In recent years, the algal biorefinery is seen as a promising alternative to fossil derived products that reduce the environmental pollution, product costs and support circular bioeconomy. However, the upstream algal cultivation and downstream processing are the energy intensive processes and are considered as bottlenecks in promoting algal biorefinery. Improving the biomass productivity and bioproduct developments are still underway, while a number of novel bioprocess and bio-reactor engineering technologies were developed recently. Therefore, this book provides extensive knowledge of microalgae refineries. This book is divided into two volumes (Vol. I & Vol. II), which presents complete coverage of microalgae refineries. Therefore, Vol. I offers complete coverage of the algal bioproducts process, including biotechnological applications and environmental effects of microalgae cultivation. While Vol. II, provides various industrial applications and future prospects of algal biorefinery for sustainable development of circular bioeconomy. With contributions from world experts, focuses on microalgae from an organism perspective to deliver a complete picture from evolution to bioproducts. The edited book provides a concise introduction to the science, biology, technology, and application of algae. It covers downstream and upstream steps of the algal refinery for the production of algal biomass, which has several social benefits.

The Handbook of Microalgae-based Processes and Products provides a complete overview of all aspects involved in the production and utilization of microalgae resources at commercial scale. Divided into four parts (fundamentals, microalgae-based processes, microalgae-based products, and engineering approaches applied to microalgal processes and products), the book explores the microbiology and metabolic aspects of microalgae, microalgal production systems, wastewater treatment based in microalgae, CO2 capture using microalgae, microalgae harvesting techniques, and extraction and purification of biomolecules from microalgae. It covers the largest number of microalgal products of commercial relevance, including biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, single-cell protein, single-cell oil, biofertilizers, pigments, polyunsaturated fatty acids, bioactive proteins, peptides and amino acids, bioactive polysaccharides, sterols, bioplastics, UV-screening compounds, and volatile organic compounds. Moreover, it presents and discusses the available engineering tools applied to microalgae biotechnology, such as process integration, process intensification, and techno-economic analysis applied to microalgal processes and products, microalgal biorefineries, life cycle assessment, and exergy analysis of microalgae-based processes and products. The coverage of a broad range of potential microalgae processes and products in a single volume makes this handbook an indispensable reference for engineering researchers in academia and industry in the fields of bioenergy, sustainable development, and high-value compounds from biomass, as well as graduate students exploring those areas. Engineering professionals in bio-based industries will also find valuable information here when planning or implementing the use of microalgal technologies.

Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion - Technologies, Applications and Environmental Impacts features comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge on the photovoltaic solar energy conversion technology and describes its different aspects in the context of most recent scientific and technological advances. It also provides an insight into future developments in this field by covering four distinct topics include "PV Cells and Modules", "Applications of PV Systems", "Life Cycle and Environmental Impacts" and "PV Market and Policies".

This timely book examines the significant challenges and possible solutions for enabling efficient modernization of electric power systems. It addresses rapidly changing electricity infrastructure needs and technical requirements and provides a practical introduction to the past, present, and future of energy efficiency and power quality concepts. The book also looks at recent developments in custom power conditioners that help improve the performance of transmission and distribution systems, ensure reliability, and reduce costs. Modernization of Electric Power Systems is a valuable resource for practicing engineers, students, and researchers interested in exploring and implementing energy efficiency and power quality in modern energy systems with renewables. 

There is huge potential for smaller wind turbines to provide clean energy around the world. Small wind turbines come in a variety of designs, and have similarities in principles and technology to small hydrokinetic turbines (SHKTs). SHKTs, in turn, can play an important role in hydropower. Small wind and hydrokinetic systems can even work together, for example, to power farms, communities, campuses, rural as well as remote rural areas, and island regions. This concise book, written by experts in the field, provides an in-depth overview of small turbines for wind and hydropower. Chapters cover resource assessment for wind and water, turbine technology, design of vertical and horizontal axis turbines, blade element analysis, vibration-based energy harvesting, very low head turbines, diffuser augmented wind turbines, and numerous case studies. Small Wind and Hydrokinetic Turbines is a valuable summary for researchers involved with small wind turbines and SHKT development and deployment, both in academia and industry, for research on powering remote areas, as well as for advanced students and manufacturers of turbines.

Pyrolysis of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals provides a thorough overview of thermochemical conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals via the pyrolysis platform. The book covers the principles underlying pyrolysis of biomass from the chemical engineering perspective. It discusses thermal-only pyrolysis, the traditional pyrolysis process under inert atmosphere with no catalyst, and the role of catalytic pyrolysis and tail gas reactive pyrolysis in resolving the instability issues associated with product distribution. The addresses condensed phase upgrading where the oil produced can be upgraded for stability or hydrogenated to drop-in transportation fuels, as well as feedstock selection, including opportunity fuels/feedstocks. Finally, pilot and demonstration scale projects from around the world are examined, and some immediate applications of pyrolysis oils in combustion systems are analyzed. Engineering researchers and professionals in the bioenergy, biochemical, and petrochemical fields find in this book a complete resource for understanding the relationships between possible technologies, applications, costs, and products value, as they tackle the challenges for large scale adoption of pyrolysis for the production of 2nd generation biofuels and biochemicals. PhD students in areas of energy, chemical, mechanical, and materials engineering will also benefit from fundamental and applied research in a concise format that can save them time and serve as a reference through bioenergy conversion courses.

Renewable energy sources (RES) are one of the important instruments that human beings can use to tackle problems created by climate change. We expect a quick expansion of RES in the next few years. One important new technology is the floating photovoltaic (FPV) which is at its very beginning but which after only 10 years from its first proposal has already reached the target of 2 GWp of plants installed. This book explores the reasons for such growth and the advantages of this new technology. FPV plants are easily integrated into any human settlements and can use available fresh water as well as salt water near coastal areas. So their geographic potential is unlimited. Furthermore, their environmental impact is limited and the managing and decommissioning of plants are very cheap. The book offers a perspective on the many facets of this technology as well as an analysis of the economic aspect and of the final electricity cost which in a short time will go down to less than 50 $ per MWh. Contributions from different authors have helped in sectors such as the raft structure, the wave impact, and the environment problems.

Catalysis, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Energy: New Technologies for Novel Business Opportunities offers new possibilities for businesses who want to address the current global transition period to adopt low carbon and sustainable energy production. This comprehensive source provides an integrated view of new possibilities within catalysis and green chemistry in an economic context, showing how these potential new technologies may become useful to business. Fundamentals and specific examples are included to guide the transformation of idea to innovation and business. Offering an overview of the new possibilities for creating business in catalysis, energy and green chemistry, this book is a beneficial tool for students, researchers and academics in chemical and biochemical engineering.

The utilization of various types of biomass residue to produce products such as biofuels and biochemicals means biorefinery technology using biomass residues may become a one-stop solution to the increasing need for sustainable, non-fossil sources of energy and chemicals. Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts: Technology, Advances, Life Cycle Assessment and Economics focuses on the various biorefineries currently available and discusses their uses, challenges, and future developments. This book introduces the concept of integrated biorefinery systems, as well as their operation and feedstock sourcing. It explores the specificities, current developments, and potential end products of various types of residue, from industrial and municipal to agricultural and marine, as well as residue from food industries. Sustainability issues are discussed at length, including life cycle assessment, economics, and cost analysis of different biorefinery models. In addition, a number of global case studies examine successful experiences in different regions. This book is an ideal resource for researchers and practitioners in the field of bioenergy and waste management who are looking to learn about technologies involved in residue biorefinery systems, how to reduce their environmental impacts, and how to ensure their commercial viability.

Simulation of Battery Systems: Fundamentals and Applications covers both the fundamental and technical aspects of battery systems. It is a solid reference on the simulation of battery dynamics based on fundamental governing equations of porous electrodes. Sections cover the fundamentals of electrochemistry and how to obtain electrochemical governing equations for porous electrodes, the governing equations and physical characteristics of lead-acid batteries, the physical characteristics of zinc-silver oxide batteries, experimental tests and parameters necessary for simulation and validation of battery dynamics, and an environmental impact and techno-economic assessment of battery systems for different applications, such as electric vehicles and battery energy storage. The book contains introductory information, with most chapters requiring a solid background in engineering or applied science. Battery industrial companies who want to improve their industrial batteries will also find this book useful.

Solar Cells and Light Management: Materials, Strategies and Sustainability provides an extensive review on the latest advances in PV materials, along with light management strategies for better exploiting the solar spectrum. Following a brief review of the current status of solar cells, the book discusses different concepts, principles and technologies for solar devices, starting with standard silicon cells and then covering organic-hybrid, DSSC, perovskite, quantum dots and nanostructured oxide solar cells. Other sections focus on light manipulation and spectral modification, materials for spectral conversion, and environmental and sustainably considerations. An emergy analysis, which is an extension of the Life Cycle Assessment methodology, is applied to the study of solar PV systems, thus allowing for effective integrated indicators.

Energy for Sustainable Development: Demand, Supply, Conversion and Management presents a comprehensive look at recent developments and provides guidance on energy demand, supply, analysis and forecasting of modern energy technologies for sustainable energy conversion. The book analyzes energy management techniques and the economic and environmental impact of energy usage and storage. Including modern theories and the latest technologies used in the conversion of energy for traditional fossil fuels and renewable energy sources, this book provides a valuable reference on recent innovations. Researchers, engineers and policymakers will find this book to be a comprehensive guide on modern theories and technologies for sustainable development.

Design and Operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: The Systems Engineering Vision for Industrial Application presents a comprehensive, critical and accessible review of the latest research in the field of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). As well as discussing the theoretical aspects of the field, the book explores a diverse range of power applications, such as hybrid power plants, polygeneration, distributed electricity generation, energy storage and waste management-all with a focus on modeling and computational skills. Dr. Sharifzadeh presents the associated risks and limitations throughout the discussion, providing a very complete and thorough analysis of SOFCs and their control and operation in power plants. The first of its kind, this book will be of particular interest to energy engineers, industry experts and academic researchers in the energy, power and transportation industries, as well as those working and researching in the chemical, environmental and material sectors.

Renewable energy is crucial to preserve the environment. This energy involves various systems that should be optimized and assessed to provide better performance. The goal of this book is to present the latest research works on nature-inspired computing approaches applied to the design and development of renewable energy systems. The design and development of renewable energy systems remain a challenge. This book focuses on nature-inspired computing approaches which are the most prevailing solutions. Therefore, the book provides new solutions to the renewable energy domain. It is an essential research book for researchers, students, engineers, and individuals working in the renewable energy industry.

Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems presents an enhanced decision-making framework for power systems. Designed as an introduction to enhanced electricity system analysis using decision-making tools, it provides an overview of the different elements, levels and actors involved within an integrated framework for decision-making in the power sector. In addition, it presents a state-of-play on current energy systems, strategies, alternatives, viewpoints and priorities in support of decision-making in the electric power sector, including discussions of energy storage and smart grids. As a practical training guide on theoretical developments and the application of advanced methods for practical electrical energy engineering problems, this reference is ideal for use in establishing medium-term and long-term strategic plans for the electric power and energy sectors.

Hybrid Poly-generation Energy Systems: Thermal Design and Exergy Analysis provides an analysis of the latest technologies and concepts of hybrid energy systems, focusing on thermal applications. The book guides readers through an introduction to hybrid poly-generation systems and the storage options available before working through the types of hybrid systems, including solar, fuel cells, combustion, and heating and cooling. An analysis of the economic and environmental impact of each system is included, as well as methods and approaches for exergy and energy improvement analysis. This book can be used as a tool for understanding new concepts in this emerging field and as a reference for researchers and professionals working on the integrated cogeneration of power systems.

With the integration of more distributed or aggregated renewables, and the wide utilization of power electronic devices, modern power systems are facing new stability and security challenges, such as the weakly damped oscillation caused by wind farms connected through long distance transmission lines, the frequency stability problem induced by the reduction of inertia and the voltage stability issue resulting from the interactions between transmission systems and dynamic loads. Meanwhile, synchronized phasor measurement technology developed very fast in the last decade, and more phasor measurement units (PMUs) and wide area measurement systems (WAMSs) have been deployed. These provide more insights into the system dynamics and approaches to overcoming the new challenges. This book addresses the emerging concepts, methodologies and applications of wide area monitoring, control and protection in power systems with integrated large scale renewables. Chapters cover monitoring, modelling and validation, control, and data mining with an emphasis on synchrophasor technology, and experiences with real power grids.

Energy policies and management are of primary importance to achieve the development of sustainability and need to be consistent with recent advances in energy production and distribution. Progressing from an economy mainly focussed on hydrocarbons to one taking advantage of sustainable renewable energy resources requires considerable scientific research, as well as the development of new engineering systems. Energy fuels the world’s economy. Diminishing resources and severe environmental effects resulting from the continuous use of fossil fuels has motivated an increasing amount of interest in renewable energy resources and the search for sustainable energy policies. Key difficulties to overcome often originate from the conversion of renewable energies (wind, solar, etc.) to useful forms (electricity, heat, fuel) at an acceptable cost, including impacts on the environment as well as in the integration of these resources into the existing infrastructure. A wide range of topics are covered by the works contained in this book. The collaboration of varied disciplines are involved in order to arrive at optimum solutions, including studies of materials, energy networks, new energy resources, storage solutions, waste to energy systems, smart grids and many others.

Advances in Bioenergy, Volume Four, is part of a new series that provides both principles and recent developments in various kinds of bioenergy technologies, including feedstock development, conversion technologies, energy and economics, and environmental analysis. Chapters in this new release include Bio-polycarbonate, Advances of gasification for biomass, Cellulase for bioenergy, Butanol production by Clostridium, Bioethanol, an old and new story, and more. The series uniquely provides the fundamentals of these technologies, along with reviews that will be invaluable for students.