Varicella-zoster Virus (Hardcover, 2010 ed.)

Varicella-zostervirus(VZV)isamedicallyimportanthumanherpesvirus,belo- ingtothesubfamilyAlphaherpesviridae. Thecapacitytopersistinsensoryneurons isade?ningcharacteristicoftheAlphaherpesviridaesubgroupwhichalsoincludes herpessimplexvirus1and2;likeVZV,simianvaricellavirus(SVV),pseudorabies virus-1(PRV-1),andequineherpesvirus-1(EHV-1)belongtotheVaricellovirus genus. ThebasicelementsoftheinfectiouscycleofVZVinthehumanhostarethat infectionofthena?vehostresultsinvaricella,commonlyknownaschickenpox, latencyisestablishedinsensoryganglia,andreactivationcauseszosteror"sh- gles. "Therelationshipbetweenthecausative agentofvaricellaandzoster was demonstratedmorethan100yearsagowhenchildreninoculatedwithmaterialfrom zosterlesionswereshowntodevelopvaricella. Thelocalizeddistributionofthe zosterrashwasalsorecognizedasdemarcatingthedematomeinnervatedbyaxons fromneuronsineachofthesensoryganglia. Earlyelectronmicroscopystudies showedthatvirusparticleswerepresentinhighconcentrationsinthevesicular ?uidfrombothvaricellaandzosterlesions,andVZVwasamongthe?rstviruses propagatedinvitrobyJohnEndersandThomasWeller. Theintroductionofim- nosuppressivetherapiesformalignancyledtoobservationssuggestingtheneed forcell-mediatedimmunityinthehostresponsetovaricellaanditsroleinma- tainingVZVlatency. Fortunately,earlystudiesofthemolecularvirologyofVZV revealedthatitwasinhibitedbyinterferencewiththethymidinekinasegene,and thelife-threateningandoftenfatalVZVinfectionsexperiencedbythesepatients becametreatablewithantiviraldrugs. Subsequently,thecapacitytogrowVZVin tissueculturewasexploitedtocreatealiveattenuatedVZVvaccinebyMichiaki Tashihaki. Whilenowtakenforgranted,theseearlyinsightsaboutVZVandits characteristicsasahumanpathogenaswellasthedevelopmentofeffectivean- viral drugs and vaccines occurred over many decades. Importantly, these early observationssetthestagefortheremarkableprogressthathasbeenmadeinour understandingofthemolecularbiologyofVZV,thesubtletiesofitstropismfor differentiatedhumancells,includinglymphocytesaswellasskinandneurons,and themechanismsbywhichthevirusachievesanequilibriumwiththehostsothatit persistsnotjustintheindividualbutinthehumanpopulation. v vi Preface Thepurposeofthisvolumeistoreviewkeyareasofprogressinthe?eldofVZV research,aswellasworkontherelatedSVV,writtenbythosewhohavecontributed manyofthenew? ndingsthathaveenrichedourknowledgeoftheuniquech- acteristicsofthisubiquitoushumanpathogen. AlthoughtheVZVgenomeisthe smallestamongthehumanherpesviruses,therapidlyacceleratingpaceofdiscovery about VZV and VZV-host interactions re?ected in these reviews promises to continueasnewtoolsareavailableandnewhypothesesaregeneratedtoexplain howVZVhascreatedandmaintaineditsnicheinthehuman"virome"Therelationshipbetweenthecausative agentofvaricellaandzoster was demonstratedmorethan100yearsagowhenchildreninoculatedwithmaterialfrom zosterlesionswereshowntodevelopvaricella. Thelocalizeddistributionofthe zosterrashwasalsorecognizedasdemarcatingthedematomeinnervatedbyaxons fromneuronsineachofthesensoryganglia. Earlyelectronmicroscopystudies showedthatvirusparticleswerepresentinhighconcentrationsinthevesicular ?uidfrombothvaricellaandzosterlesions,andVZVwasamongthe?rstviruses propagatedinvitrobyJohnEndersandThomasWeller. Theintroductionofim- nosuppressivetherapiesformalignancyledtoobservationssuggestingtheneed forcell-mediatedimmunityinthehostresponsetovaricellaanditsroleinma- tainingVZVlatency. Fortunately,earlystudiesofthemolecularvirologyofVZV revealedthatitwasinhibitedbyinterferencewiththethymidinekinasegene,and thelife-threateningandoftenfatalVZVinfectionsexperiencedbythesepatients becametreatablewithantiviraldrugs. Subsequently,thecapacitytogrowVZVin tissueculturewasexploitedtocreatealiveattenuatedVZVvaccinebyMichiaki Tashihaki. Whilenowtakenforgranted,theseearlyinsightsaboutVZVandits characteristicsasahumanpathogenaswellasthedevelopmentofeffectivean- viral drugs and vaccines occurred over many decades. Importantly, these early observationssetthestagefortheremarkableprogressthathasbeenmadeinour understandingofthemolecularbiologyofVZV,thesubtletiesofitstropismfor differentiatedhumancells,includinglymphocytesaswellasskinandneurons,and themechanismsbywhichthevirusachievesanequilibriumwiththehostsothatit persistsnotjustintheindividualbutinthehumanpopulation. v vi Preface Thepurposeofthisvolumeistoreviewkeyareasofprogressinthe?eldofVZV research,aswellasworkontherelatedSVV,writtenbythosewhohavecontributed manyofthenew?ndingsthathaveenrichedourknowledgeoftheuniquech- acteristicsofthisubiquitoushumanpathogen. AlthoughtheVZVgenomeisthe smallestamongthehumanherpesviruses,therapidlyacceleratingpaceofdiscovery about VZV and VZV-host interactions re?ected in these reviews promises to continueasnewtoolsareavailableandnewhypothesesaregeneratedtoexplain howVZVhascreatedandmaintaineditsnicheinthehuman"virome"sos- cessfully. Further improvements in the clinical management of VZV infection shouldemergeinparallelwithbetterinsightsintoVZVmolecularvirologyand pathogenesis. Stanford,CA,June,2010 AllisonAbendroth AnnM. Arvin JenniferF. Moffat Contents TheVaricella-ZosterVirusGenome ...1 JeffreyI. Cohen VZVMolecularEpidemiology ...15 JudithBreuer RolesofCellularTranscriptionFactorsinVZVReplication ...43 WilliamT. Ruyechan EffectsofVaricella-ZosterVirusonCellCycleRegulatoryPathways ...67 JenniferF. MoffatandRebeccaJ. Greenblatt Varicella-ZosterVirusOpenReadingFrame66ProteinKinase andItsRelationshiptoAlphaherpesvirusUS3Kinases ...79 AngelaErazoandPaulR. Kinchington VZVORF47SerineProteinKinaseandItsViralSubstrates ...99 TeriK. KenyonandCharlesGrose OverviewofVaricella-ZosterVirusGlycoproteinsgC,gHandgL ...113 CharlesGrose,JohnE. Carpenter,WallenJackson,andKarenM. Duus AnalysisoftheFunctionsofGlycoproteinsEandIandTheirPromoters DuringVZVReplicationInVitroandinSkinandT-CellXenografts intheSCIDMouseModelofVZVPathogenesis ...129 AnnM. Arvin,StefanOliver,MikeReichelt,JenniferF. Moffat, MarvinSommer,LeighZerboni,andBarbaraBerarducci Varicella-ZosterVirusGlycoproteinM ...147 YasukoMoriandTomohikoSadaoka vii viii Contents VaricellaZosterVirusImmuneEvasionStrategies ...155 AllisonAbendroth,PaulR. Kinchington,andBarrySlobedman VZVInfectionofKeratinocytes:ProductionofCell-FreeInfectious VirionsInVivo ...173 MichaelD. GershonandAnneA. Gershon Varicella-ZosterVirusTCellTropismandthePathogenesis ofSkinInfection ...189 AnnM. Arvin,JenniferF. Moffat,MarvinSommer,StefanOliver, XibingChe,SusanVleck,LeighZerboni,andChia-ChiKu ExperimentalModelstoStudyVaricella-ZosterVirusInfection ofNeurons ...211 MeganSteain,BarrySlobedman,andAllisonAbendroth MolecularCharacterizationofVaricellaZosterVirusinLatently InfectedHumanGanglia:PhysicalStateandAbundanceofVZV DNA,QuantitationofViralTranscriptsandDetection ofVZV-Speci?cProteins ...229 YevgeniyAzarkh,DonGilden,andRandallJ. Cohrs NeurologicalDiseaseProducedbyVaricellaZosterVirusReactivation WithoutRash ...2 43 DonGilden,RandallJ. Cohrs,RaviMahalingam,andMariaA. Nagel Varicella-ZosterVirusNeurotropisminSCIDMouse-Human DorsalRootGangliaXenografts ...255 L. Zerboni,M. Reichelt,andA. Arvin RodentModelsofVaricella-ZosterVirusNeurotropism ...277 JeffreyI. Cohen SimianVaricellaVirus:MolecularVirology ...291 WayneL. Gray SimianVaricellaVirusPathogenesis ...309 RaviMahalingam,IlhemMessaoudi,andDonGilden Varicella-ZosterVirusVaccine:MolecularGenetics ...323 D. ScottSchmid VZVTCell-MediatedImmunity ...341 AdrianaWeinbergandMyronJ. Levin Contents ix PerspectivesonVaccinesAgainstVaricella-ZosterVirusInfections ...359 AnneA. GershonandMichaelD. Gershon Index ...373 . Contributors Allison Abendroth Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UniversityofSydney,BlackburnBuilding,Room601,Camperdown,NSW 2006, Australia and Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute,Westmead,NSW2145,Australia,allison. abendroth@sydney. edu. au AnnM. Arvin StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine,G311,Stanford,CA 94305,USA,aarvin@stanford.

General

Imprint:	Springer-Verlag
Country of origin:	Germany
Series:	Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 342
Release date:	June 2010
First published:	August 2010
Editors:	Allison Abendroth • Ann M. Arvin • Jennifer F Moffat
Dimensions:	235 x 155 x 25mm (L x W x T)
Format:	Hardcover - Cloth over boards
Pages:	378
Edition:	2010 ed.
ISBN-13:	978-3-642-12727-4
Categories:	Books > Medicine > Other branches of medicine > Pathology > Medical microbiology & virology
LSN:	3-642-12727-4
Barcode:	9783642127274

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