Gas and liquid-phase unimolecular reactions are central to the complex chemistry of a large number of processes, from those occurring in the Earth's atmosphere to those involved in transportation, power and manufacturing. Improving our understanding of the fundamental chemistry of these processes is critical to solving contemporary challenges such as climate change, as well as improving industrial efficiency. One hundred years have passed since the proposal of the Lindemann mechanism in 1922, and the current state of this field is as exciting and important as ever. The unique format of the Faraday Discussions allows for in-depth discussions across the full scope of the field, from new perspectives in kinetics and dynamics to application to current challenges such as atmospheric pollution, alternative fuels and industrial processes. This volume brings together global leaders to examine the current state of unimolecular reaction experiments as well as theory and applications to current challenges. In this volume the topics covered are organised into the following themes: Collisional energy transfer The reaction step The Master Equation Impact of Lindemann and related theories

Who Needs Nuclear Power challenges conventional thinking about the role of civil nuclear power in a rapidly changing energy context, where new energy carriers are penetrating markets around the world. Against the backdrop of a global energy transition and the defining issue of Climate Change, Chris Anastasi assesses new nuclear build in a fast-moving sector in which new technologies and practices are rapidly emerging. He considers various countries at different stages of nuclear industry development, and discusses their political, legal and technical institutions that provide the framework for both existing nuclear facilities and new build, as well as a country's technical capability. He also highlights the critical issue of nuclear safety culture, exploring how organisations go about instilling it and maintaining it in their operations and encouraging it in their supply chains; the critical role played by independent regulators and international institutions in ensuring the integrity of the industry is also highlighted. This book provides a balanced and holistic view of nuclear power for both an expert and non-expert audience, and a realistic assessment of the potential for this technology over the critical period to 2050 and beyond.

Get a firm handle on the engineering reliability process with this insightful and complete resource Named one of the Best Industrial Management eBooks of All Time by BookAuthority As featured on CNN, Forbes and Inc - BookAuthority identifies and rates the best books in the world, based on recommendations by thought leaders and experts The newly and thoroughly revised 3rd Edition of Reliability Engineering delivers a comprehensive and insightful analysis of this crucial field. Accomplished author, professor, and engineer, Elsayed. A. Elsayed includes new examples and end-of-chapter problems to illustrate concepts, new chapters on resilience and the physics of failure, revised chapters on reliability and hazard functions, and more case studies illustrating the approaches and methodologies described within. The book combines analyses of system reliability estimation for time independent and time dependent models with the construction of the likelihood function and its use in estimating the parameters of failure time distribution. It concludes by addressing the physics of failures, mechanical reliability, and system resilience, along with an explanation of how to ensure reliability objectives by providing preventive and scheduled maintenance and warranty policies. This new edition of Reliability Engineering covers a wide range of topics, including: Reliability and hazard functions, like the Weibull Model, the Exponential Model, the Gamma Model, and the Log-Logistic Model, among others System reliability evaluations, including parallel-series, series-parallel, and mixed parallel systems The concepts of time- and failure-dependent reliability within both repairable and non-repairable systems Parametric reliability models, including types of censoring, and the Exponential, Weibull, Lognormal, Gamma, Extreme Value, Half-Logistic, and Rayleigh Distributions Perfect for first-year graduate students in industrial and systems engineering, Reliability Engineering, 3rd Edition also belongs on the bookshelves of practicing professionals in research laboratories and defense industries. The book offers a practical and approachable treatment of a complex area, combining the most crucial foundational knowledge with necessary and advanced topics.

Sugarcane exhibits all the major characteristics of a promising bioenergy crop including high biomass yield, C4 photosynthetic system, perennial nature, and ratooning ability. Being the largest agricultural commodity of the world with respect to total production, sugarcane biomass is abundantly available. Brazil has already become a sugarcane biofuels centered economy while Thailand, Colombia, and South Africa are also significantly exploiting this energy source. Other major cane producers include India, China, Pakistan, Mexico, Australia, Indonesia, and the United States. It has been projected that sugarcane biofuels will be playing extremely important role in world's energy matrix in recent future. This book analyzes the significance, applications, achievements, and future avenues of biofuels and bioenergy production from sugarcane, in top cane growing countries around the globe. Moreover, we also evaluate the barriers and areas of improvement for targeting efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective biofuels from sugarcane to meet the world's energy needs and combat the climate change.

This book discusses dynamic modeling, simulation, and control strategies for Photovoltaic (PV) stand-alone systems during variation of environmental conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness of the implemented Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques and the employed control strategy are evaluated during variations of solar irradiance and cell temperature. The simulation results are based on the reliability of the MPPT techniques applied in extracting the maximum power from the PV system during the rapid variation of the environmental conditions. The authors review two MPPT techniques implemented in PV systems, namely the perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT Technique and the Incremental Conductance (InCond) MPPT technique. These two MPPT techniques were simulated by the MATLAB/Simulink and the results response of the PV array from voltage, current, and power are compared to the effect of solar irradiation and temperature change.

Residential buildings consume about a quarter of all energy (including electrical and thermal) in industrialized countries and emit around 20% of the carbon emissions there. Older and outdated heating and cooling technology causes high energy demand and, depending on building type, secondary causes can include ventilation and lighting. Technology is available to mitigate high energy consumption, and to enable the use of renewable or environmentally friendly energy, partly generated locally. This book, written by international experts from academia as well as industry, compiles and describes several key technologies available to reduce a residential building's energy consumption. Key themes include local energy generation, such as the use of sunlight to reduce heating needs, and photovoltaics for electricity. Case studies are included in most chapters to provide real-world context for the technologies described.

This book contains selected papers presented during the World Renewable Energy Network's 28thanniversary congress at the University of Kingston in London. The forum highlighted the integration of renewables and sustainable buildings as the best means to combat climate change. In-depth chapters written by the world's leading experts highlight the most current research and technological breakthroughs and discuss policy, renewable energy technologies and applications in all sectors - for heating and cooling, agricultural applications, water, desalination, industrial applications and for the transport sectors. Presents cutting-edge research in green building and renewable energy from all over the world; Covers the most up-to-date research developments, government policies, business models, best practices and innovations; Contains case studies and examples to enhance practical application of the technologies.

This book explores the use of biomass as an energy source and its application in energy conversion technologies. Focusing on the challenges of, and technologies related to, biomass conversion, the book is divided into three parts. The first part underlines the fundamental concepts that form the basis of biomass production, its feasibility valuation, and its potential utilization. This part does not consider only how biomass is generated, but also methods of assessment. The second part focuses on the clarification of central concepts of the biorefinery processes. After a preliminary introduction with industrial examples, common issues of biochemical reaction engineering applications are analysed in detail. The theory explained in this part demonstrates that the chemical kinetics are the core focus in modelling biological processes such as growth, decay, product formation and feedstock consumption. This part continues with the theory of biofuels production, including biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons. The third part of this book gives detailed explanations of preliminary notions related to the theory of thermodynamics. This theory will assist the reader when taking into account the concepts treated in the previous two parts of the book. Several detailed derivations are given to give the reader a full understanding of the arguments at hand. This part also gives literature data on the main properties of some biomass feedstock. Fundamentals of Biofuels Engineering and Technology will be of interest not only to academics and researchers working in this field but also to graduate students and energy professionals seeking to expand their knowledge of this increasingly important area.

Renewable energy is a critical topic of discussion in contemporary society. With increased attention on alternative methods, solar tracking has emerged as an effective strategy for sustainable energy management. Economical and Technical Considerations for Solar Tracking: Methodologies and Opportunities for Energy Management is an essential reference source for the latest scholarly research on economic and technical considerations of long-term and short-term solar tracking. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as sun position, solar radiation, and geographic orientation, this publication is ideally designed for students, professionals, and engineers seeking current research on efficient use of solar energy.

Surface passivation of silicon solar cells describes a technology for preventing electrons and holes to recombine prematurely with one another on the wafer surface. It increases the cell's energy conversion efficiencies and thus reduces the cost per kWh generated by a PV system. In the past few years, new tools have been developed to ensure low cost of ownership for high volume production of passivated silicon solar cells. Different deposition techniques (ALD, PECVD, APCVD) and different materials (SiO2, Al2O3, Si3N4) have been tested during the development process of more than 10 years. Now, the silicon solar cell manufacturing industry is picking up the concept of rear side passivation. The next generation silicon solar cells in production will be the PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) type using all the reported achievements including novel tool concepts and process technologies. This timely overview of silicon solar cell surface passivation, written by the leading experts in the field, is a key read for students and researchers working with silicon solar cells, as well as solar cell manufacturers.

Waste to Energy deals with the very topical subject of converting the calorific content of waste material into useful forms of energy. It complements and, to a certain degree, overlaps with its companion volume, "Biomass to Biofuels", since a significant proportion of biomass converted to energy nowadays originates from various types of waste. The material in the first, more substantial part of the volume has been arranged according to the type of process for energy conversion. Biochemical processes are described in six articles. These relate to the production of methane by anaerobic digestion; reactor conversion efficiencies; investigations on ethanol production from biodegradable municipal solid waste through hydrolysis and fermentation; hydrogen production from glucose through a hybrid anaerobic and photosynthetic process; biodiesel production from used cooking oil through base-catalyzed transesterification. Conversions by thermochemical processes are discussed in the subsequent eleven articles of the volume.These cover combustion, the direct use of heat energy; using the heat produced in thermal power stations for steam and, ultimately, electricity generation; municipal solid waste and refuse-derived fuel. In another article, computational fluid dynamics modelling is applied to assess the influence of process parameters and to perform optimization studies. A group of articles deal with more complex thermochemical processes involving combustion combined with pyrolysis and gasification. Two articles focus on biofuels as feed for fuel cells. In the last six articles, the emphasis is on management and policy rather than technical issues.

Environmental and energy dependency problems derived from high fossil fuels consumption have made necessary the development of new energy models to be renewable and sustainable, efficient, practical and economical, and cost effective, to meet the demand for a sustainable energy supply.Among renewable resources, biomass is destined to play an important role in these new energy models since agricultural and forestry residues are an energy resource that is produced in relatively large amounts throughout the world and regarded as a renewable and environmentally safe way of providing energy.Compiling information on the conversion of energy from biomass, the book focuses on the use of pellets as homogeneous solid biofuels. It describes all the changes that forestry and agricultural biomass undergo to be converted into thermal energy and analyses the inputs and outputs of the process.It has to be noted that the standards used as guidelines and references in all the chapters of the book are there in order to not to forget the thresholds and guidelines established and thus to ensure a proper use.This book guides the reader through the entire biomass-to-energy process, emphasising important aspects and how the quality of the biofuel can be identified. It acts as a starting point for professionals and researchers interested in working with biomass and a guide for those people interested in the implementation of the technologies described.