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Applications of Synchrotron Light to Scattering and Diffraction in Materials and Life Sciences (Hardcover, 2009 ed.)
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Applications of Synchrotron Light to Scattering and Diffraction in Materials and Life Sciences (Hardcover, 2009 ed.)
Series: Lecture Notes in Physics, 776
Expected to ship within 10 - 15 working days
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In a ?rst approximation, certainly rough, one can de?ne as
non-crystalline materials those which are neither single-crystals
nor poly-crystals. Within this category, we
canincludedisorderedsolids,softcondensed matter,andlivesystemsamong
others. Contrary to crystals, non-crystalline materials have in
common that their intrinsic structures cannot be exclusively
described by a discrete and periodical function but by a continuous
function with short range of order. Structurally these systems have
in common the relevance of length scales between those de?ned by
the atomic and the macroscopic scale. In a simple ?uid, for
example, mobile molecules may freely exchange their positions, so
that their new positions are permutations of their old ones. By
contrast, in a complex ?uid large groups of molecules may be
interc- nected so that the permutation freedom within the group is
lost, while the p- mutation between the groups is possible. In this
case, the dominant characteristic length, which may de?ne the
properties of the system, is not the molecular size but that of the
groups. A central aspect of some non-crystalline materials is that
they may self-organize. This is of particular importance for
Soft-matter materials. Self-organization is characterized by the
spontaneous creation of regular structures at different length
scales which may exhibit a certain hierarchy that controls the
properties of the system. X-ray scattering and diffraction have
been for more than a hundred years an essential technique to
characterize the structure of materials. Quite often scattering
anddiffractionphenomenaexhibitedbynon-crystallinematerialshavebeenreferred
to as non-crystalline diffraction.
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