1) Aids professionals in meeting an increasing demand for more cost effective materials that still provide high performance 2) Monitors the impact of inorganic nanofillers in promoting polymer circular economy 3) Discusses metallic foams and high entropy inorganic nanofillers 4) Features cutting edge research on nanocomposite derived anisotropy hydrogels and their multifunctional applications, with emphasis on wound dressing properties.

With a rigorous and comprehensive coverage, the second edition of Compliant Mechanisms: Design of Flexure Hinges provides practical answers to the design and analysis of devices that incorporate flexible hinges. Complex-shaped flexible-hinge mechanisms are generated from basic elastic segments by means of a bottom-up compliance (flexibility) approach. The same compliance method and the classical finite element analysis are utilized to study the quasi-static and dynamic performances of these compliant mechanisms. This book offers easy-to-use mathematical tools to investigate a wealth of flexible-hinge configurations and two- or three-dimensional compliant mechanism applications. FEATURES Introduces a bottom-up compliance-based approach to characterize the flexibility of new and existing flexible hinges of straight- and curvilinear-axis configurations Develops a consistent linear lumped-parameter compliance model to thoroughly describe the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of planar/spatial, serial/parallel flexible-hinge mechanisms Utilizes the finite element method to analyze the quasi-statics and dynamics of compliant mechanisms by means of straight- and curvilinear-axis flexible-hinge elements Covers miscellaneous topics such as stress concentration, yielding and related maximum load, precision of rotation of straight- and circular-axis flexible hinges, temperature effects on compliances, layered flexible hinges and piezoelectric actuation/sensing Offers multiple solved examples of flexible hinges and flexible-hinge mechanisms. This book should serve as a reference to students, researchers, academics and anyone interested to investigate precision flexible-hinge mechanisms by linear model-based methods in various areas of mechanical, aerospace or biomedical engineering, as well as in robotics and micro-/nanosystems.

Tribology of Natural Fiber Polymer Composites, Second Edition, covers the availability and processing of natural fiber polymer composites and their structural, thermal, mechanical and tribological properties and performance. Environmental concerns are driving demand for biodegradable materials such as plant-based, natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites. These composites are fast replacing conventional materials in many industrial applications, especially in automobiles, where tribology (friction, lubrication and wear) is an important aspect.

This book explains how to improve the validity, reliability, and repeatability of slip resistance assessments amongst a range of shoes, floors, and environments from an engineering metrology viewpoint-covering theoretical and experimental aspects of slip resistance mechanics and mechanisms. Pedestrian falls resulting from slips or falls are one of the foremost causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries that limit people's functionality. There have been prolonged efforts globally to identify and understand their main causes and reduce their frequency and severity. This book deals with large volumes of information on tribological characteristics such as friction and wear behaviours of the shoes and floors and their interactive impacts on slip resistance performances. Readers are introduced to theoretical concepts and models and collected evidence on slip resistance properties amongst a range of shoe and floor types and materials under various ambulatory settings. These approaches can be used to develop secure design strategies against fall incidents and provide a great step forward to build safer shoes, floors, and walking/working environments for industries and communities around the world. The book includes many case studies.

This handbook provides an insight into the advancements in surface engineering methods, addressing the microstructural features, properties, mechanisms of surface degradation failures, and tribological performance of the components. Emphasis is on laser cladding methods because by using laser cladding a new class of materials like nano-composites, nano-tubes, and smart materials can be easily deposited. Handbook of Laser-Based Sustainable Surface Modification and Manufacturing Techniques discusses the main mechanism behind the surface degradation of structural components in strenuous environments. It highlights the capacity of laser cladding to operate on a wide range of substrate materials and shapes as well as presents how laser cladding can offer new possibilities in the reconditioning of components and how in many cases, these approaches are the only solution for economical efficiency. The handbook illustrates how if the type of power of the laser, laser optics, and the parameters of the process are efficiently selected, the number of applications of laser cladding can be large. The standard methods of testing used for various types of biomedical devices and tools, as well as the advantages of combining laser cladding with simultaneous induction heating, are described as well within this handbook. Features: Discusses the main mechanism behind the surface degradation of structural components in strenuous environments Highlights the capacity of laser cladding needed to operate on a wide range of substrate materials and shapes Presents how laser cladding can offer new possibilities in the reconditioning of components and how in many cases, these approaches are the only possible solution and are economically efficient Illustrates how if the type and power of the laser, laser optics, and the parameters of the process are efficiently selected, the number of applications of laser cladding can be large Offers the standard methods of testing used for various types of biomedical devices and tools Goes over the advantages of combining laser cladding with simultaneous induction heating The technical outcomes of these surface engineering methods are helpful for academics, students, and professionals who are working in this field as this enlightens their understanding of the performance of these latest processes. The audience is broad and multidisciplinary.

Transient friction effects determine the behavior of a wide class of mechatronic systems. Classic examples are squealing brakes, stiction in robotic arms, or stick-slip in linear drives. To properly design and understand mechatronic systems of this type, good quantitative models of transient friction effects are of primary interest. The theory developed in this book approaches this problem bottom-up, by deriving the behavior of macroscopic friction surfaces from the microscopic surface physics. The model is based on two assumptions: First, rough surfaces are inherently fractal, exhibiting roughness on a wide range of scales. Second, transient friction effects are caused by creep enlargement of the real area of contact between two bodies. This work demonstrates the results of extensive Finite Element analyses of the creep behavior of surface asperities, and proposes a generalized multi-scale area iteration for calculating the time-dependent real contact between two bodies. The toolset is then demonstrated both for the reproduction of a variety of experimental results on transient friction as well as for system simulations of two example systems.

Fundamentals of Friction, unlike many books on tribology, is devoted to one specific topic: friction. After introductory chapters on scientific and engineering perspectives, the next section contains the necessary background within the areas of contact mechanics, surfaces and adhesion. Then on to fracture, deformation and interface shear, from the macroscopic behavior of materials in frictional contact to microscopic models of uniform and granular interfaces. Lubrication by solids, liquids and gases is presented next, from classical flow properties to the reorganization of monolayers of molecules under normal and shear stresses. A section on new approaches at the nano- and atomic scales covers the physics and chemistry of interfaces, an array of visually exciting simulations, using molecular dynamics, of solids and liquids in sliding contact, and related AFM/STM studies. Following a section on machines and measurements, the final chapter discusses future issues in friction.

Gas Thermohydrodynamic Lubrication and Seals provides contemporary theory and methods for thermo-hydrodynamic lubrication analysis in the design of gas bearings and seals. The title includes information on gas state equations and gas property, derivation of gas thermohydrodynamic lubrication equations, the theory of isothermal gas lubrication, thermal gas lubrication of rigid surfaces, gas thermoelastic hydrodynamic lubrication of face seals, vapor-condensed gas lubrication of face seals, experimental methods, and the design of gas face seals. Readers will find state-of-the-art, practical knowledge based on fifty years of research and application.

With the advent of nanotechnology, the properties offered by nano-sized particles in various engineering applications have revolutionized the area of material science. Further, due to the use of nanomaterials in various engineering components particularly moving parts, it is imperative to understand the behavior of these nanomaterials under sliding conditions. Therefore, an augmented approach of nanotechnology and tribology has been addressed in the book. It presents recent advancements on the topics related to Mechanical and tribological behaviour of nanocomposites, Nanomaterials in lubricating oils, Synergetic effects of nanomaterials, Surface texturing at nano-scale, Nanocoatings for various applications, Biotribological applications of nanomaterials Nanomaterials for Sustainable Tribology cover major aspects of tribology of nanomaterials, its current status and future directions. This book will provide the readers an insight on several aspects of tribology of nanomaterials. The book will act as a strong stimulant for readers to appreciate and initiate further advancements in the field of tribology, particularly at nano-scale.

In this book, the history of the concepts critical to the discovery and development of aluminum, its alloys and the anodizing process are reviewed to provide a foundation for the challenges, achievements, and understanding of the complex relationship between the aluminum alloy and the reactions that occur during anodic oxidation. Empirical knowledge that has long sustained industrial anodizing is clarified by viewing the process as corrosion science, addressing each element of the anodizing circuit in terms of the Tafel Equation. This innovative approach enables a new level of understanding and engineering control for the mechanisms that occur as the oxide nucleates and grows, developing its characteristic highly ordered structure, which impact the practical function of the anodic aluminum oxide.

This book is focuses on novel materials for advanced engine design. It includes the study of friction, wear, lubrication, suitable lubricant additives, and durability of different engine components of alcohol/biodiesel fueled engines. The contents highlight different lubrication systems to overcome friction and wear problems of automotive transportation systems. It also discusses different materials for future applications, wear of wheels and axels of locomotives, friction-induced noise and vibration and tribological behavior of texture surfaces in the automotive transport sector. This book will be of interest to those in academia and industry involved in alternative fuels application in IC engines, friction and wear study of various engine components, lubrication approaches and different additives of lubricants, and novel materials for advanced engine design.

This book presents the proceedings of Fatigue Durability India 2016, which was held on September 28-30 at J N Tata Auditorium, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. This 2nd International Conference & Exhibition brought international industrial experts and academics together on a single platform to facilitate the exchange of ideas and advances in the field of fatigue, durability and fracture mechanics and its applications. This book comprises articles on a broad spectrum of topics from design, engineering, testing and computational evaluation of components and systems for fatigue, durability, and fracture mechanics. The topics covered include interdisciplinary discussions on working aspects related to materials testing, evaluation of damage, nondestructive testing (NDT), failure analysis, finite element modeling (FEM) analysis, fatigue and fracture, processing, performance, and reliability. The contents of this book will appeal not only to academic researchers, but also to design engineers, failure analysts, maintenance engineers, certification personnel, and R&D professionals involved in a wide variety of industries.

Friction, lubrication, adhesion, and wear are prevalent physical phenomena in everyday life and in many key technologies. This book incorporates a bottom-up approach to friction, lubrication, and wear into a versatile textbook on tribology. This is done by focusing on how these tribological phenomena occur on the small scale - the atomic to the micrometer scale - a field often called nanotribology. The book covers the microscopic origins of the common tribological concepts of roughness, elasticity, plasticity, friction coefficients, and wear coefficients. Some macroscale concepts (like elasticity) scale down well to the micro- and atomic-scale, while other macroscale concepts (like hydrodynamic lubrication) do not. In addition, this book also has chapters on topics not typically found in tribology texts: surface energy, surface forces, lubrication in confined spaces, and the atomistic origins of friction and wear. These chapters cover tribological concepts that become increasingly important at the small scale: capillary condensation, disjoining pressure, contact electrification, molecular slippage at interfaces, atomic scale stick-slip, and atomic bond breaking. Throughout the book, numerous examples are provided that show how a nanoscale understanding of tribological phenomena is essential to the proper engineering of important modern technologies such as MEMS, disk drives, and nanoimprinting. For the second edition, all the chapters have been revised and updated to incorporate the most recent advancements in nanoscale tribology. Another important enhancement to the second edition is the addition of problem sets at the end of each chapter.

This text discusses recent research techniques in the field of microwave processing of engineering materials by utilizing microwave radiation in the form of microwave hybrid heating (MHH). It is useful for industrial and household applications including the joining of materials, casting of bulk metal alloy material, drilling of borosilicate glass materials, development of cladding of different materials for friction, wear, and corrosion. The book: Discusses the development of high-temperature resistant materials using microwave processing Covers the latest research development in microwave processing in the field of healthcare i.e. bio-medical implants Highlights concepts of microwave heating in joining, cladding, and casting of metallic materials Explains mechanisms of failure of materials and protection in a comprehensive manner Provide readers the knowledge of microwave processing of materials in major thrust areas of engineering applications This book extensively highlights the latest advances in the field of microwave processing for engineering materials. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of materials science, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering, mechanical engineering, and production engineering.

The global lubricants market exceeds $110 billion, with strong future-estimated annual growth projections. While much has been written about the technical aspects of lubricant development, Lubricant Marketing, Selling, and Key Account Management fills a need for a comprehensive guide on the important commercial aspects of the business, offering unique and valuable insights from a veteran of the industry. It answers questions and offers insights on how to effectively market and sell all types of lubricants, including automotive, industrial, mining, marine, agricultural and aerospace, among others. Covers how and why people and companies buy lubricants. Instructs readers how to research and analyze markets and use the results to plan marketing and sales campaigns and activities. Details how to identify specific target market segments and sell to key lubricant accounts. Discusses how to forecast future demand for lubricants in all types of global markets. This practical book is written for technical and non-technical readers involved in the sale and management of lubricant products and offers hands-on guidance for how to successfully navigate and grow your profitability in this vitally important product sector.

Efficient numerical solution of realistic and, therefore, complex equation systems occupies many researchers in many disciplines. For various reasons, but mainly in order to approximate reality, a very large number of unknowns are needed. Using classical techniques, the solution of such a system of equations would take too long, and so sometimes MultiLevel techniques are used to accelerate convergence. Over the last one and a half decades, the authors have studied the problem of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, governed by a complex integro-differential equation. Their work has resulted in a very efficient and stable solver. In this book they describe the different intermediate problems analyzed and solved, and how those ingredients finally come together in the EHL solver. A number of these intermediate problems, such as Hydrodynamic Lubrication and Dry Contact, are useful in their own right. In the Appendix the full codes of the Poisson problem, the Hydrodynamic Lubrication problem, the dry contact solver and the EHL solver are given. These codes are all written in 'C' language, based on the 'ANSI-C' version.

Surfactants play a critical role in Tribology controlling friction, wear, and lubricant properties such as emulsification, demulsification, bioresistance, oxidation resistance, rust prevention and corrosion resistance. This is a critical topic for new materials and devices particularly those built at the nanoscale. This newest volume will address important advances, methods, and the use of novel materials to reduce friction and wear. Scientists from industrial research and development (R&D) organizations and academic research teams in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and North America will participate in the work.

Diamond-like carbons (DLCs) display a number of attractive properties that make them versatile coating materials for a variety of applications, including extremely high hardness values, very low friction properties, very low gas permeability, good biocompatibility, and very high electrical resistivity, among others. Further research into this material is required to produce hydrogen-free DLC films and to synthesize it together with other materials, thereby obtaining better film properties. Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings: Technologies and Applications examines emerging manufacturing technologies for DLCs with the aim of improving their properties for use in practical applications. Discusses DLC coatings used in mechanical, manufacturing, and medical applications Details recent developments in the novel synthesis of DLC films Covers advances in understanding of chemical, structural, physical, mechanical, and tribological properties for modern material processing Highlights methods to yield longer service life Considers prospects for future applications of emerging DLC technologies This work is aimed at materials science and engineering researchers, advanced students, and industry professionals.

This book summarizes the results of years of research on the problem of strength and fracture of polymers and elastomers. It sets out the modern approach to the strength theory from the standpoint of fractals, the kinetic and thermodynamic theories as well as the meso-mechanic destruction. The dimension reduction method is applied to model the friction processes in elastomers subjected to the complex dynamic loading. Finally, it analyses a relation between the fracture mechanism and the relation phenomena, and provides new experimental data on the sealing nodes in accordance with their specific working conditions where the effect of self-sealing is observed.

This book discusses how to reduce the impact of dust and heat on photovoltaic systems. It presents the problems caused by both dust accumulation and heat on PV systems, as well as the solutions, in a collected piece of literature. The Effects of Dust and Heat on Photovoltaic Modules: Impacts and Solutions begins by discussing the properties of dust accumulation on PV modules. It then presents several solutions to this, such as hydrophobic coatings and surface texturing. The second half of the book is used to discuss the effects of heat on silicon PV modules, as well as various cooling approaches. These include water cooling and carbon-based materials. Due to the prevalence of PV systems in renewable energy, this book will be of interest to numerous students, researchers and practitioners.

Engineering Tribology, Fourth Edition is an established introductory reference focusing on the key concepts and engineering implications of tribology. Taking an interdisciplinary view, the book brings together the relevant knowledge from different fields needed to achieve effective analysis and control of friction and wear. Updated to cover recent advances in tribology, this new edition includes new sections on ionic and mesogenic lubricants, surface texturing, and multiscale characterization of 3D surfaces and coatings. Current trends in nanotribology are discussed, such as those relating to lubricants, coatings and composites, and geotribology is introduced. Suitable as an introductory text, a refresher or an on-the-job reference, Engineering Tribology, 4th Edition is intended for final year undergraduate and postgraduate students in mechanical engineering as well as professional engineers. It is also relevant to those working in materials engineering, applied chemistry, physics and bioengineering.

Covers sustainable composites, their properties, fabrication techniques focus on their tribo-mechanical performance Highlights the renewable sources used in the preparation of composites Summarizes testing conditions affecting tribological properties of the composites Provides an extensive review on bio-composite properties and its tribological performance for biomedical applications Includes analytical overview of the different types of characterization techniques and tribological methods

This state-of-the-art book highlights recent advances and discussions in tribological technologies in sheet metal forming. The contents focus on the fundamentals to the more complex topics such as micro contact and lubricant behaviors, FEM analysis in deep drawing process, usage of tribo-simulators, friction behavior in flat sliding, tribological numerical modeling, and simulation of seizure. This book is a useful reference for academicians and researchers in the field of lubrication, sheet metal forming, and tooling.