Materials engineers, researchers and students will find this book a valuable resource on erosion wear mechanisms. It contains extensive data on erosive wear resistance of conventional steels, powder materials and coatings, and criteria for erosive wear-resistant material and coating selection. The book collects together the work of more than 130 industrially-supported research projects conducted over 50 years.

In the past ?ve decades considerable attention has been devoted to comp- ite materials. A number of expressions have been suggested by which mac- scopic properties can be predicted when the properties, geometry, and volume concentrations of the constituent components are known. Many expressions are purely empirical or semi-theoretical. Others, however, are theoretically well founded such as the exact results from the following classical boundary studies: Bounds for the elastic moduli of composites made of perfectly coherent homogeneous, isotropic linear elastic phases have been developed by Paul [1] and Hansen [2] for unrestricted phase geometry and by Hashin and Shtrikman [3] for phase geometries, which cause macroscopic homogeneity and isotropy. The composites dealt with in this book are of the latter type. For two speci?c situations (later referred to), Hashin [4] and Hill [5] derived exact - lutionsforthebulkmodulusofsuchmaterials.Hashinconsideredtheso-called Composite Spheres Assemblage (CSA) consisting of tightly packed congruent composite elements made of spherical particles embedded in concentric - trix shells. Hill considered materials in which both phases have identical shear moduli. In the ?eld of predicting the elastic moduli of homogeneous isotropic c- posite materials in general the exact Hashin and Hill solutions are of th- retical interest mainly. Only a few real composites have the geometry de?ned by Hashin or the sti?ness distribution assumed by Hill. The enormous sign- icance, however, of the Hashin/Hill solutions is that they represent bounds which must not be violated by sti?ness predicted by any new theory claiming to consider geometries in general.

The focus of this book is on modeling and simulations used in research on the morphological evolution during film growth. The authors emphasize the detailed mathematical formulation of the problem. The book will enable readers themselves to set up a computational program to investigate specific topics of interest in thin film deposition. It will benefit those working in any discipline that requires an understanding of thin film growth processes.

Multiscale Dissipative Mechanisms and Hierarchical Surfaces covers the rapidly developing topics of hierarchical surfaces, roughness-induced superhydrophobicity and biomimetic surfaces. The research in these topics has been progressing rapidly in the recent years due to the advances in the nanosciences and surfaces science and due to potential applications in nanotechnology. The first in its field, this monograph provides a comprehensive review of these subjects and presents the background introduction as well as recent and new results in the area.

This volume contains the proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Ela- ohydrodynamics and Microelastohydrodynamics held in Cardiff from 1st to 3rd September 2004. The symposium focused on theoretical, experimental and computational issues in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) both in relation to smooth surfaces and in situations where the ?lm is of the same order or th- ner than the surface roughness (micro-EHL). The last IUTAM Symposium in this general area of contact of deformable bodies was in 1974. The emphasis in the Symposium was upon fundamental issues such as: solution methods; lubricant rheological models, thermal effects; both low and high elastic m- ulus situations; human and replacement joints; ?uid traction; dynamic effects, asperity lubrication and the failure of lubrication; surface fatigue and thermal distress under EHL conditions. Delegates were welcomed to Wales and the Cardiff School of Engine- ing by the head of the School, Professor Hywel Thomas. The opening l- ture was given jointly by Professor Duncan Dowson, FRS and Sir Gordon Higginson, the distinguished partnership which produced some of the most important numerical solutions to the fundamental EHL problem which led to the ?rst reliable ?lm thickness formula for isothermal, Newtonian conditions. Their presentation reviewed the early developments in the subject and included some fascinating details of the dif?culties overcome and the scienti?c pers- alities involved. A total of 33 presentations were given over a period of three days.

The premier symposium on Surfactants in Tribology, held in Seoul in 2006, was an enormously successful event that generated a high level of interest in the topic, leading to the publication of the first volume in this series in 2008. The tremendous response was echoed at the follow-up symposium in Berlin that same year, and leading researchers, many of whom participated in the second event, were invited to submit chapters for Surfactants in Tribology, Volume Two. Reflecting the cumulative wisdom of a contingent of researchers, this text explores all-new topics critical to the future of tribology. Topics discussed in this second volume include: Properties of silane, thio, phthalocyanine and phospholipid films, membranes, grafts, and SAMs on gold, silica, and graphite substrates Water/oil emulsions used as oil-well drilling fluids Properties of organized surfactant assemblies and aqueous solutions of alkyl polyglucosides Surfactants as demulsifiers in enhanced crude oil production from old wells Oil/water emulsions with biobased surfactants The synthesis of novel biobased materials Properties of biobased lubricants and surfactants Modeling and statistical predictive methods in the development of biobased lubricants The fundamentals of surface chemistry at tribological interfaces The role of surface science in magnetic recording tribology Antiwear and friction modifier compounds for automotive applications Surfactants as antimicrobial agents in lubricants Tribological phenomena are of significant importance in a host of industries ranging from simple products to high-tech devices. This volume and its predecessor reflect the sage contributions of a cadre of experts who report on current possibilities and future potential for harnessing sur

Studying the morphology, defects, and wear behavior of a variety of material surfaces, Mechanical Tribology examines popular and emerging surface characterization techniques for assessment of the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of various modified surfaces, thin films, and coatings. Its chapters explore a wide range of tribological applications while promoting reduced component deterioration and improved efficiency and reliability of mechanical systems. The book includes extensive coverage of critical technologies that are usually absent in other references on the subject, delving into procedures affecting metal cutting and forming, physicochemical issues involved in the design of fiber finishes, and recent progress in biotribological research. It provides strategies to characterize the friction and wear properties of tribological systems and procedures to assess the quality and lifetime of ceramic materials. It also outlines methods to avoid scuffing and seizure in machine operations and novel techniques to prevent oil from spreading and creeping in lubricating applications. Mechanical Tribology is a practical guide for mechanical, industrial, chemical, process, design, and process engineers, materials scientists, and tribologists in the selection of materials, surface treatments, coatings, and environments best suited for a particular industrial application.

Many people, including those involved in the manufacturing, marketing and selling of lubricants, believe that blending lubricants is simply a matter of putting one or more base oils and several additives into a tank of some kind and stirring them around to mix them. Blending lubricants that meet customers' demands requires much more than this. The correct ingredients of the right quality need to be used in precisely controlled quantities. The ingredients need to be tested prior to blending and the finished products need to be tested following blending. The ingredients need to be stored and mixed under carefully controlled conditions. The finished lubricants need to be stored and packaged carefully and then delivered to customers correctly. This book discusses all of these issues, describes the different types of equipment used to blend lubricants, provides guidance on how best to use this equipment, and offers tips and techniques to help to avoid problems. It focuses on liquid lubricants. Greases are not discussed, as their manufacture involves very different manufacturing procedures compared with those concerned with liquid lubricants. The book starts with descriptions and discussion of the properties and characteristics of the main types of mineral and synthetic base oils, as well as the properties and characteristics of the main types of additives that are used in lubricant formulations. Criteria and methodologies used to design both new and upgraded blending plants are covered next. The types and operation of the equipment used in lubricant blending plants are described and discussed, together with a chapter on how to avoid problems before, during, and after blending. Testing and analysis of base oils, additives, and blended lubricants are covered in two separate chapters. Procedures for quality control and quality management in lubricant blending plants are also discussed in two separate chapters. Types of packages for lubricants are reviewed, together with methods for filling packages and methods for transporting lubricants in bulk. The storage of lubricants and supply chain management is also covered in depth.

In the field of tribology, the wear behaviour of polymers and composite materials is considered a highly non-linear phenomenon. Wear of Polymers and Composites introduces fundamentals of polymers and composites tribology. The book suggests a new approach to explore the effect of applied load and surface defects on the fatigue wear behaviour of polymers, using a new tribometer and thorough experiments. It discusses effects of surface cracks, under different static and cyclic loading parameters on wear, and presents an intelligent algorithm, in the form of a neural network, to map the relationship between wear rate and relevant factors. Using the aforementioned method leads to more accurate and cost effective prediction of surface fatigue wear rates, under different service conditions. The first three chapters of the book introduce polymers and composite materials tribology, followed by three chapters that cover testing in wear, applied load and contact pressure and surface defects. The remaining chapter moves on to predicting wear of polymers, and concludes by discussing questions and problems.

Improving our understanding of friction, lubrication, and fatigue, Modeling and Analytical Methods in Tribology presents a fresh approach to tribology that links advances in applied mathematics with fundamental problems in tribology related to contact elasticity, fracture mechanics, and fluid film lubrication. The authors incorporate the classical tenets of tribology while providing new mathematical solutions that address various shortcomings in existing theories. From contact interactions to contact fatigue life, the book connects traditionally separate areas of tribology research to create a coherent modeling methodology that encompasses asymptotic and numerical techniques. The authors often demonstrate the efficacy of the models by comparing predictions to experimental data. In most cases, they derive equations from first principles. They also rigorously prove problem formulations and derive certain solution properties. Solutions to problems are presented using simple analytical formulas, graphs, and tables. In addition, the end-of-chapter exercises highlight points important for comprehending the material and mastering the appropriate skills. Unlocking the secrets that govern the physics of lubricated and dry contacts, this book helps tribologists on their quest to reduce friction, minimize wear, and extend the operating life of mechanical equipment. It provides a real-world industrial perspective so that readers can attain a practical understanding of the material.

The word tribology was fIrst reported in a landmark report by P. Jost in 1966 (Lubrication (Tribology)--A Report on the Present Position and Industry's Needs, Department of Education and Science, HMSO, London). Tribology is the science and technology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. The popular equivalent is friction, wear and lubrication. The economic impact of the better understanding of tribology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion is known to be immense. Losses resulting from ignorance of tribology amount in the United States alone to about 6 percent of its GNP or about $200 billion dollars per year (1966), and approximately one-third of the world's energy resources in present' use, appear as friction in one form or another. A fundamental understanding of the tribology of the head-medium interface in magnetic recording is crucial to the future growth of the $100 billion per year information storage industry. In the emerging microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industry, tribology is also recognized as a limiting technology. The advent of new scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques (starting with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981) to measure surface topography, adhesion, friction, wear, lubricant-fIlm thickness, mechanical properties all on a micro to nanometer scale, and to image lubricant molecules and the availability of supercomputers to conduct atomic-scale simulations has led to the development of a new fIeld referred to as Microtribology, Nanotribology, or Molecular Tribology (see B. Bhushan, J. N. Israelachvili and U.

This book presents a new formulation of the boundary element method for two-dimensional and axisymmetric contact problems. The solution procedure includes the effects of non-frictional as well as frictional contact between elastic bodies. Following a literature survey of various experimental and analytical approaches for solving elastic contact problems, a comprehensive review of numerical techniques used for analyses of contact problems is presented. The boundary element formulations for two-, three-dimensional and axisymmetric problems in elasticity are derived and numerical implementation using constant and linear elements is described. For analysis of contact problems, boundary elements are employed to compute flexibility matrices representing the relationship between tractions and displacements only at nodes coming into contact. The contact analysis is performed using the flexibility matrices in conjunction with contact boundary conditions. In this approach, only equations corresponding to the node coming into contact are required and consequently very efficient computation is achieved. Furthermore, the boundary element analysis and the contact analysis are performed separately, which makes it easy to implement the contact analysis procedure into boundary element codes. A new contact criterion for nodes coming into contact is proposed. Load incremental and iterative schemes are used to obtain accurate solutions. Some classical Hertz and non-Hertz contact problems are studied and results are found to be in good agreement with analytical and other numerical solutions.

This volume describes the application of the method of the differential specific forces (MDSF). By using this new method, the solutions to the problems of a dissipative viscoelastic and elastic-plastic contacts between curvilinear surfaces of two solid bodies can be found. The novelty is that the forces of viscosity and the forces of elasticity can be found by an integration of the differential specific forces acting inside an elementary volume of the contact zone. This volume shows that this method allows finding the viscoelastic forces for any theoretical or experimental dependencies between the distance of mutual approach of two curvilinear surfaces and the radiuses of the contact area. Also, the derivation of the integral equations of the viscoelastic forces has been given and the equations for the contact pressure have been obtained. The viscoelastic and elastic-plastic contacts at impact between two spherical bodies have been examined. The equations for work and energy in the phases of compression and restitution and at the rolling shear have been obtained. Approximate solutions for the differential equations of movement (displacement) by using the method of equivalent work have been calculated. This new method of differential specific viscoelastic forces allows us to find the equations for all viscoelastic forces. It is principally different from other methods that use Hertz's theory, the classical theory of elasticity and the tensor algebra. This method will be useful in research of contact dynamics of any shape of contacting surfaces. It also can be used for determination of the dynamic mechanical properties of materials and in the design of wear-resistant elements and coverings for components of machines and equipment that are in harsh conditions where they are subjected to the action of flow or jet abrasive particles. This volume will be useful for professional designers of machines and mechanisms as well as for the design and development of new advanced materials, such as wear-resistant elastic coatings and elements for pneumatic and hydraulic systems, stop valves, fans, centrifugal pumps, injectors, valves, gate valves, and in other installations.

The second edition of a bestseller, this book introduces tribology in a way that builds students' knowledge and understanding. It includes expanded information on topics such as surface characterization as well as recent advances in the field. The book provides additional descriptions of common testing methods, including diagrams and surface texturing for enhanced lubrication, and more information on rolling element bearings. It also explores surface profile characterization and elastic plastic contact mechanics including wavy surface contact, rough surface contact models, friction and wear plowing models, and thermodynamic analysis of friction.

This revised and expanded Third Edition contains 21 chapters summarizing the latest thinking on various technologies relating to metalworking fluid development, laboratory evaluation, metallurgy, industrial application, fluid maintenance, recycling, waste treatment, health, government regulations, and cost/benefit analysis. All chapters of this uniquely comprehensive reference have been thoroughly updated, and two new chapters on rolling of metal flat sheets and nanoparticle lubricants in metalworking have been added. This must-have book for anyone in the field of metalworking includes new information on chemistries of the most common types of metalworking fluids, advances in recycling of metalworking fluids, and the latest government regulations, including EPA standards, the Globally Harmonized System being implemented for safety data sheets, and REACH legislation in Europe.

Solve problems in elementary structural mechanics thoughtfully and efficiently with this self-contained volume. Covers the basics of structural mechanics and focuses on simple structures, truss frameworks, beams and frames, design choices, and deformity. Carefully interrogates underlying assumptions for efficiencies in working out whilst expounding fundamental principles for a consistent understanding. Heavily connects the practical world of indeterminate structures to their analysis, to underline benefits they impart to the latter: that certain analytical methods provide a wealth of efficient solutions for problems of indeterminate structures compared to determinate ones. Celebrates the beauty of analytical indeterminacy and its relationship to practical structures. Perfect for students invested in structural mechanics, and aims to complement their learning and understanding.

Since the publication of the best-selling first edition, the growing price and environmental cost of energy have increased the significance of tribology. Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology, Volume II: Theory and Design, Second Edition demonstrates how the principles of tribology can address cost savings, energy conservation, and environmental protection. This second edition provides a thorough treatment of established knowledge and practices, along with detailed references for further study. Written by the foremost experts in the field, the book is divided into four sections. The first reviews the basic principles of tribology, wear mechanisms, and modes of lubrication. The second section covers the full range of lubricants/coolants, including mineral oil, synthetic fluids, and water-based fluids. In the third section, the contributors describe many wear- and friction-reducing materials and treatments, which are currently the fastest growing areas of tribology, with announcements of new coatings, better performance, and new vendors being made every month. The final section presents components, equipment, and designs commonly found in tribological systems. It also examines specific industrial areas and their processes. Sponsored by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, this handbook incorporates up-to-date, peer-reviewed information for tackling tribological problems and improving lubricants and tribological systems. The book shows how the proper use of generally accepted tribological practices can save money, conserve energy, and protect the environment.

This book highlights the mechanical properties of nanomaterials produced by several techniques for various applications. The dislocations observed in specimens obtained in nanomaterials are discussed on the chapter about deformation process. Partial dislocations and grain boundary sliding deformation phenomena in nanomaterial specimens are also deeply discussed. Tests for tension, compression, and hardness are described. The behavior of nanomaterials is compared to macrosize specimens, and the results obtained for different fabrication methods are also compared. The special characteristics of nanomaterials are summarized at the end of the book.

This book presents recent developments in the coating processes, sub processes and emphasizes on processes with the potential to improve performance quality and reproducibility. The book demonstrates how application methods, environmental factors, and chemical interactions affect each surface coating's performance. In addition, it provides analysis of latest polymers, carbon resins, high-temperature materials used for coatings and describes the development, chemical and physical properties, synthesis, polymerization, commercial uses and characteristics for each raw material and coating. Characterization techniques to solve the coating problems are also presented, as well as optimization studies to identify the critical coating parameters to ensure a robust process.

This volume elaborates on various corrosion processes in different applications and their prevention strategies. It comprehensively covers the principles of corrosion, engineering issues, methods of corrosion protection and defines corrosion processes and control in select aggressive end industrial environments. The contents especially focus on corrosion issues in nuclear, aerospace, marine, high temperature, bioimplants, automobile, and addresses the application of advanced materials to mitigate them. A special section on corrosion prevention strategies with innovative solutions to resolve corrosion issues in various environments is the highlight of this book. This volume will be a useful guide for those in research, academia and industry, particularly to know state of art in corrosion control and prevention for various practical applications.

Tribology is an unfamiliar term for many, but is experienced by all. It is the science of friction, wear and lubrication of contacting surfaces in relative motion. The aim of this book is to introduce the fundamentals of tribology as well as its challenges in extreme operating conditions. The book comprises a historical background and an introduction to familiarize both undergraduate and postgraduate readers with such an important topic. It addresses a comprehensive coverage of classical tribology of solid contacts, friction mechanics, wear mechanisms and lubrication technologies. The tribology of polymer composites, MEMS and NEMS are explored. In addition, tribology of automotive components is presented, as are tribological applications in many practical situations.Various test methods used in evaluating wear are reviewed. Diverse techniques applied in predicting wear behavior by mathematical models, FE modeling and ANN approach are discussed. The book reviews key features of extraordinary conditions associated with, but not limited to, harsh environments, severe sliding and poor lubrication challenges. A basic understanding of failure modes in tribological systems is covered. The state-of-the-art research on tribology under these extreme conditions is extensively discussed, which will be of interest to researchers. The book highlights solutions for extreme tribology problems and provides an overview of various factors affecting tribosystems in harsh conditions.

Highlighting the major economic and industrial changes in the lubrication industry since the first edition, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants: Chemistry and Technology, Third Edition highlights the major economic and industrial changes in the lubrication industry and outlines the state of the art in each major lubricant application area. Chapters cover the use of lubricant fluids, growth or decline of market areas and applications, potential new applications, production capacities, and regulatory issues, including biodegradability, toxicity, and food production equipment lubrication. The highly-anticipated third edition features new and updated chapters including those on automatic and continuously variable transmission fluids, fluids for food-grade applications, oil-soluble polyalkylene glycols, functional bio-based lubricant base stocks, farnesene-derived polyolefins, estolides, bio-based lubricants from soybean oil, and trends in construction equipment lubrication. Features include: Contains an index of terms, acronyms, and analytical testing methods. Presents the latest conventions for describing upgraded mineral oil base fluids. Considers all the major lubrication areas: engine oils, industrial lubricants, food-grade applications, greases, and space-age applications Includes individual chapters on lubricant applications—such as environmentally friendly, disk drive, and magnetizable fluids—for major market areas around the globe. In a single, unique volume, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants: Chemistry and Technology, Third Edition offers property and performance information of fluids, theoretical and practical background to their current applications, and strong indicators for global market trends that will influence the industry for years to come.

Surfactants play a variety of critical roles in tribology. In addition to controlling friction and wear, they also allow for control of a wide range of properties of lubricants, such as emulsification/demulsification, bioresistance, oxidation resistance, and rust/corrosion prevention. This book explains recent advances in the role of surfactants within the purview of tribology, with an emphasis on product development. Includes Theoretical, Experimental, and Technological Advances Providing a unique exploration of the nexus between surfactants and tribology, this text represents the cumulative expertise of leading scientists and technologists engaged in the study of surfactants in variegated tribological phenomena. Organized thematically for easy reference, the volume covers- * Fundamentals of surfactants * Tribological aspects of micro- and nanodevices, including micro-patterns of two-dimensional asperity arrays, MEMS, NEMS, and magnetic recording devices * Self-assembled monolayers and ultra-thin films relevant to tribological phenomena, including aspects of organosilane monolayers, ultrathin self-assembled films, super-hydrophobic films, MoDTC/ZDDP tribofilms, and surfactant-coated copper nanoparticles * Polymeric and biobased surfactants, covering various tribological aspects related to polymeric gels, elastomers sliding against hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, agriculture-based amphiphiles, vegetable oils, and biobased greases * Surfactant adsorption and aggregation relevant to tribological phenomena, such as the design of surfactants for lubrication, aqueous non-ionic surfactant-based lubricants, adsorption and aggregation kinetics, surfactant and polymer nanostructures, a

Tribology and Applications of Self-Lubricating Materials provides insight into the complex mechanisms behind the development of self-lubricating materials, which due to their ability to transfer embedded solid lubricants to the contact surface to decrease wear rate and friction in the absence of an external lubricant, make up an important part of engineering materials used today. This book emphasizes an understanding of the tribological nature of different composites such as metal, polymer, and ceramic matrix composites and discusses the compatibility of these composites with specific lubricants. The book also offers a view of advancements in the development of self-lubricating mechanisms and covers the latest technologies in the field.

This textbook and comprehensive reference source and serves as a timely, practical introduction to the principles of nanotribology and nanomechanics. This 4th edition has been completely revised and updated, concentrating on the key measurement techniques, their applications, and theoretical modeling of interfaces. It provides condensed knowledge of the field from the mechanics and materials science perspectives to graduate students, research workers, and practicing engineers.