Man has moved rapidly from the hunter-gatherer environment to
the living conditions of the rich industrialised countries. The
hygiene hypothesis suggests that the resulting changed and reduced
pattern of exposure to micro-organisms has led to disordered
regulation of the immune system, and hence to increases in certain
chronic inflammatory disorders. The concept began with the allergic
disorders, but there are now good reasons for extending it to
autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis,
depression associated with raised inflammatory cytokines, some
cancers and perhaps neuroinflammatory disorders such as Alzheimer s
and Parkinson s. This book discusses the evidence for and against
in the context of Darwinian medicine, which uses knowledge of
evolution to cast light on human diseases. It is the first book to
consider the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis in
areas of medicine where it has not previously been applied. The
approach is interdisciplinary, looking at man s microbiological
history, at the biology of the effects of microorganisms on the
immune system, and at the implications for chronic inflammatory
disorders in multiple organ systems. Finally, the authors describe
progress in the exploitation of microorganisms or their components
as novel prophylactics and treatments in several branches of
medicine."
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