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Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Technological Applications (Hardcover, 2014 ed.)
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Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Technological Applications (Hardcover, 2014 ed.)
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Heme and chlorophyll (Chl) are porphyrins. Porphyrins (also
referred to as tetrapyrroles) are essential for life in the
biosphere. Chlorophyll catalyzes the conversion of solar energy to
chemical energy via the process of photosynthesis. Organic life in
the biosphere is made possible by consumption of the chemical
energy generated by photosynthesis. Hemes are the prosthetic groups
of cytochromes which are involved in electron transport during
oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthetic phosphorylation which
generate ATP and NADPH. The latter are essential for many cellular
functions. Chlorophyll on the other hands catalyzes the process of
photosynthesis. Indeed, life in the biosphere depends on the
process of photosynthesis which converts light energy, carbon
dioxide and water into the chemical energy, required for the
formation of food and fiber. Photosynthetic efficiency is
controlled by extrinsic factors such as the availability of water,
CO2, inorganic nutrients, ambient temperature and the metabolic and
developmental state of the plant, as well as by intrinsic factors
(Lien and San Pietro, 1975). The most important intrinsic factor is
the efficiency of the photosynthetic electron transport system
(PETS). Conventional agriculture is one of the few human activities
that have not undergone a revolution to join other activities such
as overcoming gravity by flying, and landing on the moon, crossing
underwater the polar cap, and communicating wirelessly over long
distances via electromagnetic waves. We now feel that enough
biochemical and molecular biological knowledge has accumulated to
render this dream amenable to experimentation. We believe that the
time has come to bioengineer chloroplasts capable of synthesizing a
short chain carbohydrate such as glycerol at rates that approach
the upper theoretical limits of photosynthesis [Rebeiz, C. A.
(2010) Investigations of possible relationships between the
chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway and the assembly of
chlorophyll-protein complexes and photosynthetic efficiency. In:
Rebeiz, C. A. Benning, C., Bohnert, H.J., Daniell, H., Hoober J.
K., Lichtenthaler, H. K., Portis , A. R., and Tripathy, B. C. eds.
The chloroplast: Basics and Applications. Springer. The
Netherlands, p 1-24]. In order to achieve this goal a thorough
knowledge of the Chl biosynthetic pathway is needed along with
knowledge in other domains (Rebeiz 2010). In this context, this
monograph is devoted to an in depth discussion of our present
knowledge of the Chl biosynthetic pathway. The complexity and
biochemical heterogeneity of the Chl biosynthetic pathway and the
relationship of this complexity to the structural and biosynthetic
complexity of photosynthetic membranes will be emphasized. We will
also emphasize in historical perspective, key stages in our
understanding of the Chl biosynthetic heterogeneity. The reader
should keep in mind that a complex biosynthetic process is only
fully understood when it becomes possible to reconstitute in vitro
every step of the process. We are not yet at this stage of
understanding of thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Considerable
progress has been achieved however, in the understanding of
numerous facets of the Chl biosynthetic pathway, namely (a)
detection and identification of various major and minor metabolic
intermediates (b) precursor-product relationships between various
intermediates, (c) structure and regulation of many enzymes of the
pathway, and (d) the relationship of the Chl biosynthetic
heterogeneity to the structural and functional heterogeneity of
thylakoid membranes. In addition topics related to the development
of Analytical techniques, Cell-free systems, Herbicides,
Insecticides, and Cancericides are also discussed.
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