato tubers as microscopic cysts, which represent a complex of morphologically identical, but behaviourally different virulence groups, or pathotypes. This presents major problems for their detection, identification and management. This book is a synthesis of current practical knowledge and underpinning scientific research on PCN globally. It is arranged in five sections, comprising nineteen chapters by leading practitioners and research nematologists, in which the biology, detection, identification and control options (including plant resistance) for PCN are examined. In addition, its worldwide status is considered, including South America, where PCN co-evolved with its potato host. Essential information is provided for professionals and advanced students of plant nematology and crop protection.

The various approaches to pest control are reviewed with emphasis on their history, advantages, disadvantages and future potential. The book discusses how far chemical control has created problems and how far these may be solved by further chemical control or by alternative methods. The reasons why insects are pest problems are discussed so that the ecological merits and demerits of the various control methods can be assessed. Stress is laid on both the biotic and economic environments in which pest control has to operate. - Presents a balanced case concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the chemical control of pests in historical context. - A wide variety of examples are cited and an up-to-date guide to original sources is presented. - Thoroughly revised and updated edition of a highly successful concise textbook.

Entomology as a branch of biological science has undergone rapid expansion and development in recent decades. There have been major advances in the technologies associated with pest management and the ecological studies that underpin much of this work. Greater emphasis is now placed on topics such as modelling and biochemical techniques, with new approaches to the study of insect behavior and insecticide efficacy making inroads into traditional approaches. This book aims to integrate the new approaches and technologies with traditional and well-proven methods. It provides a critical analysis and evaluation of methods available, through reference to general principles, but emphasis is also placed on providing detailed descriptions of methods and their application. Written by leading authorities from the UK, USA and Australia, the book is aimed at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in entomology and pest management.

This book is a product of the international VIDE (Virus Identification Data Exchange) project, which uses the DELTA (Description Language for Taxonomy) database system to collect diagnostic information on all plant viruses. Information on over 500 characters has been sought for each virus and stored in the VIDE database. Over two-thirds of these characters record the susceptibility, or otherwise, of a range of commonly used test plant species; the remainder represent the great range of other characters used for virus identification. Information on the known natural host range of each virus is also presented. The book covers more than 900 viruses, which represents the entire database of plant viruses from around the world. It includes all viruses of plants, not only those whose virions have been described, but also those such as umbraviruses that have no virion protein genes of their own, and use the virion proteins of their symbiotic helper viruses. Viroids and the many transmissible agents that cause virus-like diseases, but whose infectious particles have not yet been characterized, are excluded. However, the database accession numbers of the genomic sequences of satellite RNAs are included. The book also contains summaries of data for all the viruses that are definitive or tentative members of the 50 or so accepted genera or "groups". Overall, the book is a standard reference work that will prove indispensable for virologists ad plant pathologists.

Fruit flies are a major issue facing horticultural producers, and as global warming and species migration become more prevalent issues there is an urgent need for easy identification of these pests. A companion volume to the recently published "Tropical Fruit Flies of South-East Asia (Tephritidae: Dacinae)", this book provides fully-illustrated keys for the identification of all currently-known Dacinae fruit flies. Focusing on south-east Asian fauna, it covers areas including India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, Palau, Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. This major new reference work is produced by experts with over 80 years' combined research experience, and through simple identification information can help prevent these major pest species being introduced to new geographical areas. Of particular value to agriculture and quarantine officers responsible for the detection of new incursions, where early detection is both economical and essential to guarantee eradication, this book is also a valuable resource for researchers and students of agriculture and entomology.

This book documents and illustrates major developments in the use of nematodes for the biological control of insects and slugs. It covers the use of three main types of nematodes: entomopathogenic nematodes, entomophilic nematodes and slug-parasitic nematodes. The biology, commercial production, formulation and quality control, application technology, strategy and safety of each of these three nematode groups is discussed. The book also examines the application of nematodes in different cropping systems, and the efficacy of nematodes against specific pests. The potential of predatory nematodes to control plant-parasitic nematodes and mycophagous nematodes to control fungal pathogens is also reviewed.

"Plant Defense" provides an overview of all major aspects of plant defence, including defence against pathogens, parasites, and invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores. The book looks at defense mechanisms including structural and chemical defences, and constitutive and inducible defences. Including details of how plants 'sense' attack and how this is communicated within the plant and also to neighbouring plants, how plants coordinate defence responses to simultaneous multiple attacks, and the energy and resources expended by a plant in maintaining and implementing its defence systems.