AsanadditiontotheEuropeanpostgraduatetrainingsystemforyoung
neurosurgeons, we began to publish in 1974 this series of
Advancesand Technical Standards in Neurosurgery which was later
sponsored by the EuropeanAssociationofNeurosurgicalSocieties. This
series was ?rst discussed in 1972 at a combined meeting of the
Italian and German Neurosurgical Societies in Taormina, the
founding
fathersoftheseriesbeingJeanBrihaye,BernardPertuiset,FritzLoewand
HugoKrayenbuhl. ThuswereestablishedtheprinciplesofEuropean-
operationwhich havebeenbornfromthe Europeanspirit,?ourishedin
theEuropeanAssociation,andhavebeenassociatedthroughoutwiththis
series. ThefactthattheEnglishlanguageisnowtheinternationalmediumfor
communicationatEuropeanscienti?cconferencesisagreatassetinterms
ofmutualunderstanding. Thereforewehavedecidedtopublishallcont-
butionsinEnglish,regardlessofthenativelanguageoftheauthors. All
contributions are submitted to the entire editorial board before
publicationofanyvolumeforscrutinyandsuggestionsforrevision.
Ourseriesisnotintendedtocompetewiththepublicationsoforiginal
scienti?cpapersinotherneurosurgicaljournals.
Ourintentionis,rather,to
present?eldsofneurosurgeryandrelatedareasinwhichimportantrecent
advanceshavebeenmade. Thecontributionsarewrittenbyspecialistsin
thegiven?eldsandconstitutethe?rstpartofeachvolume.
Inthesecondpartofeachvolume,wepublishdetaileddescriptionsof
standardoperativeproceduresandindepthreviewsofestablishedkno- edge
in all aspects of neurosurgery, furnished by experienced
clinicians. This part is intended primarily to assist young
neurosurgeons in their postgraduatetraining.
However,weareconvincedthatitwillalsobeu-
fultoexperienced,fullytrainedneurosurgeons. We hope therefore that
surgeons not only in Europe, but also
throughouttheworld,willpro?tbythisseriesofAdvancesandTechnical
StandardsinNeurosurgery. TheEditors Contents
ListofContributors...XIII Advances .. Gene Technology Based
Therapies in the Brain. T. Wirth1,4 and S. Yla- Herttuala1,2,3, 1A.
I. Virtanen Institute,University of Kuopio, Kuopio,F- land,
2DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofKuopioandGeneTherapyUnit, Kuopio,
Finland, 3Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio,
Finland,4ArkTherapeuticsOy,Kuopio,Finland Abstract...3
IntroductiontoGeneTherapy:ThePast,PresentandFuture...4
PotentialAreasforGeneTherapyintheBrain...6
GeneTherapyforParkinson'sDisease...7
GeneTherapyforAlzheimer'sDisease...8
GeneTherapyforVascularBrainDiseases...9
GeneTherapyforBrainTumours...11
ChallengesofGeneTherapyintheBrain...12 GeneTransferVectors...15
ViralGeneTransferVectors...17 Retroviruses...17
HerpesSimplexVirus-1(HSV-1)...17 Adenoviruses...18
Adeno-AssociatedVirus(AAV's)...18 Non-ViralVectors...19 Ethics...20
ConcludingRemarks...21 Acknowledgement...21 References...21 VIII
Contents TechnicalStandards
AnatomyoftheOrbitanditsSurgicalApproach. G. Hayek,Ph. Mercier,and
H. D. Fournier, Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Angers,Angers,France Abstract...35 Introduction...36
AnatomyoftheOrbit...36 TheOrbitalCavity...36
TheOrbitalFasciaorPeriorbita...38 OrbitalContents...39
OrbitalMuscles...40 TheArteriesoftheOrbit...42 VeinsoftheOrbit...47
NervesoftheOrbit...48 LacrymalGland...55
ApproachRoutestotheOrbit...56 Incision...56
TheLateralApproachRoute...57 OsteoplasticTechniques...58
Non-OsteoplasticTechniques...58 TheSuperiorApproachRoute...60
TheHybridLateral/SuperiorRoute...63 Discussion...
General
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