This book is aimed at people who are involved in, or are about to become involved in, a project or programme. If you feel your project and programme management competences can be improved, 59 Checklists for Project and Programme Managers will undoubtedly offer you useful suggestions. The practical approach taken by Rudy Kor and Gert Wijnen makes this an easy book to dip into when you want to know what to do in a particular situation. The book covers a range of topics, including: choosing the right approach, organising for projects and programmes, team management, starting and executing projects, and programme management. For each topic, the book provides a series of checklists to lead you through the most important aspects of each subject. With such hands-on advice from acknowledged experts so easily available, this is a book which no project or programme manager should be without. The checklist approach provides readers with tools and techniques for this particular way of working and will enable new or experienced team members to plan, initiate, run and deliver whatever the output their organisations' programme or projects require.

Super series are a set of workbooks to accompany the flexible learning programme specifically designed and developed by the Institute of Leadership & Management (ILM) to support their Level 3 Certificate in First Line Management. The learning content is also closely aligned to the Level 3 S/NVQ in Management. The series consists of 35 workbooks. Each book will map on to a course unit (35 books/units).
*Content is well regarded
*Popular with those training with the ILM but can also be used for independent study
*Content of each workbook now maps to single course unit, resulting in a more user-friendly format.

So, you've been asked to manage a project. Not sure where to start?

Start here.

This is your ultimate one-stop, easy-going and very friendly guide to delivering any project of any size.

Even if you're a first time, never-done-it-before, newbie project manager, "How to Manage a Great Project" will get you from start to finish on budget, on target and on time.

In just eight simple steps, you'll learn to: Get things started understand the what, why, where and who of your project Plan for success co-ordinate what needs doing and who needs to do it Make it happen: get everything done - in order and on time Keep on track monitor your progress to stay in total control Wind things up: review, report and enjoy the well-earned results

"How to Manage a Great Project "is your roadmap to project perfection - first time, every time.

Performance Contracting is a must-read for those concerned about energy and the environment. It examines state-of-the-art facts and pragmatic realities from financing to measurement and verification, and includes up-to-date "how-to's" for both end users and energy service companies. Readers will find expert advice on RFPs and RFQs, tips on making an energy project investment worthy, and guidelines for effectively negotiating and developing energy services agreements. They will also learn the key strategies for managing risks, both from a user's and a service provider's point of view, as well as ways to expand business and serve customers more effectively.

IT projects emerge from a business need. In practice, software developers must accomplish two big things before an IT project can begin: find out what you need to do (i.e., analyse business requirements) and plan out how to do it (i.e., project management). The biggest problem in IT projects is delivering the wrong product because IT people do not understand what business people require. This practical textbook teaches computer science students how to manage and deliver IT projects by linking business and IT requirements with project management in an incremental and straightforward approach. Business Analysis, Requirements, and Project Management: A Guide for Computing Students presents an approach to analysis management that scales the business perspective. It takes a business process view of a business proposal as a model and explains how to structure a technical problem into a recognisable pattern with problem frames. It shows how to identify core transactions and model them as use cases to create a requirements table useful to designers and coders. Linked to the analysis are three management tools: the product breakdown structure (PBS), the Gantt chart, and the Kanban board. The PBS is derived in part from the problem frame. The Gantt chart emerges from the PBS and ensures the key requirements are addressed by reference to use cases. The Kanban board is especially useful in Task Driven Development, which the text covers. This textbook consists of two interleaving parts and features a single case study. Part one addresses the business and requirements perspective. The second integrates core project management approaches and explains how both requirements and management are connected. The remainder of the book is appendices, the first of which provides solutions to the exercises presented in each chapter. The second appendix puts together much of the documentation for the case study into one place. The case study presents a real-word business scenario to expose students to professional practice.

"Harvey Levine is a recognized writer and dedicated warrior of the project management profession. Aside from years of volunteer effort to the profession (and holding the presidency of the Project Management Institute), his consulting work and writings have always smacked of practicality–thus his new book featuring ‘Tips, Tactics, and Tools’. His experience, as shown clearly in this book, covers the gamut of project management. And besides all that, Harvey’s writings are fun to read!"
–Paul C. Dinsmore, PMP, PMI Fellow
Author of Winning in Business with Enterprise Project Management

"Yet another book on project management? The difference is that Harvey Levine has set down his knowledge and understanding of project management honed over some forty years of experience in the industry. His latest book, Practical Project Management, provides profound practical and pragmatic advice, not just for the project management practitioner but also for senior management seeking to leverage the best out of the discipline in today’s competitive world. His lighthearted style makes for easy reading without detracting from the value of the content. This book covers the whole spectrum from the new paradigms of project portfolio management to project communication and how to make it work. It integrates new ideas with true and trusted old ones, and the text is replete with ‘Tips and Tools’ sidebars. A very readable book, highly recommended."
–Max Wideman, FCSCE, FEIC, FICE, PMI Fellow and Past President

"Companies are putting temporary project teams onto more and more of their work, often blind to how this changes management. Practical Project Management will open a lot of eyes to the pitfalls, and in his conversational style Harvey Levine elucidates some rare and valuable guidance on everything from organizing for project management to picking tools."
–Matt Light, Research Director, Gartner Inc.

"Harvey Levine’s seasoned, sensible approach to project management is apparent in this straightforward guide to practical project management. For either the experienced professional or the novice, the sections of ‘Tips, Tactics, and Tools’ provide useful, easy-to-grasp concepts that highlight the content of his text. Those who appreciated Harvey’s practical articles on PMnetwork.com will enjoy reading his new book, and those who are not familiar with his past work are in for a treat as he leads the reader through the journey of practical project management."
–Mary Devon O’Brien, PMP, PMI Fellow, PMI Past President and Chairman

"Harvey Levine has helped shape the project management body of knowledge and our products. In this book, he shares the insights of over forty years of project management experience with great clarity, wit, and style."
–Roger Meade, CEO, Scitor Corporation

"Practical Project Management: Tips, Tactics, and Tools is another of the author’s easy-to-read but quite insightful books, containing many practical ideas and suggestions for making your projects run more smoothly while achieving their planned objectives. The book includes numerous nuggets of wisdom that have been used to good advantage on successful projects and can be applied equally well to yours. This book has something for all practitioner levels, including even the most seasoned project and program managers."
–Ken Hartley, Vice President, PB Programme Management Ltd., PMI Fellow and Past President

In order to succeed in today's increasingly competitive environment, corporations, companies, governments, and nonprofit organizations must be conversant with modern project management techniques. This is especially true for individuals looking to remain professionally competitive.
Illustrating the why, what, and how of project management, Project Management Concepts, Methods, and Techniques will help readers develop and refine the skills needed to achieve strategic objectives. It presents a balanced blend of detailed explanatory texts and more than 200 illustrations to supply readers with actionable knowledge that can be put to use immediately.
Completely aligned with the Project Management Institute Body of Knowledge (PMBOK(r) Guide), this book is the ideal platform for developing the understanding needed to plan, schedule, and deliver successful projects. Explaining how to recognize performance obstacles, it supplies time-tested strategies to help you:

• Overcome performance obstacles and produce positive results
• Master the communication and relationship management techniques required for success
• Develop and refine the core project management skills needed to manage projects in multi-disciplinary and cross-functional environments

Filled with exercises, worked-through answers, and self-assessment techniques, this book is an ideal guide for anyone who works directly or indirectly with the management of projects. It illustrates a wide range of real-world situations to help you develop the real-world knowledge needed to consistently deliver projects that meet and exceed stakeholder requirements well into the future.

Helpful to those tasked with managing complex environments, Projects and Complexity introduces a new way of looking at projects and fostering the culture needed to achieve sustainable results. It brings together experts from the academic, military, and business worlds to explore project management in the context of complexity theory and organizations. These experts explore a systemic and organic approach to projects that widens the scope of a project manager s role as well as the tools and capabilities required.
The book provides readers with an understanding of the roots of project management in complexity theory and the human sciences. It explores seven principles of complexity theory and applies them to project management; examining project needs and features in terms of success parameters, team and stakeholders perspectives, the project manager s perspective, and the perspectives of theory and practice.

• Explores a new humanistic paradigm in thinking about projects and project management
• Illustrates the culture and philosophy of projects from a range of perspectives
• Outlines an interdisciplinary approach to Project Management that integrates scientific and humanistic disciplines

The contributors examine cutting-edge organizational models from management research and military leadership and map them to project management. They integrate insights from various disciplines to introduce tools that are relatively unknown to project managers and leaders. The book describes a paradigm that is complementary to traditional project management and also provides you with the philosophical, general management, and complexity theory findings needed to lead successful projects in complex environments.

The concept of 'earned value' as a project management tool has been around since the 1960s; although recognized as an important technique and widely used on US Government contracts, it failed to excite much interest in the wider world because of its specifically American requirements and the cumbersome, prescriptive bureaucracy that seemed to accompany it. Recently however, with the advent of suitable software and used in a much more flexible way, there has been a growth in interest among project managers. Crucially it has been recognised that this technique can be helpful in a wide variety of projects of almost any size, not just government projects costing billions of pounds. In essence, earned value allows the project manager a more precise view of actual project performance in terms of both value generated and schedule progress than is possible with any other approach. Alan Webb's concise guide provides practising project managers with everything they need to: c assess the appropriateness and benefits of the earned value process for both their project(s) and their organization; c appreciate, understand and learn the techniques involved; c identify how to apply the data to manage projects with flexibility, pragmatism and rigour; c understand the different features and benefits of the various software packages available; c plan for the introduction of an earned value methodology, anticipating both the systems and people problems they may face. The book uses worked examples, cases and anecdotes from the author's own extensive experience to bring this technical subject to life. Alan's writing style is direct and economical, which means that whether you are dipping into chapters for reference or reading about the process from cover to cover, everything he has to say is pertinent and helpful.

Design Project Management is a guide to contracting and working with designers, and managing design projects proactively through to successful completion. It provides guidance for clients on simultaneously optimizing the business outcome and the creative opportunity of a design project by getting the best from a design project team through leadership, team building, mutual understanding and good communication. It also gives professional guidance to design and architecture students, and can help design consultants to ensure that they and their clients are doing everything right. Griff Boyle takes you through the whole design project from setting business objectives and design parameters, preparation of briefing documentation, shortlisting design consultants and evaluating concept design proposals and fees, to preparing forms of appointment and assembling in-house and 'external' project teams. The author explains how best to establish and meet project objectives, select works contractors and sub-contractors, and administer tenders and contracts. Advice on balancing and monitoring costs and resources, progress and financial reporting, and change control mechanisms is also given. To highlight typical problems and their solutions the author quotes case study examples from interiors, exhibition, refurbishment and multidisciplinary projects. Public and private sector managers involved in building services, retail, leisure, exhibition and office schemes will find this book saves them time and money, whether or not they have an in-house design team.

For project management courses. In its 5th Edition, Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage takes a contemporary, decisive, and business-oriented approach to teaching and learning project management. To promote a comprehensive, multi-industry understanding of the text, the author addresses project management theory within the context of a variety of successful organisations, whether they be publicly held, private, or nonprofit. Comprehensive case analysis and detailed exercises, including brand-new, contemporary case studies for the 5th Edition, give students the tools to assess projects in real time, while also leveraging the latest project management technology, including MS Project 2016.

This book offers a practical insight to leaders who need to make good decisions in risky and important situations. The authors describe a process for making risk-intelligent decisions, explaining complex ideas simply, and mapping a route through the myriad interrelated influences when groups make decisions that matter. The approach puts the decision maker-you-at the center and explains how you can think and act differently to make better decisions more of the time. The book shows how to Determine the appropriate level of risk Make decisions in uncertain and turbulent conditions Understand how risks are perceived to identify them accurately Develop new behaviors to improve decision-making Making Risky and Important Decisions: A Leader's Guide builds on earlier ground-breaking publications from these two recognized thought leaders. Their first book together, Understanding and Managing Risk Attitude, brought together the language of risk and risk-taking with the language of emotional intelligence and emotional literacy. Managing Group Risk Attitude followed, and focused on decision-making groups, creating new insights and frameworks. Both books are positioned as specialist textbooks, despite their relevance to real-world situations. A Short Guide to Risk Appetite brought together the concepts of risk appetite and risk attitude into one place for the first time, cutting through confusing terminology and confused thinking to create a practical way of understanding "how much risk is too much risk." This latest installment from Ruth Murray-Webster and David Hillson takes the breadth of their previous work, adds new insights and thinking, and distills it into a highly usable guide for hard-pressed leaders.

This book takes a more integrated approach to design, assuming it is a core business process as opposed to a peripheral or specialist activity. Design in Business aims for an analogous Total Design Management making design a part of everyone's concern. It makes use of a toolbox approach, offering in each chapter exposure to some of the range of tools and techniques with which design can be managed.

Return on Investment (ROI) remains one of the most challenging and intriguing issues facing human resource development and performance improvement professionals. Drawing on their expertise in developing and implementing ROI programs in human performance and training, Jack J. Phillips, Ph.D., Timothy W. Bothell and G. Lynn Snead demonstrate how you can effectively apply ROI to project management.

Today, almost every industry requires employees to manage multiple projects with competing priorities, critical deadlines, and unexpected interruptions-rendering everyone a project manager in some respect. Most employees feel the pressure of juggling any number of key projects simultaneously. Organizations have responded by investing large amounts of both time and money to improve project management, and most strive to justify the efforts and resources dedicated to improving this goal.
'The Project Management Scorecard' is a welcome relief for anyone managing a project or multiple projects, as well as the trainers, human resource development staff, or supervisors charged with measuring, evaluating, and managing project managers.
Project Management is one of the hottest topics in business management today, affecting nearly every individual in any organization across the globe. Let three HRD experts show you how to apply the hugely popular ROI process to the key organizational issue of successful project management including:
* Project management issues and challenges
* Measuring reaction and satisfaction
* How to calculate and interpret ROI
* Capturing business impact data
* Measuring skill and knowledge changes during the project
* Monitoring the true costs of theproject solution
* Converting business measure to monetary values
* Forecasting ROI
The authors' step-by-step approach allows you to begin the ROI process immediately. Start measuring the success of your project management results today.
Three HRD experts show how to apply the hugely popular ROI process to the key organizational issue of successful project management.
Project Management is one of the hottest topics in business management today, affecting nearly every individual in any organization across the globe.

Although there are many books of methods and tools in different areas, few books actually give detailed tips and lessons on how to effectively set up and manage projects. Most books on project management devote all their space to specific methods. Breakthrough Technology Project Management, Second Edition provides tangible guidelines through examples and suggestions to help people participate in and manage projects more effectively. The authors' techniques and guidelines have been proven over the past 15 years in courses and counseling. This book is a valuable tool for those working in information systems, engineering, computer science, operations and production, and other environments involving project management.
Key Features
* The Purpose of this book is to answer:
* How can the overall technology project management process be improved?
* Which systems projects should be given resources and approved for action?
* How can all systems and technology projects be better managed together?
* How can individual projects be better managed and more successful?
* What are specific guidelines for managing different types of projects?
The Scope of the Book Answers
* What projects should be approved?
* How do you formulate and start projects effectively?
* How do you manage single and multiple projects?
* How do you identify, analyze, and address specific project issues?
* How do you obtain results through communicating effectively with management, team members, staff, and vendors?

To many program, project, or construction managers, a complex project seems to be a labyrinth with many hidden dangers. This book is a guide through that labyrinth. It explains best practices and provides insight so they cannot only identify hidden dangers but also effectively manage the construction process to either mitigate or eliminate these risks.

The book presents a systems-based approach to construction project management that can facilitate a greater understanding of the complexity inherent in large construction projects and how that complexity can be effectively managed. The systems approach permits the onsite construction project manager to take a complex construction project, break it down into manageable pieces, and ensure that all systems are in alignment with the original goal of the project. This approach combines industrial engineering, project management, and finance into a unified approach for effective management of complex construction projects, ranging from a power plant to a highway project.

The book explains how to manage construction projects successfully through an approach based on the three following systems:

Project Management System

Work Management System

Quality Management System

The problem with complex programs and projects is that many managers are only equipped with a knowledge of project management. A system for construction is a collection of many processes effectively working together to produce a specific deliverable, which is usually defined in the program or project’s contract. This system has a series of specific inputs and outputs, which are what the customer expects from the company or companies performing the work. This book develops checklists based on these inputs and outputs, which managers can use when first arriving onsite, and provides a "nuts and bolts" approach for managing a complex construction project onsite.

The author shares valuable lessons learned during a career of more than thirty years of working on various construction sites around the world. These lessons learned are filled with valuable information to aid readers become more effective as a program, project, or construction manager of complex construction projects.

Table of Contents

Dedication

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Project Management System: Part I

Chapter 3: Project Management System: Part II

Chapter 4: Project Management System: Part III

Chapter 5: Work Management System

Chapter 6: Quality Management System

Chapter 7: Bringing It All Together

Chapter 8: Lessons Learned from the Field

Glossary

Index

• Develops a framework and model for understanding the major causes of workplace health and safety problems in the construction • Provides practical guidance on how Building Information Modelling can be implemented and used to reduce occupational accidents in the industry

Crisis Leadership examines the challenges faced by leaders at each stage of the crisis 'lifecycle', and offers a unique insight into the lessons learned by people in the most challenging of situations. Anyone in a leadership position is only too aware that we live in uncertain times: disaster can strike any business, at any time, and usually without warning. Public institutions, too, face a range of threats - from global recession, resurgent terrorism and a stream of appalling natural disasters. For leaders in such organisations, these crisis situations can present both opportunities and threats. How they lead through such challenging times will propel their careers to new heights - or destroy them completely. Crisis Leadership examines the challenges faced by leaders at each stage of the crisis 'lifecycle', from the instant they learn of the crisis, through to moments of critical decision-making and the final tumultuous days. Tim Johnson offers a unique insight into the lessons learned by people in the most challenging of situations. Blended with operational guidance from the author's extensive experience in crisis management, Crisis Leadership provides an overview of the crisis 'lifecycle', to ensure that readers will come away from this book with a deeper appreciation of the critical nature of each key stage and the leadership challenges they bring - from the first signs of an emerging crisis to dealing with the long-term consequences they can create.

This book provides a clear, easy to digest overview of Quality Management Systems (QMS). Critically, it offers the reader an explanation of the International Standards Organization’s (ISO) requirement that in future all new and existing Management Systems Standards will need to have the same high-level structure, commonly referred to as Annex SL, with identical core text, as well as common terms and definitions.

In addition to explaining what Annex SL entails, this book provides the reader with a guide to the principles, requirements and interoperability of Quality Management System standards, how to complete internal and external management reviews, third-party audits and evaluations, as well as how to become an ISO Certified Organisation once your QMS is fully established.

As a simple and straightforward explanation of QMS Standards and their current requirements, this is a perfect guide for practitioners who need a comprehensive overview to put theory into practice, as well as for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying quality management as part of broader Operations and Management courses.

Table of Contents

1. What is a Quality Management System? 2. The History of Quality Standards 3. Who Produces Quality Standards? 4. What is Annex SL all about? 5. The Seven Principles of Quality Management 6. Detailed Requirements for Management Systems 7. The Interoperability of Management System Standards 8. The Importance of Data Protection 9. What about Auditing your Quality Management System? 10. What to do once the QMS is Established

Major Projects are Delayed by Months or Years, and Cost Millions More Than Budgeted, Because of Common Mistakes Made at the Contracting Stage Organizations that invest huge amounts of capital in major building/industrial projects almost never do the engineering and building themselves. They hire engineering and construction contractors to do it for them. Unfortunately, selecting contractors and negotiating the terms of a major project is one of the most difficult aspects of project management...and organizations waste billions of dollars and "bake in" months or years of delay by doing it wrong. Contracting is also the area of project management that is most prone to firmly held opinions unencumbered by any facts. We intend to remedy that situation with this book. Drawing on a properietary detailed database of over 1100 major projects, the world's leading industrial engineering project consultant, Ed Merrow explains: Key Principles of Contracting for Major Projects: Owners are from Mars; contractors are from Venus All the biggest risks in contracting belong to the owner Contracting "games" will normally be won by contractors, not owners Most risk transfer from owners to contractors is an illusion Contractors do good projects well and bad projects poorly Contractors may have shareholders, but they are not your shareholders! Mixing different contract types with different contractors on the same project is unwise Economize on the need for trust; trust only when being trustworthy has value Merrow also explains: Which contract incentives work and which don't and WHY Which of over a dozen contracting strategies work best and which ones hardly ever work and WHY The strategic advice in this book is designed for owners and contractor project managers, team members and supply chain, executives, and other business leaders involved in major projects. It's also an indispensable resource for engineers, leaders of industrial firms, bankers, and academics studying the messy realities of the construction and engineering industries.

Agile retrospectives help you get to the root of your real problems, so you can solve them quickly and effectively. They're the cornerstone of a successful continuous improvement process, and one of your best tools for triggering positive cultural change. In Improving Agile Retrospectives, leading agile coach/trainer Marc Loeffler combines practical guidance, proven practices, and innovative approaches for maximizing the value of retrospectives for your team-and your entire organization. You can apply his powerful techniques in any project, agile or otherwise. These techniques offer exceptional value wherever continuous improvement is needed: from "lessons-learned" workshops in traditional project management to enterprise-wide change management. Loeffler's detailed, results-focused examples help you recognize and overcome common pitfalls, adapt retrospectives to your unique needs, and consistently achieve tangible results. Throughout, he integrates breakthrough concepts, such as using experimentation and learning from system thinking. He presents small ideas that make a big difference-because they're deeply grounded in real experience. * Learn from failures and successes, and make good things even better * Master facilitation techniques that help you achieve your goals (and have fun doing it) * Prepare your retrospective so it runs smoothly * Practice techniques for generating actionable insights * Keep your retrospectives fresh and interesting * Perform retrospectives that address the entire system, not just your team * Focus on your "better future" with solution-focused retrospectives * Learn how to avoid typical pitfalls when facilitating retrospectives * Lead retrospectives across multiple distributed teams * Use retrospectives to support large-scale change

The keys to project management success delivered by one of the world's most respected experts in the field Why do some project managers achieve their project goals while others fail? Drawing on his years of experience as a recognized global expert on project management and organizational change, author Tres Roeder answers that question, and lays out a proven path to project success. Focusing on the major differences between project management and other types of management not least of them being the temporary nature of projects versus the repetitive nature of most managerial tasks Roeder describes best practices in all key areas of managing project stakeholders. * A recognized global expert on project management provides the foundational elements required for project management success * Contributes toward the fulfillment of the continuing education required every three years to maintain PMP(R) accreditation * Uses real-world scenarios and relevant case studies to present project management concepts to beginning and intermediate PMP(R)s * Contains chapters on Leadership, Buy In, and Negotiation for more advanced project managers (PMP and Project Management Professional are registered marks of the Project Management Institute, Inc.)

Many science, engineering, technology, and math (STEM) faculty wish to make an academic change at the course, department, college, or university level, but they lack the specific tools and training that can help them achieve the changes they desire. Making Changes in STEM Education: The Change Maker’s Toolkit is a practical guide based on academic change research and designed to equip STEM faculty and administrators with the skills necessary to accomplish their academic change goals. Each tool is categorized by a dominant theme in change work, such as opportunities for change, strategic vision, communication, teamwork, stakeholders, and partnerships, and is presented in context by the author, herself a change leader in STEM. In addition, the author provides interviews with STEM faculty and leaders who are engaged in their own change projects, offering additional insight into how the tools can be applied to a variety of educational contexts. The book is ideal for STEM faculty who are working to change their courses, curricula, departments, and campuses and STEM administrators who lead such change work to support their faculties, as well as graduate students in STEM who plan to enter an academic position upon graduation and expect to work on academic change projects.

This book is written for all managers, in any function, who are tasked with delivering projects at work. It is of particular interest to those managers who have to deal with small- to medium-sized projects in addition to their usual responsibilities. Straightforward and user friendly, this book takes the reader through a series of steps which results in the effective delivery of a project. Managing Projects at Work breaks down into two stages. By the end of stage one the reader will know how to build a 'Defensible Plan' for successful project implementation. This process, which follows a step-by-step sequence, draws out in a unique way all the resources and support needed for an effective project delivery. The outcome is a confident project manager who can justify and secure what is needed for the stress-free implementation of the project. Stage two deals with implementing the 'Defensible Plan' under proper control, through motivated and well-led people. Gordon Webster's approach suits projects as diverse as introducing new systems or procedures, launching a new product, opening a new branch, factory or department; even organizing a conference or moving offices. Its practical methodology has been developed as a result of working over many years with managers whose projects had gone off track, usually for the same reasons. From these observations the unique and entirely effective 'Defensible Plan' and its implementation were born. By adopting this approach readers can build in success from the beginning and see consistent project delivery, along with control of their working life.