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Electrochemical Supercapacitors - Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1999)
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Electrochemical Supercapacitors - Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1999)
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The first model for the distribution of ions near the surface of a
metal electrode was devised by Helmholtz in 1874. He envisaged two
parallel sheets of charges of opposite sign located one on the
metal surface and the other on the solution side, a few nanometers
away, exactly as in the case of a parallel plate capacitor. The
rigidity of such a model was allowed for by Gouy and Chapman inde
pendently, by considering that ions in solution are subject to
thermal motion so that their distribution from the metal surface
turns out diffuse. Stern recognized that ions in solution do not
behave as point charges as in the Gouy-Chapman treatment, and let
the center of the ion charges reside at some distance from the
metal surface while the distribution was still governed by the
Gouy-Chapman view. Finally, in 1947, D. C. Grahame transferred the
knowledge of the struc ture of electrolyte solutions into the model
of a metal/solution interface, by en visaging different planes of
closest approach to the electrode surface depending on whether an
ion is solvated or interacts directly with the solid wall. Thus,
the Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame model of the so-called electrical
double layer was born, a model that is still qualitatively
accepted, although theoreti cians have introduced a number of new
parameters of which people were not aware 50 years ago.
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