This volume contains the proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Ela- ohydrodynamics and Microelastohydrodynamics held in Cardiff from 1st to 3rd September 2004. The symposium focused on theoretical, experimental and computational issues in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) both in relation to smooth surfaces and in situations where the ?lm is of the same order or th- ner than the surface roughness (micro-EHL). The last IUTAM Symposium in this general area of contact of deformable bodies was in 1974. The emphasis in the Symposium was upon fundamental issues such as: solution methods; lubricant rheological models, thermal effects; both low and high elastic m- ulus situations; human and replacement joints; ?uid traction; dynamic effects, asperity lubrication and the failure of lubrication; surface fatigue and thermal distress under EHL conditions. Delegates were welcomed to Wales and the Cardiff School of Engine- ing by the head of the School, Professor Hywel Thomas. The opening l- ture was given jointly by Professor Duncan Dowson, FRS and Sir Gordon Higginson, the distinguished partnership which produced some of the most important numerical solutions to the fundamental EHL problem which led to the ?rst reliable ?lm thickness formula for isothermal, Newtonian conditions. Their presentation reviewed the early developments in the subject and included some fascinating details of the dif?culties overcome and the scienti?c pers- alities involved. A total of 33 presentations were given over a period of three days.

The focus of this book is on modeling and simulations used in research on the morphological evolution during film growth. The authors emphasize the detailed mathematical formulation of the problem. The book will enable readers themselves to set up a computational program to investigate specific topics of interest in thin film deposition. It will benefit those working in any discipline that requires an understanding of thin film growth processes.

Materials engineers, researchers and students will find this book a valuable resource on erosion wear mechanisms. It contains extensive data on erosive wear resistance of conventional steels, powder materials and coatings, and criteria for erosive wear-resistant material and coating selection. The book collects together the work of more than 130 industrially-supported research projects conducted over 50 years.

In the past ?ve decades considerable attention has been devoted to comp- ite materials. A number of expressions have been suggested by which mac- scopic properties can be predicted when the properties, geometry, and volume concentrations of the constituent components are known. Many expressions are purely empirical or semi-theoretical. Others, however, are theoretically well founded such as the exact results from the following classical boundary studies: Bounds for the elastic moduli of composites made of perfectly coherent homogeneous, isotropic linear elastic phases have been developed by Paul [1] and Hansen [2] for unrestricted phase geometry and by Hashin and Shtrikman [3] for phase geometries, which cause macroscopic homogeneity and isotropy. The composites dealt with in this book are of the latter type. For two speci?c situations (later referred to), Hashin [4] and Hill [5] derived exact - lutionsforthebulkmodulusofsuchmaterials.Hashinconsideredtheso-called Composite Spheres Assemblage (CSA) consisting of tightly packed congruent composite elements made of spherical particles embedded in concentric - trix shells. Hill considered materials in which both phases have identical shear moduli. In the ?eld of predicting the elastic moduli of homogeneous isotropic c- posite materials in general the exact Hashin and Hill solutions are of th- retical interest mainly. Only a few real composites have the geometry de?ned by Hashin or the sti?ness distribution assumed by Hill. The enormous sign- icance, however, of the Hashin/Hill solutions is that they represent bounds which must not be violated by sti?ness predicted by any new theory claiming to consider geometries in general.

Multiscale Dissipative Mechanisms and Hierarchical Surfaces covers the rapidly developing topics of hierarchical surfaces, roughness-induced superhydrophobicity and biomimetic surfaces. The research in these topics has been progressing rapidly in the recent years due to the advances in the nanosciences and surfaces science and due to potential applications in nanotechnology. The first in its field, this monograph provides a comprehensive review of these subjects and presents the background introduction as well as recent and new results in the area.

This book highlights some of the most important structural, chemical, mechanical and tribological characteristics of DLC films. It is particularly dedicated to the fundamental tribological issues that impact the performance and durability of these coatings. The book provides reliable and up-to-date information on available industrial DLC coatings and includes clear definitions and descriptions of various DLC films and their properties.

This book can be viewed as a scientific investigation combined with methodological studies. For practical reasons each of the methods is described in the following general manner including: the uses and the scientific investigation tasks; methods of sampling; testing equipment; test preparation; tests; data processing; controversial issues and conclusions. Each of the 37 methods contains a range of 1 to 8 variants. As far as we know, the book is the first publication in the field.

This book is a unique collection of experimental data in the field of internal friction, anelastic relaxation, and damping properties of metallic materials. It reviews virtually all anelastic relaxation phenomena ever published. The reader is also supplied with explanations of the basic physical mechanisms of internal friction, a summary of typical effects for different groups of metals, and more than 2000 references to original papers.

Studying the morphology, defects, and wear behavior of a variety of material surfaces, Mechanical Tribology examines popular and emerging surface characterization techniques for assessment of the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of various modified surfaces, thin films, and coatings. Its chapters explore a wide range of tribological applications while promoting reduced component deterioration and improved efficiency and reliability of mechanical systems. The book includes extensive coverage of critical technologies that are usually absent in other references on the subject, delving into procedures affecting metal cutting and forming, physicochemical issues involved in the design of fiber finishes, and recent progress in biotribological research. It provides strategies to characterize the friction and wear properties of tribological systems and procedures to assess the quality and lifetime of ceramic materials. It also outlines methods to avoid scuffing and seizure in machine operations and novel techniques to prevent oil from spreading and creeping in lubricating applications. Mechanical Tribology is a practical guide for mechanical, industrial, chemical, process, design, and process engineers, materials scientists, and tribologists in the selection of materials, surface treatments, coatings, and environments best suited for a particular industrial application.

The premier symposium on Surfactants in Tribology, held in Seoul in 2006, was an enormously successful event that generated a high level of interest in the topic, leading to the publication of the first volume in this series in 2008. The tremendous response was echoed at the follow-up symposium in Berlin that same year, and leading researchers, many of whom participated in the second event, were invited to submit chapters for Surfactants in Tribology, Volume Two. Reflecting the cumulative wisdom of a contingent of researchers, this text explores all-new topics critical to the future of tribology. Topics discussed in this second volume include: Properties of silane, thio, phthalocyanine and phospholipid films, membranes, grafts, and SAMs on gold, silica, and graphite substrates Water/oil emulsions used as oil-well drilling fluids Properties of organized surfactant assemblies and aqueous solutions of alkyl polyglucosides Surfactants as demulsifiers in enhanced crude oil production from old wells Oil/water emulsions with biobased surfactants The synthesis of novel biobased materials Properties of biobased lubricants and surfactants Modeling and statistical predictive methods in the development of biobased lubricants The fundamentals of surface chemistry at tribological interfaces The role of surface science in magnetic recording tribology Antiwear and friction modifier compounds for automotive applications Surfactants as antimicrobial agents in lubricants Tribological phenomena are of significant importance in a host of industries ranging from simple products to high-tech devices. This volume and its predecessor reflect the sage contributions of a cadre of experts who report on current possibilities and future potential for harnessing sur

Many people, including those involved in the manufacturing, marketing and selling of lubricants, believe that blending lubricants is simply a matter of putting one or more base oils and several additives into a tank of some kind and stirring them around to mix them. Blending lubricants that meet customers' demands requires much more than this. The correct ingredients of the right quality need to be used in precisely controlled quantities. The ingredients need to be tested prior to blending and the finished products need to be tested following blending. The ingredients need to be stored and mixed under carefully controlled conditions. The finished lubricants need to be stored and packaged carefully and then delivered to customers correctly. This book discusses all of these issues, describes the different types of equipment used to blend lubricants, provides guidance on how best to use this equipment, and offers tips and techniques to help to avoid problems. It focuses on liquid lubricants. Greases are not discussed, as their manufacture involves very different manufacturing procedures compared with those concerned with liquid lubricants. The book starts with descriptions and discussion of the properties and characteristics of the main types of mineral and synthetic base oils, as well as the properties and characteristics of the main types of additives that are used in lubricant formulations. Criteria and methodologies used to design both new and upgraded blending plants are covered next. The types and operation of the equipment used in lubricant blending plants are described and discussed, together with a chapter on how to avoid problems before, during, and after blending. Testing and analysis of base oils, additives, and blended lubricants are covered in two separate chapters. Procedures for quality control and quality management in lubricant blending plants are also discussed in two separate chapters. Types of packages for lubricants are reviewed, together with methods for filling packages and methods for transporting lubricants in bulk. The storage of lubricants and supply chain management is also covered in depth.

In the field of tribology, the wear behaviour of polymers and composite materials is considered a highly non-linear phenomenon. Wear of Polymers and Composites introduces fundamentals of polymers and composites tribology. The book suggests a new approach to explore the effect of applied load and surface defects on the fatigue wear behaviour of polymers, using a new tribometer and thorough experiments. It discusses effects of surface cracks, under different static and cyclic loading parameters on wear, and presents an intelligent algorithm, in the form of a neural network, to map the relationship between wear rate and relevant factors. Using the aforementioned method leads to more accurate and cost effective prediction of surface fatigue wear rates, under different service conditions. The first three chapters of the book introduce polymers and composite materials tribology, followed by three chapters that cover testing in wear, applied load and contact pressure and surface defects. The remaining chapter moves on to predicting wear of polymers, and concludes by discussing questions and problems.

Fluid film bearings are among the best devices for overcoming friction and eliminating wear. They are machine elements and, together with shafts, gears, and cams, constitute the building blocks engineers use in the design and construction of mechanical devices. This book offers a systematic treatment of the fundamentals of fluid film lubrication and fluid film bearings. The introduction places fluid film bearings within the broader context of tribology, a subject that encompasses friction, lubrication, and wear. The early chapters provide a thorough discussion of classical tribological theory. The remainder of the book is devoted to more advanced topics of inertia, thermal and turbulence effects, lubrication of counterformal contacts, and non-Newtonian lubricants. Also included are developing areas, such as lubrication with emulsions. Graduate and senior undergraduate students, researchers, and practising engineers will appreciate this clear, thorough discussion of fluid film lubrication and fluid film bearings.

Improving our understanding of friction, lubrication, and fatigue, Modeling and Analytical Methods in Tribology presents a fresh approach to tribology that links advances in applied mathematics with fundamental problems in tribology related to contact elasticity, fracture mechanics, and fluid film lubrication. The authors incorporate the classical tenets of tribology while providing new mathematical solutions that address various shortcomings in existing theories. From contact interactions to contact fatigue life, the book connects traditionally separate areas of tribology research to create a coherent modeling methodology that encompasses asymptotic and numerical techniques. The authors often demonstrate the efficacy of the models by comparing predictions to experimental data. In most cases, they derive equations from first principles. They also rigorously prove problem formulations and derive certain solution properties. Solutions to problems are presented using simple analytical formulas, graphs, and tables. In addition, the end-of-chapter exercises highlight points important for comprehending the material and mastering the appropriate skills. Unlocking the secrets that govern the physics of lubricated and dry contacts, this book helps tribologists on their quest to reduce friction, minimize wear, and extend the operating life of mechanical equipment. It provides a real-world industrial perspective so that readers can attain a practical understanding of the material.

"A Tribology Casebook" is different to other engineering books in that it describes what actually happens under real life operating conditions. By presenting a collection of
incidents drawn from practice, this book illustrates the practical issues and problem solving approaches needed to deal with real situations that engineers are likely to come
across in their working lives.

CONTENTS INCLUDE: Aeration foaming, and contamination of lubricating oils by water in serviceAnalysis techniquesBoundary lubricating properties of polyglycolsClimatic effectsCondition monitoring: temperature measurementCorrosive wearCrankcase explosionsFires and explosions in air compressors and compressed air systemsLubrication in other environments than airManufacturers are not always rightMaterials for plain bearingsMechanical sealsPlant memory and myths.

This book discusses relevant topics in field of corrosion, from sensing strategies to modeling of control processes, corrosion prevention, detection of corrosion initiation, prediction of corrosion growth and evolution, to maintenance practices and return on investment.Written by leading international experts, it combines mathematical and scientific rigor with multiple case studies, examples, colorful images, case studies and numerous references exploring the essentials of corrosion in depth. It appeals to a wide readership, including corrosion engineers, managers, students and industrial and government staff, and can serve as a reference text for courses in materials, mechanical and aerospace engineering, as well as anyone working on corrosion processes.

An introduction to the theory and design of rolling element bearings. Broadly falling into two parts, it first of all deals with the fundamental design principles involved - geometric relationships, static and dynamic loads, load distribution, stresses, deformations and lifetimes. It then addresses current developments in bearing theory, including the mechanism of contact fatigue, elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication theory, optimal design and CAD. The book would be of interest to mechanical engineers, designers and technologists concerned with the specification, design, installation and operation of rolling element bearings.

The word tribology was fIrst reported in a landmark report by P. Jost in 1966 (Lubrication (Tribology)--A Report on the Present Position and Industry's Needs, Department of Education and Science, HMSO, London). Tribology is the science and technology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. The popular equivalent is friction, wear and lubrication. The economic impact of the better understanding of tribology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion is known to be immense. Losses resulting from ignorance of tribology amount in the United States alone to about 6 percent of its GNP or about $200 billion dollars per year (1966), and approximately one-third of the world's energy resources in present' use, appear as friction in one form or another. A fundamental understanding of the tribology of the head-medium interface in magnetic recording is crucial to the future growth of the $100 billion per year information storage industry. In the emerging microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industry, tribology is also recognized as a limiting technology. The advent of new scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques (starting with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981) to measure surface topography, adhesion, friction, wear, lubricant-fIlm thickness, mechanical properties all on a micro to nanometer scale, and to image lubricant molecules and the availability of supercomputers to conduct atomic-scale simulations has led to the development of a new fIeld referred to as Microtribology, Nanotribology, or Molecular Tribology (see B. Bhushan, J. N. Israelachvili and U.

A fully updated version of the popular "Introduction to Tribology," the second edition of this leading tribology text introduces the major developments in the understanding and interpretation of friction, wear and lubrication. Considerations of friction and wear have been fully revised to include recent analysis and data work, and friction mechanisms have been reappraised in light of current developments.

In this edition, the breakthroughs in tribology at the nano- and micro- level as well as recent developments in nanotechnology and magnetic storage technologies are introduced. A new chapter on the emerging field of green tribology and biomimetics is included. Introduces the topic of tribology from a mechanical engineering, mechanics and materials science points of viewNewly updated chapter covers both the underlying theory and the current applications of tribology to industryUpdated write-up on nanotribology and nanotechnology and introduction of a new chapter on green tribology and biomimeticsEnables readers to reinforce their knowledge of the topic with a newly added problems section which features on the book's companion website

This book presents a new formulation of the boundary element method for two-dimensional and axisymmetric contact problems. The solution procedure includes the effects of non-frictional as well as frictional contact between elastic bodies. Following a literature survey of various experimental and analytical approaches for solving elastic contact problems, a comprehensive review of numerical techniques used for analyses of contact problems is presented. The boundary element formulations for two-, three-dimensional and axisymmetric problems in elasticity are derived and numerical implementation using constant and linear elements is described. For analysis of contact problems, boundary elements are employed to compute flexibility matrices representing the relationship between tractions and displacements only at nodes coming into contact. The contact analysis is performed using the flexibility matrices in conjunction with contact boundary conditions. In this approach, only equations corresponding to the node coming into contact are required and consequently very efficient computation is achieved. Furthermore, the boundary element analysis and the contact analysis are performed separately, which makes it easy to implement the contact analysis procedure into boundary element codes. A new contact criterion for nodes coming into contact is proposed. Load incremental and iterative schemes are used to obtain accurate solutions. Some classical Hertz and non-Hertz contact problems are studied and results are found to be in good agreement with analytical and other numerical solutions.

Polyester-Based Biocomposites highlights the performance of polyester-based biocomposites reinforced with various natural fibres extracted from leaf, stem, fruit bunch, grass, wood material. It also addresses the characteristics of polyester-based biocomposites reinforced with rice husk fillers and various nanoparticles. The book explores the widespread applications of fibre-reinforced polymer composites ranging from the aerospace sector, automotive parts, construction and building materials, sports equipment, and household appliances. Investigating the advantages of natural fibres, such as superior damping characteristics, low density, biodegradability, abundant availability at low cost and non-abrasive to tooling, the book discusses what makes them a cost-effective alternative reinforcement material for composites in certain applications. The book serves as a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the field of polymer composites.

This volume describes the application of the method of the differential specific forces (MDSF). By using this new method, the solutions to the problems of a dissipative viscoelastic and elastic-plastic contacts between curvilinear surfaces of two solid bodies can be found. The novelty is that the forces of viscosity and the forces of elasticity can be found by an integration of the differential specific forces acting inside an elementary volume of the contact zone. This volume shows that this method allows finding the viscoelastic forces for any theoretical or experimental dependencies between the distance of mutual approach of two curvilinear surfaces and the radiuses of the contact area. Also, the derivation of the integral equations of the viscoelastic forces has been given and the equations for the contact pressure have been obtained. The viscoelastic and elastic-plastic contacts at impact between two spherical bodies have been examined. The equations for work and energy in the phases of compression and restitution and at the rolling shear have been obtained. Approximate solutions for the differential equations of movement (displacement) by using the method of equivalent work have been calculated. This new method of differential specific viscoelastic forces allows us to find the equations for all viscoelastic forces. It is principally different from other methods that use Hertz's theory, the classical theory of elasticity and the tensor algebra. This method will be useful in research of contact dynamics of any shape of contacting surfaces. It also can be used for determination of the dynamic mechanical properties of materials and in the design of wear-resistant elements and coverings for components of machines and equipment that are in harsh conditions where they are subjected to the action of flow or jet abrasive particles. This volume will be useful for professional designers of machines and mechanisms as well as for the design and development of new advanced materials, such as wear-resistant elastic coatings and elements for pneumatic and hydraulic systems, stop valves, fans, centrifugal pumps, injectors, valves, gate valves, and in other installations.

This book is an important volume in the a "Tribology in Practice Series" (TIPS). Thoroughly updated and revised, "Lubrication and Lubricant Selection" is a much-welcomed third edition of this established and successful title. Since the publication of the earlier editions of this title there have been important developments in some aspects of lubricant technology, notably in automotive engine lubricants: for example significant improvements in their expected service life and in fuel economy. A major cause of these changes has been the increasing international concern for the environmental impact of all sorts of technologies, not least lubricant technology. Greater public anxiety for safety and the environment has resulted in new legislation governing such subjects as product liability and environmental protection.This extended and updated edition of "Lubrication and Lubricant Selection" presents an accurate picture of the current position, particularly with regard to the rapidly changing technical, testing, specification and regulation situation of engine lubricants. The book provides guidance to lubrication practice in industry, with the emphasis on practical application. Specific guidance is given regarding the appropriate selection of lubricants for a wide range of uses. Factors determining the suitability of a lubricant for a particular purpose are described and explained. Contents herein include: basic principles of lubrication; choice of lubricant type; lubricating oils; selection of lubricating oil; oil supply systems; oil changing and oil conservation; greases and anti-seizes; dry bearings and solid lubrication; gas bearings; sealing of lubricants; lubricant testing and specifications; lubricant monitoring; lubricant handling and storage; and, health and safety.

Insightful working knowledge of friction, lubrication, and wear in machines Applications of tribology are widespread in industries ranging from aerospace, marine and automotive to power, process, petrochemical and construction. With world-renowned expert co-authors from academia and industry, Applied Tribology: Lubrication and Bearing Design, 3rd Edition provides a balance of application and theory with numerous illustrative examples. The book provides clear and up-to-date presentation of working principles of lubrication, friction and wear in vital mechanical components, such as bearings, seals and gears. The third edition has expanded coverage of friction and wear and contact mechanics with updated topics based on new developments in the field. Key features: * Includes practical applications, homework problems and state-of-the-art references. * Provides presentation of design procedure. * Supplies clear and up-to-date information based on the authors widely referenced books and over 500 archival papers in this field. Applied Tribology: Lubrication and Bearing Design, 3rd Edition provides a valuable and authoritative resource for mechanical engineering professionals working in a wide range of industries with machinery including turbines, compressors, motors, electrical appliances and electronic components. Senior and graduate students in mechanical engineering will also find it a useful text and reference.

Careful selection of the right lubricant(s) is required to keep a machine running smoothly. Lubrication Fundamentals, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded describes the need and design for the many specialized oils and greases used to lubricate machine elements and builds on the tribology and lubrication basics discussed in previous editions. Utilizing knowledge from leading experts in the field, the third edition covers new lubrication requirements, crude oil composition and selection, base stock manufacture, lubricant formulation and evaluation, machinery and lubrication fundamentals, and environmental stewardship. The book combines lubrication theory with practical knowledge, and provides many useful illustrations to highlight key industrial, commercial, marine, aviation, and automotive lubricant applications and concepts. All previous edition chapters have been updated to include new technologies, applications, and specifications that have been introduced in the past 15 years. What's New in the Third Edition: Adds three new chapters on the growing renewable energy application of wind turbines, the impact of lubricants on energy efficiency, and best practice guidelines on establishing an in-service lubricant analysis program Updates API, SAE, and ACEA engine oil specifications, descriptions of new engine oil tests, impact of engine and fuel technology trends on engine oil Includes the latest environmental lubricant tests, definitions, and labelling programs Compiles expert information from ExxonMobil publications and the foremost international equipment builders and industry associations Covers key influences impacting lubricant formulations and technology Offers data on global energy demand and interesting statistics such as the worldwide population of nuclear reactors, wind turbines, and output of hydraulic turbines Presents new sections on the history of synthetic lubricants and hazardous chemical labeling for lubricants Whether used as a training guide for industry novices, a textbook for students to understand lubrication principles, or a technical reference for experienced lubrication and tribology professionals, Lubrication Fundamentals, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded is a "must read" for maintenance professionals, lubricant formulators and marketers, chemists, and lubrication, surface, chemical, mechanical, and automotive engineers.